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The study has aimed to investigate and determine the anatomical position, shape, size, and histological features of the ductus venosus, and its role as a shunt in the fetal circulatory system in domestic ruminants. The research was conducted on 19 bovine, 11 sheep and 5 goat fetuses, aborted at the late stage of pregnancy or deceased just after delivery. The general anatomy of the ductus venosus was investigated by in-situ dissection of the corrosive cast obtained by injection of 25% solution of Vinylite mass through the umbilical vein. For histological examination, the fetal tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff-Van Gieson and Gomori.s silver stain. The results showed that ruminant fetal ductus venosus is a curved, trumpet-shaped vessel, situated in the central part of the liver, above the porta hepatis. Its ventral part is constricted in the form of an isthmus, having a prominent lip-like thickening at the junction with the portal sinus. Histological examination showed the dominant presence of collagen and elastic fibers in its tunica media, with thin bands of smooth muscle fibers oriented in a longitudinal and circular direction indicating ability for vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. © 2021 Sciendo. All rights reserved.

This paper presents the results of the research on renal blood vessels of the mink. The main goal of this research is to provide a unique insight in renal vessel constellation and thereby contributes to the amount and quality of the available data on the cardiovascular system of the mink, since the data found in the available literature regarding this specific field is rather poorly documented. Blood vessels of the mink kidney were studied by dissection and corrosion injection technique. The renal artery and its branches, and the lobar, interlobar and interlobular arteries are terminal arteries and they do not anastomose between each other. The arterial system is characterized by two independent vascular areas, supplied by the dorsal and ventral lobar artery. Lobar arteries divide the kidney horizontally into a dorsal and ventral half, while lobar veins divide it vertically into the cranial and caudal half. The renal vein is formed from the cranial and caudal lobar vein. The obtained results are compared with relevant literature findings on renal blood supply of a dog and other sympatric carnivores.

Kunić, kao eksperimentalna životinja, je veoma čest model u raznovrsnim biomedicinskim istraživanjima, zahvaljujući sličnosti u morfološkim i kliničkim osobinama sa ljudskim, kao i lakoći odgajivanja, držanja i posmatranja. Za izbor modela u bimedicinskim istraživanjima, neophodno je dobro poznavati anatomsku građu, morfološke i fiziološke karakteristike eksperimentalnih životinja. Kunić, kao životinja sa indukovanom ovulacijom, je model kod koga se precizno može utvrditi vreme ovulacije, a po sličnosti fetalnog i embrionalnog razvića sa ljudskim, predstavlja model, koji u ispitivanjima iz oblasti reprodukcije ima prednost nad drugim eksperimentalnim životinjama. Uzimajući u obzir da vrsta kunića, pol, starost, kao i način držanja utiču na neke morfološke i fiziološke karakteristike ove vrste, ova ispitivanja izvedena su na Kalifornijskom kuniću, sa ciljem da se utvrde i upotpune podaci o topografiji ženskih polnih organa Kalifornijskog kunića (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), njihovoj vaskularizaciji, histološkim promenama u ženskom reproduktivnom traktu kunića, tokom različitih faza polnog ciklusa, kao i njegovoj imunološkoj reaktivnosti tokom ovih faza. Ispitivanja su vršena na 30 polno zrelih ženki, prosečne starosti 5-7 meseci, telesne mase oko 3200-4000 g, koje su parene prvi put, ili su bile u graviditetu po prvi put. Anatomskim metodama rada izvršena su topografska ispitivanja ženskih reproduktivnih organa kunića, pelvimetrija i vaskularizacija, za koju je korišćena i rendgenografija. Isečci tkiva jajnika, jajovoda, materice, rodnice i usmine bojeni su hematoksilin eozinom, Gomori metodom i metodom po Gordon-Sweet-u, za histološka ispitivanja. Kriostatski isečci materice i vagine bojeni su metodom peroksidaznog obelezavanja ćelija, radi ispitivanja imunoloških karakteristika ovih organa. Po svojim topografskim i morfološkim osobinama, reproduktivni ograni ženki kunića su slični reproduktivnim organima ženki karnivora i činčile. A. ovarica i a. uterina su g, Rabbit, as an experimental model at various biomedical investigations, thanks to its similarity in many morphological and clinical performances with humans, associated with its breeding facilities, carriage and observation. Knowledge of anatomic, morphologic and physiologic characteristics of experimental animal is necessary for the model selection at biomedical researches. Rabbit, as an induced ovulator, is model with precisely defined time of ovulation; its similarities in fetal and embryo development with humans, give an advantage to rabbit as reproductive model. Considering that breed, gender, age, different way of housing, affect some morphological and physiological performance at certain breed, those investigation was carried out on Californian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), with an aim to determine and fulfill the data about topography of rabbit female reproductive tract, vascularization, histological changes during the different phases of reproductive cycle and immunological reactivity during the cycle. The investigation was taken at 30 sexually mature females, age about 5-7 months, body weight about 3200-4000 g, mated for the first time, or at first pregnancy. Standard anatomical methods were used for study in topography, pelvimetry and vascularization that is examined also with rendgenography. Tissue samples of ovarium, Falopian tube, uterus and vagina were stained with haematoksylin eosin, Gomori’s method and Gordon-Sweet’s method, for histological examination. Cryosections of different anatomical parts of uterus and vagina, were stained by peroxidase labbeling the cells, to evaluate the immunological status of those tissues. Similirities with females of Carnivora and Chinchilla, in topography and morphology of reproductive tract were found. The principal blood vessels of rabbit female genital tract are a. ovarica and a. uterina. Histological and immunological changes during the different phases of reproductive cycle were evident. T-cells and

