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The present study was conducted to evaluate single and interactive toxicity potential of Roundup® and ammonium nitrate in rats for a period of 120 days. Animals of both sexes were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group I served as control and rats were provided with water only. Group II rats were treated orally with Roundup® @ 500 mg/kg b.wt. Rats of Group III were orally administered with ammonium nitrate @ 220 mg/kg b.wt. Group IV received both Roundup® @ 500 mg/kg b.wt and ammonium nitrate @ 220 mg/kg b.wt. Significant increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase was observed in groups II, III and IV as compared to control group I. Liver homogenates manifested significant increase in lipid peroxidation along with significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in all treated rats as compared to control. Concomitant exposure to both of these chemicals in group IV showed more significant alterations in various biochemical and oxidative stress indices even in comparison to groups II and III. Histopathologically, Roundup® treated group II showed moderate hepatocytic degeneration and necrosis in liver. Liver in group III showed peri-central mono-nuclear cells (MNC’s) infiltration and focal area of necrosis crowded by mononuclear cells (MNC’s) and in group IV showed severe degeneration of hepatocytes with granular cytoplasm and formation of focal necrotic granuloma infiltrated by mononuclear cells (MNC’s).

The present investigation was aimed to determine the alterations in antioxidant, biochemical and histopathological parameters in cisplatin (cDDP) induced nephrotoxicity and its protection by treatments with aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Acute nephrotoxicity was induced by single intra-peritoneal administration of cDDP (12 mg kg−1) in wistar rats. Nephrotoxic rats were treated with quercetin (50 mg kg−1), aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (300 mg kg−1) by oral gavage. Cisplatin treatment elevated (P 0.05) creatinine, albumin, TOS, GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes in blood and renal tissue. Leaf extracts administration also reduced (P

The present study was undertaken to investigate the cisplatin (cDDP) induced oxidative damage in hepatic tissue of wistar rats and mechanisms of protection by quercetin. A total of 24 wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with six animals in each. Group I served as control, group II received cDDP (12 mg kg−1 body weight) and group III quercetin (50 mg kg−1 body weight) intra-peritoneally. Group IV received quercetin 6 h prior to cDDP administration intra-peritoneally. Administration of cDDP in rats resulted in significant (P

Calendula officinalis (Family Compositae) flowers are recognized as safe substance for food use by Food and Drug Administration. Present study was aimed to determine the modulatory effect of floral extracts of C. officinalis administrations on mean blood glucose (MBG), per cent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile [(total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low and high density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL)], antioxidant and renal parameters in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Increased (P < 0.05) levels of MBG and HbA1c fraction indicate the induction of diabetes in rats. Enhanced (P < 0.05) TC, TG, LDL, total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and renal indices were observed in blood of diabetic rats. However, levels of HDL, protein profile, total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione (GSH), total thiols (TTH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were significantly reduced in diabetic rats. Repeated administrations of ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis reduced the enhanced levels of MBG, HbA1c and TC while restored OSI, TTH, GSH, CAT, SOD, GST and MDA levels; it also increased activities of G6PDH and GPx in diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, restored antioxidant level, and reduced altered renal functions by the floral extract of C. officinalis in diabetic rats. Further, the modulatory effect was better in aqueous as compared to ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis.

Background/aim: Chronic renal disorder is becoming a major health problem worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to investigate alterations in the renal antioxidant system in rats induced by repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) alone and in conjunction with fluoride. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were randomly allocated to seven groups, each consisting of six rats, and were subjected to different treatment regiments for 28 days. Results: Significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma protein, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels indicated alterations in renal functions on repeated exposure to CPF or fluoride; moreover, these changes were more pronounced in animals exposed to both toxicants concurrently. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde levels and decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in renal tissue were noted, indicating renal damage on exposure to CPF, fluoride, or the combination of those. Conclusion: Our observations suggested that the concurrent exposure to CPF and fluoride increased the extent of renal damage. These findings indicate that this damage is due to increased free radical formation and a reduced function of the antioxidant system in renal tissue. Thus, the application of CPF as an insecticide should be reduced in areas where the fluoride levels in ground waters are high in order to minimize renal damage in exposed populations.

Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) leaves extracted in aqueous, dichloromethane (DCM), methanolic and ethanolic solvents were assessed for different polyphenolic constituents endowed with antioxidant/antiradical activity. Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin contents were significantly (P

The present study was aimed to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of plasma and renal tissue in cisplatin (cDDP) induced nephrotoxic rats and its protection by treatments with floral extracts of Calendula officinalis Linn. Treatment with cDDP elevated (p0.05) the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CR), TOS, OSI and malondialdehyde (MDA) but lowered (p0.05) total plasma proteins, TAS, total thiols (TTH), blood glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. Pre- and post-treatments of ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis along with cDDP restored (p0.05) CR, albumin, TOS, GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes in blood and renal tissue. Ethanolic extract treatments reduced (p0.05) MDA level in renal tissue without restoring the erythrocyte MDA level following cDDP treatment. These observations were further supported by the histopathological findings in renal tissue. Observations of the present study have shown that treatments with ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis protect cDDP induced nephrotoxicity by restoring antioxidant system of the renal tissue.

The oxidative-stress-inducing potential of the pyrethroid, bifenthrin, in the brain of rats was evaluated following daily oral administration of 5.8 mg/kg body weight. Lipid peroxidation in the brain was increased, while the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase decreased. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes and brain also decreased. Bifenthrin induces severe oxidative stress in brain, and inhibits brain and erythrocyte AChE.

In a prospective longitudinal study, children with severe breath holding spells (BHS) were enrolled to evaluate the effect of oral iron in decreasing the frequency of BHS and to document the natural history of such spells in children not treated and in non-responders to the therapy. The patients who were anemic (hemoglobin more than 2 SD below the mean for that particular age) were treated with oral iron (6 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Other patients served as controls. After 16 weeks from the initiation of treatment, the patients were evaluated for reduction in frequency of BHS. Fifty-nine children constituted the study group. The median frequency of BHS was weekly with 18% of patients having> 1 spell per day. The median age at peak frequency was 8-14 months. Anemia was present in 35/59 patients and these received oral iron therapy for 12 weeks. Twenty-four patients with no anemia constituted the control group. The treated group had a significant reduction in frequency of BHS (77%) vs. (29%) compared with the control group ( P< 0.01). Among patients in control group and partial and non-responders in the treatment group (39/59), the last spell occurred at mean and median age of 36 months. Iron has a significant role in termination of BHS in anemic patients.

The present study was conducted to determine the clinco-haematological effects of a well characterized Cryptosporidium parvum isolate in Swiss albino mice. Sixty female mice were divided into four groups. Group I mice served as healthy control. In group II, C. parvum oocysts were administered orally, mice of group III were given dexamethasone in drinking water whereas group IV mice were given dexamethasone along with C. parvum oocysts. Clinical signs were more severe in immunosuppressed infected mice and observed dullness, depression, inappetance, poor fur condition, progressive weakness, and decrease in body weight. In addition, mice in group IV showed profuse diarrhoea. An overall mortality rate of 7% and 20% was seen in group III and IV animals, respectively. Animals of group IV had significantly lower average body weight as compared to other groups around the time of peak infection with C. parvum which was recorded to be around 10th DPI. Based on severity of clinical disease and oocyst shedding intensity significant leukocytosis along with neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia was observed in group IV mice at 10th DPI as compared to mice in other groups. It was concluded that experimental infection with C. parvum in mice caused a severe clinical disease which peaked around 10th day and was seen to subsequently resolve around 15 DPI.

The aim of present study was to unravel the single and interactive toxic potential of Roundup® and ammonium nitrate in rats after their oral administration for a period of 28 days. The animals were randomly divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group I served as control and were orally administered with water. Group II animals were orally exposed to Roundup @ 500mg/Kg/day. Animals in group III were orally treated with ammonium nitrate @ 220mg/Kg/day while as group IV received both Roundup and ammonium nitrate @ 500mg/Kg/day and 220mg/Kg/day respectively. After 28th day of treatment, blood samples were taken and analysed for various oxidative stress parameters. Significant increase in LPO was observed in group II, III and IV as compared to control. GSH decreased significantly in all treated groups in comparison to control animals. The activity of anti-oxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GSH-Px decreased significantly in group II, III and IV as compared to group I. GST increased non significantly in group II but decreased significantly in group III and IV. Concomitant exposure to both of these chemicals in group IV showed more significant alterations in oxidative stress indices even in comparison to group II and III.

