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Seventy-six patients (63 men, 13 women) have been followed up by vertebral bone density (VBD) studies from 3 to 36 months. VBD was measured by single-energy computerized tomographic scan. Before transplantation, VBD was found to be lower than in age-matched controls (less than 40 years of age [group 1], 96% of controls: 40 through 49 years of age [group 2], 77%; 50 to 60 years of age [group 3], 87%; more than 60 years of age [group 4], 76%). After transplantation, despite oral calcium supplements, VBD fell further in all but two patients (97%), which was almost certainly related to maintenance steroid and cyclosporine therapy, and was most marked in the older groups (group 2, 67% compared with age-matched controls at 6 months; group 3, 60%; group 4, 50%). Intensive therapy with synthetic salmon calcitonin (in 29 of 76 patients [38%]), testosterone (in 33 of 63 men [52%]), or estrogen (in 12 of 13 women [92%]) limited, but did not totally prevent, further loss in VBD; in patients who had shown an approximate 45% loss of VBD from pretransplantation levels, further loss was reduced to between 4% and 10%. Five patients increased bone density after calcitonin therapy. Despite significantly reduced VBD in several older patients, minor vertebral bone compression developed in only one patient. We recommend that all patients undergoing heart transplantation, particularly those over the age of 50 years, should be followed by VBD studies, and therapy should be administered to prevent VBD loss.

In the 30-month period from January 1987 through June 1989, 57 patients underwent heart transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of a combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine, low-dose methylprednisolone, and antilymphoblast globulin. Clinically significant, proven cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease has developed in no fewer than 22 patients (39%), involving the lung (n = 11), colon (n = 8), stomach (n = 4), and retina (n = 1). The diagnosis was confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) (n = 14), histologic study (n = 6), and culture (n = 6) in all cases. The onset of CMV infection occurred at a mean of 5.7 months after heart transplantation (range, 3 weeks to 18 months). All patients were treated with ganciclovir until no sign of active CMV disease could be found. The length of treatment required varied from 2 to 8 weeks (mean, 3.5 weeks). Recurrence has occurred in only one patient, necessitating a further 26-week course of therapy. There were no deaths attributed definitely to CMV disease. There was a higher incidence of acute rejection in the first 3 posttransplant months (0.68 episodes/patient) in the CMV group than in those in whom CMV disease did not develop (0.34 episodes/patient; p less than 0.02). Of the CMV patients, 25% had significant features of graft atherosclerosis during the first posttransplant year, compared with only 8% of the non-CMV patients. In conclusion, (1) there was a high incidence of CMV disease with this immunosuppressive regimen, and we have subsequently discontinued routine antilymphoblast globulin therapy and instituted a triple therapy immunosuppressive protocol with prophylactic immunoglobulin and acyclovir; (2) CMV disease was successfully treated in all cases with ganciclovir alone; and (3) there was a trend toward an increased incidence of both acute rejection and accelerated graft atherosclerosis in the CMV group of patients.