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Background: Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m 0.05 m, 70.38 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 0.48, running experience: 8.0 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. Results: After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20–30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status

The played forms possess good educational potential from the Handball to work the sport ability of successive penetrations in the classes of Physical Education, since with them a good state affective motivational is gotten among the students. In particular, they are a variable multifactorial that depends on different and varied aspects, being the professor with their programmed intervention the one that achieves the formative effects on the teaching process and learning. The present article contributes played forms that allow the professors of Physical Education a process participatory and significant for the appropriate learning of the sport ability in study, what constitutes a valuable reference in correspondence with the alternative models at the present time in the collective sports in the schools and that they can be used from the different teaching levels., Las formas jugadas poseen buen potencial educativo desde la clase de Educación Física para desarrollar las habilidades deportivas en Balonmano, entre ellas las penetraciones sucesivas consiguiéndose un óptimo estado afectivo motivacional entre los alumnos. En particular constituyen una variable multifactorial que depende de diferentes y variados aspectos siendo el profesor con su intervención programada el que logra los efectos formativos sobre el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El presente artículo aporta formas jugadas que permiten a los profesores de Educación Física un proceso participativo, reflexivo y significativo para el adecuado aprendizaje de la habilidad deportiva en estudio, lo que constituye una valiosa referencia en correspondencia con los modelos alternativos en la actualidad en los deportes colectivos y su aprendizaje en las escuelas y que pueden ser utilizadas desde los diferentes niveles de enseñanza.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the protections taken by ski and snowboard recreational athletes of the winter stations Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain), regarding gender, age, and practiced sport. A total of 520 users participated, Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58.8%)); Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)), 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women, from 6 to 64 years old, classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%)); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%)); Youth (n = 101 (19.4%)); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%))). For the data collection, an Ad Hoc questionnaire was used (Socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection). The data revealed that 23.5% of the participants did not use any protection. Regarding the development stage, 1% of the children did not use any protection, neither did 3.1% of the teenagers, 6.7% of the youth, or 12.7% of the adults (p < 0.001). Regarding gender, a total of 17.1% of men did not use protection, and regarding women, 6.3% of them did not use it (p < 0.001). In relation to the practiced sport, 15.8% of the skiers did not use it against 7.7% of the snowboarders (p = 0.006). The use of protection for the practice in winter sports is not enough to reduce the injury risk in these sports and, in the worst cases, fatal accidents.

The objective of this research was to analyze the motives for using or not using protections by recreational ski and snowboard athletes, specifically regarding gender and age in the winter resorts of Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain). A total of 520 users participated in Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58,8%)) and Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)); 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women; from 6 to 50 years old; classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%); Young adults (n = 101 (19.4%); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%)). For the data collection an ad hoc questionnaire was used (socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection, motives for the use). The data revealed that 76.5% used protections equipment, with the women being more likely to use protective equipment than men. Regarding age, young adults and adults were the ones using less protection. In relation to the motives of using protective equipment, security was the main motive for using it, while the reason to avoid using it was, most of the time, discomfort. Additionally, the childhood and teenager groups were the ones who reported, as motivation, family obligation, showing the importance of the influence of the parents.

La innovación educativa con el empleo de las TIC se desarrolla en la asignatura de Gimnasia Básica en la Facultad de Cultura Física y Deporte de la Universidad de Holguín. Los nuevos conocimientos y procesos creativos mediados por tecnologías facilitan y transforman de forma rápida el proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje, y se adaptan a las necesidades de la sociedad, mejoran la calidad de la educación y el desempeño de los profesionales. En la actualidad en la carrera de Cultura Física y Deporte son insuficientes estas innovaciones educativas, por ello los autores se han propuesto emplear la aplicación EfiSoft para procesar los resultados de las pruebas de eficiencia física. La aplicación posibilita el análisis de los resultados del diagnóstico de las pruebas de eficiencia física desde 1º hasta 12º grado en correspondencia con las normativas vigentes, facilitando el trabajo manual que realiza el profesor de educación física y los profesionales en formación, lo cual permite una retroalimentación inmediata de la condición física del evaluado.

The aim of this study was to develop an equation for predicting the performance in 10 kilometers road race (10k), Half Marathon (21k) and Marathon (42k), using the blood lactate concentration (bLA) close to race pace. 64 runners of different levels completed the study (10k (n = 19): 32min-56min, 21k (n=24): 1h04min-1h57min; 42k (n=21): 2h38min-4h02min). A few days before their main competition, subjects conducted a test in track at constant pace over 2400m. They ran at two different speeds that were slightly lower (V1) or similar / faster than the competition expected pace (V2). bLa samples were taken during and after every pace. The results did not show any mathematical model to estimate the 10k mark. In the 21k, it was found a model that included V2 and bLA2: V21k (km / h) = (V2*1.085) + (-0.282*bLA2) -0.131, r2 = 0.97, ETE = 0.414 km / h. In the 42k, it was found a model that included V1 and BLA1: V42k (km/h) = (V1*1.085) + (-0.429*BLA1) -0.170, r2 = 0.81, ETE = 0.626 km/h. Two equations were capable of predicting performance, for 21k and 42k through bla concentration at a pace close to the expected for the competition.