Background: Among the dietary polyphenolic, quercetin is the most common compound available in vegetables and fruits. The phytochemicals are used to treat diabetic wounds and diabetes, and specifically dietary polyphenols are being extensively studied for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and wound healing potential of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Induction of diabetes was done by intraperitoneally administration of STZ at the dose of 55 mg/kg in Wistar rats. An excision wound was created in diabetic rats that were treated with quercetin (100 mg/kg) orally and quercetin ointment topically to evaluate the antidiabetic and wound healing potential of quercetin. Results: Repeated oral administration of quercetin along with topical application of quercetin ointment in diabetic rats normalized the altered blood glucose, hydroxyproline, and glucosamine levels. Topical application of quercetin ointment alone on the excised wound was sufficient enough to heal the wound area in diabetic rats. Conclusions: The result of the present study indicates that quercetin produces hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats and normalized plasma lipids and protein profiles. Besides, this quercetin also has an excellent wound healing property when applied topically on the wound area in diabetic rats. SUMMARY Quercetin has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic potential in streptozotocin induced diabetes in wistar ratsDermal application along with oral administrations of quercetin has more effective in wound healing in diabetic animalsHistopathological studies of pancreas, skin and liver shows significant reduction in archaeological alterations on quercetin administrations in diabetic rats. Abbreviation used: STZ: Streptozotocin; CMC: Carboxy methyl cellulose; HDL: High density lipoproteins; LDL: low density lipoproteins.

The oxidative stress inducing potential of bifenthrin was evaluated in the blood, lung and kidney homogenates of rats following its repeated dermal application for a period of 30 days. Bifenthrin treated animals showed significant increase in lipid peroxidation after 20 and 30 days of treatment in erythrocytes, lung and kidney. Blood glutathione decreased significantly both after 20 and 30 days of exposure. Superoxide dismutase increased significantly after 20th day of application of bifenthrin followed by significant decrease after 30th day. In lung superoxide dismutase activity decreased non-significantly after 20th day which decreased significantly after 30th day of application. Superoxide dismutase in kidney decreased significantly both after 20th and 30th day of treatment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased in erythrocytes, lung and kidney both after 20 and 30 days of exposure. No significant change in the activity of glutathione–S-transferase was observed after 20th day in blood and a significant decrease was observed after 30th day. Significant increase of glutathione–S-transferase was observed in lung both after 20 and 30 days of treatment where as in kidney significant increase was observed only after 30 days. There was a significant decrease of catalase in erythrocytes, lung and kidney both after 20th and 30th day of application. Non-significant changes were observed in acetylcholinesterase activities in treatment group both after 20th and 30th day. In conclusion bifenthrin treated animals showed alteration in antioxidant enzyme system suggesting its oxidative stress potential.

Concurrent exposures of more than one environmental contaminants are commonly encountered by human beings and animals. This study investigated the effect of chlorpyrifos alone and in conjunction with fluoride on plasma and tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in wistar rats. Fluoride at 1 or 10 ppm in drinking water produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of AChE activity in a dose dependant manner and inhibition was maximum in brain (26.39 %) and least in heart (10.23 %). Similarly repeated oral administration of chlorpyrifos at 1 or 10 mg/kg produced a significant dose dependant inhibition of AChE activity (P < 0.05) which was observed maximum in brain (28.93 %) and least in heart (12.86 %). Co-exposure of chlorpyrifos and fluoride at higher doses produces more pronounced inhibition as compared to chlorpyrifos or fluoride exposed groups. Co-exposure produces maximum inhibition in erythrocyte (37.54 %) and least in plasma (18.26 %) of exposed animals as compared to control group. Observations from the present study suggested that co-exposure of fluoride and chlorpyrifos produces more pronounced inhibition of AChE than the individual exposure of either toxicant. Therefore the applications of chlorpyrifos as a pesticide should be reduced in areas where fluoride level in soil or ground water is high to avoid AChE inhibition.

Background and objectives Drug induced hepatotoxicity is a major health issue concern by drug regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical industry and health care professionals. Present study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective mechanisms of n-hexane and acetone extract of Ageratum conyzoides on oxidative damage induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in Wistar rats. Materials and methods 42 Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I and II receive distilled water, CMC respectively. Group III was fed with standard drug silymarin, group IV and V received plant extracts only whereas group VI and VII received pretreatment with acetone and n-hexane extracts for seven days respectively and APAP was administered on the 5th day. Samples were collected on 48 h of post APAP administration and analysis was done using standard protocols. Results Significant (p

The oxidative stress-inducing potential of the pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, was evaluated in rats at 5.8 mg/kg body weight once daily for 20 or 30 days. Bifenthrin treated animals showed significantly increased lipid peroxidation, evidenced by increased blood malondialdehyde levels. Blood glutathione levels and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly in the bifenthrin treated animals after both 20 and 30 days of treatment, whereas, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase decreased significantly only on the 30th day. In conclusion, bifenthrin has a potential to induce severe oxidative stress in rats exposed to sublethal concentrations.

