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Students' Arabic thesis writing comprises several grammatical errors of different types. This study aimed to find out: (1) errors in writing Arabic phrases on students of the Arabic Language Education Master's Program at universities of Indonesia, and (2) factors that caused these writing errors. This research sued a qualitative research design, with the library research approach and Error Analysis techniques. The primary data comprised errors in the application of Arabic phrases from 110 student theses at three universities from 2019 to 2021. The results of this study included: (1) students' Arabic theses writing errors can be classified in four phrases, namely: murakkab ismiy (nominal phrase) of 24%, murakkab fi'liy (verbal phrase) of 28%, tarkib i?afiy (Combination of Nouns) of 26%, tarkib wa?fiy (adjective phrase) of 22%; (2) two factors caused these errors, namely: (a) language input errors, inaccuracy, and translation from an electronic dictionary without correction; (b) error caused by not heeding grammar rules, not practicing nahwu correctly, and not studying seriously the Arabic grammar. The study recommends that students should revalidate their writings and avoid copy-paste writing techniques, and lecturers should check students' writing according to grammar, especially phrases by reviewing seriously.

The impacts that the available energy sources have had on society, the environment, and the economy have become a focus of attention in recent years, generating polarization of opinions. Understanding these impacts is crucial for rational evaluation and the development of strategies for economic growth and energy security. This review examines such impacts of the main energy resources currently exploited or in development, including fossil fuels, geothermal, biomass, solar, hydropower, hydrogen, nuclear, ocean, and wind energies on society through analysis and comparison. It is essential to consider how high energy demand influences energy prices, the workforce, and the environment and to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each energy source. One significant finding from this review is that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) may vary substantially depending on the energy source used and show substantial ranges for different applications of the same energy source. Nuclear energy has the lowest LCOE range whereas ocean energy has the highest LCOE range among the nine energy sources considered. Fossil fuels were found to have the most substantial societal impacts, which involved on the positive side providing by far the largest number of jobs and highest tax revenues. However, on the negative side, fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear energy sources pose the most significant health threats and social well-being impacts on communities and societies compared to other energy sources. On the other hand, solar, ocean and wind energy pose the lowest risk in terms of health and safety, with solar and wind also currently providing a substantial number of jobs worldwide. Regarding environmental consequences, fossil fuels generate the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have the highest adverse impacts on ecosystems. In contrast, nuclear, ocean, solar and wind energies have the lowest GHG emissions and low to moderate impacts on ecosystems. Biomass, geothermal and hydropower energy sources have moderate to high ecosystem impacts compared to the other energy sources. Hydropower facilities require the most materials (mainly concrete) to build per unit of energy generated, followed by wind and solar energy, which require substantial steel and concrete per unit of energy generated. The lack of substantial materials recycling causes associated with solar and wind energy sources. All the energies that use thermal power generation process consume substantial quantities of water for cooling. The analysis and comparisons provided in this review identified that there is an urgent need to transition away from large-carbon-footprint processes, particularly fossil fuels without carbon capture, and to reduce the consumption of construction materials without recycling, as occurs in many of the existing solar and wind energy plants. This transition can be facilitated by seeking alternative and more widely accessible materials with lower carbon footprints during manufacturing and construction. Implementing such strategies can help mitigate climate change and have a positive impact on community well-being and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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