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In the combination of source rock and reservoir separated by the caprock of a petroliferous basin, the scale of oil and gas accumulation is controlled by the relative length of the effective period of oil and gas transported by the oil source fault. The accurate determination of the effective period of oil and gas transported by the oil source fault in the combination of source rock and reservoir separated by caprock plays an essential role in identifying the oil and gas distributions and guiding oil and gas exploration. Based on a study of the oil–gas transport mechanism and the effective period by the oil source fault of reservoir separated by caprock, a set of determination methods of the effective period for transporting oil and gas by the oil source fault of the reservoir separated by caprock was established herein by coupling the period for transporting oil and gas by the oil source fault and that when the source rocks expelled hydrocarbon. The period for transporting oil and gas by the oil source fault was determined by determining the period when the faults started to destroy the sealing capacity of the mudstone caprock, the period when the faults stopped their activity, and the period when the fault fillers began sealing. The geochemical characteristics of the source rock were used to determine the period when the source rocks expelled hydrocarbon. The application results show that at line L2, the effective period for transporting oil and gas from the F1 oil source fault to the reservoir of the 1st member of Dongying Formation (E3d1) is relatively long (i.e., time: 5.3 Ma). This is conducive to transporting the oil and gas generated by the source rocks of the 1st member of Shahejie Formation (E3s1) to the 3rd member of Dongying Formation (E3d3) through the mudstone caprock of the 2nd member of Dongying Formation (E3d2) to accumulate in the reservoir of E3d1 (the upper part of the structure has not been drilled yet). At line L8, the effective period for transporting oil and gas from the F1 oil source fault to the reservoir of E3d1 is relatively short (i.e., time: 2.4 Ma). Oil and gas are mainly transported by fault fillers, which is not conducive to transporting the oil and gas generated by the source rocks of E3s1 to the E3d1 through the mudstone caprock of E3d2 to accumulate in the reservoir of E3d1. The results are coincident with the fact that small-scale oil and gas have been found near line L8 of the F1 oil source fault in E3d1 of the Nanpu 5th structure, suggesting that the method is feasible for application in the determination of the effective period for transporting oil and gas by the oil source fault of a reservoir separated by caprock.

We perform the modulation instability analysis of the 2D and 3D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. The instability region depends on dispersion and wavenumbers of the plane wave. The N -breathers of the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation are constructed directly from its 2 N -solitons obtained in history. The regularity conditions of breathers are established. The dynamic behaviors of breathers of the 2D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation are consistent with modulation instability analysis. Furthermore, by means of the bilinear method together with improved long-wave limit technique, we obtain general high order rogue waves of the 2D and 3D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. In particular, the first- and second-order rogue waves and lumps of the 2D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation are investigated by using their explicit expressions. We find that their dynamic behaviors are similar to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Finally, the first-order rational solutions are illustrated for the 3D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. It is demonstrated that the rogue waves of the 2D and 3D nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation always exist by choosing dispersion and wavenumber of plane waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]