Aim :To evaluate the effects of chlorpyriphos, lead acetate, vitamin C alone, and in combination on the activity of oxidative stress parameters in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Rats of 150-200g body weight were divided into eight groups of six animals each and were subjected to various daily oral treatment regimes for 98 days. Group I served as control receiving only corn oil, group II received th chlorpyriphos @ 5.5 mg/ kg in corn oil, group III received lead acetate @100 ppm in water, whereas animals in group IV th received a combination of chlorpyriphos @ 5.5mg/kg in corn oil and lead acetate @ 100 ppm in water. Group V received th vitamin C @ 100mg/kg in water, group VI received a combination of chlorpyriphos @ 5.5mg/kg and vitamin C @ th th 100mg/kg , group VII received lead acetate @ 100 ppm in water and vitamin C @ 100mg/kg and group VIII received chlorpyriphos @ 5.5mg/kg , lead acetate @100ppm in water and vitamin C @ 100mg/kg. Results: Administration of both chlorpyriphos and lead acetate caused a significant decrease in oxidative stress parameters viz. blood glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) along with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level when given alone or in combination. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that treatment of chlorpyriphos and lead treated rats with vitamin C significantly improved some of altered oxidative stress parameters revealing the protective effect of this vitamin C against oxidative stress induced by chlorpyriphos and lead. [Vet World 2013; 6(8.000): 461-466]

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chlorpyriphos, lead acetate and vitamin C alone and in combinations, on various haematological parameters in Wistar rats. Rats of 150–200 g body weight were divided into eight groups of six animals each and were subjected to various daily oral treatment regimes for 98 days. Group C served as control receiving only corn oil, group CP received chlorpyriphos at 5.5 mg/kg in corn oil and group L received lead acetate at100 ppm in water, whereas animals in group CP + L received a combination of chlorpyriphos at 5.5 mg/kg in corn oil and lead acetate at 100 ppm in water. Group VC received vitamin C at 100 mg/kg in water; group CP + VC received a combination of chlorpyriphos at 5.5 mg/kg and vitamin C at 100 mg/kg; group L + VC received lead acetate at 100 ppm in water and vitamin C at 100 mg/kg and group CP + L + VC received chlorpyriphos at 5.5 mg/kg, lead acetate at 100 ppm in water and vitamin C at 100 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 98 post exposure and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total leucocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count. A significant decrease in TEC, PCV and Hb and a significant increase in ESR values were observed. However, lead acetate caused an increase in TLC while chlorpyriphos resulted in a decrease in TLC. Both of these toxicants potentiated toxicity of each other. The study demonstrated that treatment of chlorpyriphos- and lead-treated rats with vitamin C significantly altered some of the important haematological parameters revealing the protective effect of this vitamin against haematological alterations induced by chlorpyriphos and lead.

The current study was undertaken to investigate the potential oxidative stress and hematological alterations induced by sub-acute oral exposure of bifenthrin in goats, after its repeated oral administration, at the dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days. The oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde, blood glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione s-transferase were studied on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of bifenthrin exposure and days 7 and 14 of post-exposure period. To explore the relationship of oxidative stress with the alterations in hematological parameters like hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count were also studied, simultaneously. The bifenthrin-exposed animals showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde level, whereas, the significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant parameters was noticed. A significant decrease in hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count was reported, indicating a close relationship of oxidative stress and hematological alterations. After bifenthrin withdrawal, there was an improvement in the condition, as indicated by reversal in both oxidative stress and hematological parameters to the normal range.

