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En el presente trabajo se presenta el uso de lo subliminal en el ámbito de la publicidad, desde sus orígenes hasta mensajes utilizados actualmente que, siendo controvertidos por diversos motivos, son englobados por muchos como una práctica subliminal. Para ello, por un lado se han revisado y analizado numerosas investigaciones previas con el objetivo de determinar la efectividad de la publicidad subliminal a través de las respuestas que consigue en los receptores. Por otro lado, se ha puesto en duda que esos mensajes controvertidos más actuales sean verdaderamente de tipo subliminal, incluyendo la realización de una pequeña entrevista a fin de comprobar la reacción que provocan en los entrevistados. Una vez realizado el proceso de investigación y análisis, se concluye que la efectividad de la publicidad subliminal es hoy en día incierta, existiendo numerosas investigaciones que rechazan su potencial o lo limiten a ciertas condiciones, pero con otras que sí lo afirman. Además, se ha determinado que esos mensajes controvertidos no entran en la definición estricta que aporta la Ley General de Publicidad de “publicidad subliminal”., This paper studies subliminal advertising, from its inception to the current controversial messages that have been been labeled as such -unfairly, will be argued. Hence, on the one hand, an extensive literature review has been undergone for the sake of determining the available scholar knowledge on its effectiveness. On the other hand, it will be defended that said controversies should not be encompassed under the "subliminal" label, with the additional support of a customized, yet modest survey. Under the light of such research and analysis, it will be argued that the available literature leaves unanswered the question about the subliminal advertising effectiveness, with convincing tales and evidence supporting both sides of the debate. In addition, it has been determined that these controversial messages do not fall within the General Advertising Law's strict definition of "subliminal advertising"., Departamento de Organización de Empresas y Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados, Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas

We thank all the authors within this issue for their efforts and contributions, and the editorial staff of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter for their efficient work. We also acknowledge funding by the MINECO/FEDER (Spain/ UE) grant Nos. MAT2017-85089-C2-1-R, MAT2016-80394-R, FIS2015-66020-C2-1-P, FIS2015-73337-JIN, FIS2016-78883-C2-2-P, BIO2016-79618-R, and CTQ2017-84309-C2-2-R, and by Comunidad de Madrid grant NANOAVANSENS ref. S2013/MIT-3029. ARC acknowledges the Ramón y Cajal contract number RYC-2015-18047.

[Abstract of]: 25th Conference on Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI 2018), Grapevine, Texas, USA, August 12-17, 2018. Ion beam sputtering (IBS) is a powerful technique employed to induce surface nanopatterns over relatively large areas for a wide range of materials [1]. This approach has many applications in modern technology like magnetic storage, quantum device design or, for example, producing the selective attachment of specific molecules to substrates, with implications in biology and catalysis.

Cyanobacteria produce a significant fraction of the oxygen on the environment and, together with archaea, they fix atmospheric nitrogen used by all other organisms. One of the first forms of multicellular organisms on Earth are filamentous cyanobacteria, which constitutCyanobacteria produce a significant fraction of the oxygen on the environment and, together with archaea, they fix atmospheric nitrogen used by all other organisms. One of the first forms of multicellular organisms on Earth are filamentous cyanobacteria, which constitute a paradigmatic model organism of the transition between unicellular and multicellular living forms. The genus Anabaena forms colonies with cells arranged in one-dimensional filaments; under nitrogen-limiting conditions some cells can differentiate into a nitrogen-fixing heterocysts, forming regular patterns to effectively provide nitrogen for the colony. e a paradigmatic model organism of the transition between unicellular and multicellular living forms. The genus Anabaena forms colonies with cells arranged in one-dimensional filaments; under nitrogen-limiting conditions some cells can differentiate into a nitrogen-fixing heterocysts, forming regular patterns to effectively provide nitrogen for the colony...

[Póster presentado a]: XXII Congreso de Física Estadística (FisEs'18), Madrid, 18-20 de octubre de 2018. Differentiated cell types can form patterns in filamentous cyanobacteria. Specifically the genus Anabaena has received special interest because under nitrogen-limiting conditions some of the vegetative cells differentiate into a nitrogen-fixing form called heterocyst [1]. These heterocysts cannot undergo cell division or have photosynthetic activity, but share fixed nitrogen products with the whole filament. In order to efficiently distribute the fixed nitrogen, heterocysts are arranged forming quasiregular patterns in the filament...

Oral presentation given at the XX Congreso de Física Estadística, held in Badajoz (España) on October 5-7th, 2015.

Poster presented at the MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit, held on April 6-10th, 2015, in San Francisco (United States). Symposium QQ: Plasma-Based Materials Science and Engineering., Ion beam sputtering (IBS) nanopatterning of Si has attracted a large interest both experimentally (due to its technological relevance) and theoretically (as a paradigmatic monoelemental system) [1]. In monocrystalline targets, the stress induced in the damaged layer and the formation of an amorphous/crystalline interface seem to play a key role in the pattern formation. However, it has been shown that the pattern dynamics may be also affected by the initial target conditions, such as the different roughness [2]. Recently, it has been also suggested that the thickness of a pre-existing amorphous layer underneath the surface [3] might influence the pattern amplitude. To deepen into this issue, we analyze here the influence of the initial atomic disorder of the target on the formation and further dynamics of the IBS pattern. In the current work we study ripple nanopatterns produced by low-energy IBS on four different Si systems: bulk single-crystal, amorphous thin film grown by DC magnetron sputtering, implanted with 200 keV Ar+ ions, and self-implanted with 150 keV Si+ ions. Both implanted samples were designed to have an equivalent amorphized layer of ~200 nm, using a relatively low fluence of 5middot;1015 ions/cm2 to avoid microstructural modification (e.g., gas bubbles). The IBS nanopatterning was carried out from 2 min up to 120 min using a 500 eV Ar+ beam from a CSC Kaufman-type ion gun impinging at 650 with respect to the target normal. Surface topography was imaged ex-situ by atomic force microscopy. Despite the different sample preparation, results show a similar morphological evolution of both the ripple wavelength and the roughness in the four cases, with a marked pattern already developed at 20 min. Molecular Dynamics simulations show that the low-energy IBS overrides the initial atomic arrangement in all the cases, generating a shallow damaged Si layer with significant differences, in terms of local order and density, with the as-prepared amorphous systems. Thus, our results evidence the formation of an effective damaged surface layer also in non-crystalline targets, supporting current viscous flow models [4].

[ES]Nuestros resultados sugieren que la ß-glucán sintasa Bgs4p es responsable de la síntesis del ß-(1,3)-glucano ramificado necesario para la formación del septo secundario del septo de división y el mantenimiento de una estructura de septo primario estable y rígida, necesaria para ejercer la fuerza mecánica que empuja a la membrana plasmática y facilita la contracción del anillo contráctil durante la citocinesis en Schizosaccharomyces pombe.Durante la separación celular Bgs4p es esencial para el mantenimiento de la integridad celular, compensando un exceso de degradación de la pared adyacente al septo, evitando la lisis celular causada por la presión interna de la célula. Además, Bgs4p es esencial para el mantenimiento de la integridad celular durante el crecimiento polarizado.La reducción de los niveles de Bgs4p en la célula desencadena un mecanismo compensatorio que implica un aumento de la expresión de las glucán sintasas Bgs1p, Bgs3p y Ags1p con el fin de modificar la pared celular e intentar evitar la lisis celular producida en ausencia de Bgs4p. Dicho mecanismo compensatorio tiene su expresión máxima con la aparición de células supervivientes carentes de Bgs4p. Estas células presentan una arquitectura y composición de la pared celular muy diferente a la de la estirpe silvestre debido a la expresión diferencial de genes relacionados con la biosíntesis y la degradación de la pared celular.Finalmente, se ha desarrollado un nuevo protocolo para el análisis de todos los polímeros conocidos de la pared celular de S. pombe mediante el uso de enzimas o complejos enzimáticos comerciales, el cual ha permitido fraccionar la pared celular en siete componentes, incluyendo uno nuevo no detectado hasta el momento que se degrada específica y exclusivamente con quitinasas recombinantes., [EN] The cell wall is an external structure to the plasma membrane which is essential for the maintenance of cell integrity.Our results suggest that ß-glucan synthase Bgs4p is responsible for the synthesis of ß-(1,3)-glucan branched necessary for the formation of secondary septum of the dividing septum and for the maintenance of a stable and rigid primary septum structure, necessary to exert the mechanical force that pushes the plasma membrane and facilitates the contraction of the contractile ring during cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.During cell separation Bgs4p is essential for maintenance of cell integrity, compensating excessive degradation of the wall adjacent to the septum, avoiding cell lysis caused by the internal pressure of the cell. Furthermore, Bgs4p is essential for maintenance of cell integrity during polarized growth.In the cell, the reduction of levels of Bgs4p triggers a compensatory mechanism that involves an increase in expression of the glucan synthase Bgs1p, Ags1p Bgs3p to modify the cell wall and avoid cell lysis in the absence of Bgs4p produced. This compensatory mechanism has its maximum expression with the appearance of surviving cells that lacking Bgs4p. These cells have an architecture and cell wall composition very different from the wild strain due to differential expression of genes related to biosynthesis and cell wall degradation.Finally, we have developed a new protocol for the analysis of all known polymers of the cell wall of S. pombe by using commercial enzymes or enzyme complexes, which allowed the cell wall split into seven components, including a new undetected component that is degrades specifically and exclusively with recombinant chitinases.