Bifenthrin is an insecticide, used extensively on some crops, including corn. Roughly 70 % of all US-grown hops and raspberries are treated with bifenthrin. The current study on bifenthrin was undertaken to investigate the potential alterations in biochemical parameters, induced by sub-acute oral exposure of bifenthrin, in goats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 3) received only tap water and served as control, whereas, Group B goats (n = 4) received bifenthrin by gavage (Telstar 10 EC) at the dose rate of 5 mg Kg−1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. Bifenthrin exposed group showed significant alterations in the enzyme biochemical parameters. The activities of erythrocyte cholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase reduced significantly from 7th day and 28th day of bifenthrin exposure, respectively. The activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly from the 21st day of bifenthrin exposure. The activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly from the 14th day of bifenthrin exposure. All these parameters returned to the non-significant levels by 7th day of post-exposure period. Non-significant alterations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and plasma proteins were also observed. The current study thus reveals that sub-acute oral administration of bifenthrin produces reversible liver damage.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chlorpyrifos, lead acetate, vitamin C alone, and in combination on tissue oxidative stress parameters in wistar rats. Rats of 150-200g body weight were divided into eight groups of six animals each and subjected to various daily oral treatment regimes for 98 days. Group I served as control receiving only corn oil, group II received chlorpyrifos @ 5.5 mg/ kg in corn oil, group III received lead acetate @100 ppm in water, whereas animals in group IV received a combination of chlorpyrifos @ 5.5mg/kg in corn oil and lead acetate @ 100 ppm in water. Group V received vitamin C @ 100mg/kg in water, group VIth received a combination of chlorpyrifos @ 5.5mg/kg and vitamin C @ 100mg/kg, group VIIth received lead acetate @ 100 ppm in water and vitamin C @ 100mg/kg and group VIII received chlorpyrifos @ 5.5mg/kg, lead acetate @100ppm in water and vitamin C @ 100mg/kg. A significant increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in various tissues of both chlorpyrifos and lead treated rats. While as the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-s-transferase(GST) showed a significant decrease in these tissues. However, chlorpyrifos and lead acetate, exposure to rats fed with antioxidant vitamin C prevented derangement of these antioxidant parameters. It is recommended that further research be geared towards identifying more agents that may ameliorate such adverse effects.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the modulatory role of L-ascorbic acid against oxidative stress in bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group I animals received corn oil and served as control while as group II animals were orally treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, blood samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P

Objective: Imbalance between the concentrations of oxidant and antioxidants in mammalian cells leads to oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaves extracts on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Alterations in stress biomarkers like activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of blood glutathione and malondialdehyde in experimental groups administered with STZ alone and along with aqueous or alcoholic extracts of I.carnea were determined. Results: Single intra-peritoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg) caused significant decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and blood glutathione levels while malondialdehyde level as an indicative of oxidative stress significant increased. Administration of I.carnea extracts at the dose rate of 500 mg/kg body weight through oral gavage continuously for 3 weeks in STZ-treated group reduced malondialdehyde level significantly and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and blood glutathione level as compared to STZ alone treated rats; however, the values of antioxidants remain still lower in comparison to normal control rats. Conclusion: In the present STZ-diabetes model of rats, alcoholic extract of I.carnea leaves have more potent efficacy in restoring the enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant system of rats as than the aqueous extract.

In the present study, haematological alterations induced by intraperitoneal administration of amikacin and the effect of aminoguanidine-hemisulphate alone and their combination was studied in wistar rats of either sex. Twenty-four healthy wistar rats divided into 4 groups (I, II, IIIand IV) were taken for the study. The intra-peritoneal administration of amikacinat at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight for 28 days (Group-II) caused a significant decrease in haematological parameters like Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC as compared to control-group. Although a significant increase in parameters was found in aminoguanidine treated-rats on day 15th and 29th as compared to day zero within same group. However after the co-administration of amikacin and aminoguanidine, a non-significant change was found in same parameters (Hb, TEC, PCV and TLC) as compared to control.

Effect of graded doses of chlorpyrifos on haemato-biochemical indices in broiler chickens was investigated. A total of 72 broiler chickens, 3 week old, were divided into four groups (I to IV) consisting of 18 birds each. Group I served as control, whereas groups II, III and IV received 3.2, 1.6 and 0.6 mg kg−1 B.W. chlorpyrifos in corn oil daily for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected in sterile vials containing EDTA (@ 1 mg mL−1) as anticoagulant for haematological studies and without anticoagulant for biochemical parameters. Mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, TLC and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly in all the treatment groups, whereas platelet count increased significantly. Serum total protein, albumin and A:G ratio showed decrease, whereas serum ALT, AST, RBC acetyl cholinesterase and butryl-cholinesterase activities exhibited increase. The study revealed that chlorpyriphos has haemotoxic, immune-toxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects in broiler chickens.