Poster presented at International Symposium on Nanoscale Pattern Formation at Surfaces, which took place in Copenhagen (Denmark) in 2013., In this work, we report on the effect of the metal nature (Fe or Mo) and content in the formation dynamics of silicon nanodot patterns induced by normal-incidence lowenergy ion beam sputtering (IBS) under metal co-deposition. The simultaneous source of metal atoms is controlled by partially covering the target with a metal mask during the irradiation. In this way, the metal incorporation rate is tuned by changing the relative area uncovered by the mask and, obviously, the (residual and stationary) metal content increases by covering a larger area of the target. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of the resulting patterns shows that the formation dynamics is faster as the metal incorporation rate increases. In addition, the asymptotic pattern parameters (roughness and characteristic wavelength) are also determined by such rate, being larger for higher metal incorporation. Interestingly, as extracted from the analysis of the AFM images, highly-ordered patterns are obtained for the Mo case. This fact suggests that the metal nature plays an important role in IBS nanopatterning with metal co-deposition. Finally, we have also studied the early stages of the irradiation process in order to get an insight on the existence of a metal content threshold for pattern formation. This study has been made on both flat and rough silicon targets to assess the influence of the initial target morphology on the pattern formation and dynamics.

En este trabajo nos centraremos en fenómenos que ocurren fuera del equilibrio, es decir, en sistemas que experimentan de forma espontánea algún tipo de cambio en su estado debido a las condiciones que les impone su entorno y, más concretamente, en el estudio de superficies. El interés en la dinámica de éstas se ha visto incrementado en los últimos años debido a sus múltiples aplicaciones, que se extienden desde la nanotecnología hasta los sistemas biológicos. Además, desde el punto de vista de la Física Estadística, representan ejemplos de fenómenos universales en un amplio rango de escalas que pueden ser estudiados desde una perspectiva general. Para ello, consideraremos el caso particular de una superficie sometida a bombardeo iónico, donde la evolución dinámica de la morfología ocurre a escala submicrométrica, pero que, como veremos en los siguientes capítulos, comparte muchas características con otros fenómenos macroscópicos y fuera del equilibrio como la invariancia de escala, el crecimiento de dominios, las inestabilidades morfológicas o la formación y evolución de patrones, entre otras. Los principales objetivos de esta memoria son: poner de manifiesto los mecanismos físicos necesarios para caracterizar correctamente el proceso de erosión iónica y la formación de estructuras superficiales mediante esta técnica; proponer nuevos modelos teóricos que predigan de forma satisfactoria algunas características generales observadas en estos sistemas; extender estos modelos a otros fenómenos fuera del equilibrio y analizarlos desde el punto de vista de la Mecánica Estadística y las teorías actuales de formación de patrones.