Objective: Plants are a kind of library of diverse chemical scaffold and much of them remain to be explored. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical ingredients of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaves extracts and its antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by single intra-peritoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weigt (BW). The onset of diabetes happened within 5 days post-injection. Antidiabetic potential of different extracts were evaluated at the dose rate of 500 mg/kg BW through oral gavage continuously for 3 weeks in rats. Phytochemical ingredients like total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were determined in hot, cold aqueous and alcoholic extracts of I.carnea leaves. Results: Alcoholic extract presented marked higher phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents as compared to aqueous extracts. Repeated oral administration of extracts significantly decreases the blood glucose, plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein level and increased high density lipoprotein level in rats as compared to the diabetic control group rats. Further, alcoholic extract showed better hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects than the aqueous extracts; this may be due to the presence of significantly higher levels of phenols and flavonoids. Conclusion: Observations of the study suggested that I.carnea leaf extracts have antidiabetic potential in rats. The antidiabetic potential of extracts may be due to the high content of phenols and flavonoids. © 2014 GESDAV

Objective: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a common organophosphorus pesticide used worldwide for the management of agricultural and household pests. Similarly excessive fluoride (F) ingestion is an important public health problem all over the world due to high fluoride content in groundwater. The present study aimed to investigate the alterations in hematological parameters by CPF alone and in conjunction with fluoride and their amelioration by vitamin C and E. Methods: The study was carried out in two phases; in the first phase toxicity was induced by toxicants and in the second phase ameliorative efficacy of vitamins was tested. Results: In the first phase, repeated oral administration of fluoride in drinking water at the dose of 1 and 10 mg/l caused increased monocyte and total leukocyte count (TLC). On the other hand, orally administered CPF (1 mg/kg) resulted in decrease of packed cell volume (PCV) with increase in TLC; in addition, granulocytes and monocytes were significantly increased. CPF at 10 mg/kg significantly decreased PCV and total erythrocyte count (TEC), whereas increase in TLC was observed. Co-administration of fluoride in drinking water (10 mg/l) and CPF via oral gavage (10 mg/kg) for 28 days resulted in decrease of hemoglobin (Hb), PCV, TEC whereas increase in TLC. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) showed a decrease in lymphocyte values but an increase in granulocytes and monocytes. Conclusion: Simultaneous administration of with vitamin C and E along with CPF and fluoride ameliorated various hematological parameters, except TLC, granulocytes and monocytes, induced by co-exposure of CPF and fluoride in Wistar rats.

Sida cordifolia is a shrub found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical plains. All parts of the plant are used as anti-rheumatic, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, laxative, diuretic, vasorelaxative, hypotensive, central nervous system depressant, antioxidant, analgesic and hypoglycemic. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential of alcoholic-extract obtained from areal part of S. cordifolia in streptozotocin-induced-diabetes in wistar-rats. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin at the intra-peritoneal dose of 55 mg/kg. Diabetic rats were treated with alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia at dosage of 200, 400 mg/kg and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) after sub-acute administration for 28 days. Alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia at 400 mg/kg significantly improved the body-weight whereas significantly decreased the blood glucose level in diabetic rats. However at 400 mg/kg, the alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia showed beneficial effect indicating significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipids, plasma-creatinine, plasma-urea nitrogen and lipid-peroxidation and a significant increase in high density lipid-level in diabetic rats. Interestingly at 400 mg/kg, a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide-dismutase-activity was seen in the diabetic rats. The dose 200 mg/kg of alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia showed non-significant change in diabetic rats. The above therapeutic-potential of alcoholic extract of areal parts of plant may be because of the presence of bioactive compounds such as glycosides, resins, alkaloids, sterols, saponins and flavonoids. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate that the alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia at dosage level of 400 mg/kg produces anti-diabetic effect in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes in wistar-rats.

The aim of the study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of ascorbic acid against the subchronic effect of co-exposure of fluoride (F) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) on oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant defense system in the liver of adult Wistar rats. The animal groups were provided with either vehicle or ascorbic acid (60 mg/kg, b.w.) or NOAEL dose of fluoride (1 ppm) or CPF (1 mg/kg, b.w.) or ten times of such doses orally alone and in combination or pre-treated with ascorbic acid along with co-exposure of F and CPF every consecutive day for 28 days. Hepatic damage marker analysis in blood revealed that aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with single or combined exposure of F or CPF at either dose levels. Significant increased oxidative damage of hepatocytes as indicated by increased MDA levels with decrease in tissue ascorbate and free radical scavenging enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase was observed in groups treated with either F or CPF as well as in combinedly treated animals as compared to control animals. Supplementation of ascorbic acid restored the hepatic specific marker enzymes in blood following co-exposure of F and CPF at lower doses which were otherwise increased in the F and CPF co-exposed rats. The results show that ascorbic acid supplementation with F and CPF prevents or diminishes the hepatic damage in rats co-exposed to toxicants and may act as a putative protective agent against toxicant-induced liver tissue injury.