Concomitant injuries of bone and soft tissues of the upper and lower jaws are classified as multiple trauma symptoms associated with early complications, such as shock, disordered breathing, bleeding, pain, deformity and facial asymmetry, abnormal jaw movement, crepitation, palsy-paralysis of traumatized soft tissue regions and languages. The goal of this work is to present polytraumatised rehabilitation of upper and lower jaws by the system of endodontic treatment of upper canines in cats. Primary approach to stabilization polytraumatised cats is highlighted, also as procedures to be undertaken in animal in shock, injury of the maxilla and mandible, and the order of diagnostic procedures. Mandibular prognation and incorrect occlusion with consequent damage of mandibular gingiva with maxilla kaninus are complications which were resolved in our case with endodontic treatment of upper canines of the cat. This paper presents a detailed approach to the reduction of dental caninus maxilla and establishing proper bite in the molar region of the maxila and mandible., Istovremene povrede kostnog i mekog tkiva gornje i donje vilice klasifikujú se kao politraume koje prate simptomi ranih komplikacija, kao što su: stanje šoka, poremećeno disanje, krvarenje, bol, deformacja i asimetričnost lica, abnormalna pokretljivost donje vilice, krepitacije, pareza - paraliza traumatizovanih mekotkivnih regija i jezika. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se prikaže sanacija politraumatizovane gornje i donje vilice po sistemu endodontske terapije gornjih očnjaka mačke. Istaknut je primarni pristup stabilizaciji politraumatizovane mačke, postupci koje je potrebno sprovesti kod životinje u šoku i sa povredama maksile i mandibule, kao i redosled dijagnostičkih procedura. Prognacija, nepravilna okluzija sa posledičnim oštećenjem gingive mandibule od strane kaninusa maksile, su komplikacje koje su u ovom slučaju rešene, endodontskom terapijom gornjih očnjaka mačke. U radu je dat detaljan stomatološki pristup skraćenju kaninusa maksile i uspostavljanju pravilnog zagrižaja u predelu molara gornje i donje vilice.

The mink is a strict carnivore and a seasonal breeder, which may be used as an experimental model for other carnivores. Using anatomical methods, 32 brains of the N. American mink were examined. It was found that the brain consists of four ventricles. Also, it was noted that the posterior horn was missing and that the olfactory recess was present in the lateral ventricle, a large-size interthalamic connection was present in the third ventricle, and a flat, necklace like bottom in the fourth ventricle. Only recently, the ins and outs of the mink’s anatomical structure have begun to absorb the attention of anatomists. Apparently, it is related to the fact that fury animals, among them the mink, are being domesticated. For this reason and because of easy access to the material, the purpose of brain dissection is to familiarize with the three dimensional structure of the brain and teach one of the great methods of studying the brain: looking at its structure., Kanadska lasica je karnivor, koji jednom godišnje daje 4-5 mladunaca, koji se koriste kao eksperimentalni model. Za anatomska ispitivanja, koristili smo 32 mozga oba pola kanadske lasice. Utvrdili smo da se u mozgu nalaze 4 komore, kao i kod ostalih sisara. Ustanovili smo da posteriorni rog bočne komore nedostaje, kao i da postoji olfaktorni izdanak bočne komore. Šira površina između talamusa je takodje ustanovljena u trećoj moždanoj komori, kao i udubljenje četvrte moždane komore. U poslednje vreme kao eksperimentalna životinja, kanadska lasica postaje predmet interesovanja anatoma kao i naučnih istraživača u velikom broju laboratorija. Takođe, divlje životinje postaju sve više domestifikovane, a među njima je i kanadska lasica.

Hermaphroditism is a congenital anomaly characterized by the presentation of sexual characteristics of both sexes in one individual. Hermaphrodites can occur in every mammal species. Real and pseudo hermaphrodites can be distinguished. Both ovaries and testes (ovotestes) are presented in real hermaphrodites, while the conformation of the individual does not correspond to any sex in particular. Pseudo hermaphrodites are more frequent. Male pseudo hermaphrodites have testes and female external genital characteristics, while female pseudo hermaphrodites have ovaries and rudimentary external genitals reassembling to masculine ones. Corrective surgical removal of a rudimental penis in a female pseudo hermaphrodite dog is presented in the paper., Hermafroditizam je patološka pojava postojanja oba pola kod jedne jedinke. Može biti pravi i lažni. Pravi hermafroditi imaju ovarijume i testise, koji obično nisu u korelaciji sa sekundarnim polnim karakteristikama i spoljašnjim izgledom životinje. Lažni hermafroditizam (pseudohermafroditizam) je češća pojava i on može da bude muški - kada jedinka poseduje testise i spoljašnje genitalije nalik na ženske, ili ženski - kada jedinka ima jajnike i rudimentirane spoljašnje genitalije, koji podsećaju na one kod mužjaka. Hermafroditizam je relativno česta pojava kod različitih vrsta životinja. Mi smo opisali slučaj pseudohermafroditizma kod jedne kuje, koja je dovedena na hiruršku korekciju - uklanjanje rudimentiranog muškog polnog organa.

U oblasti eksperimentalne humane i veterinarske medicine, kao i u drugim naučnim disciplinama, sve se više pridaje značaj laboratorijskim životinjama. Na njima se mogu pratiti funkcije određenih sistema i njihove farmakodinamske manifestacije, koje nastaju zavisno od vrste, puteva i načina unošenja pojedinih supstanci ili bioloških agenasa u organizam ovih životinja. Jedan od značajnih uslova za ovakva ispitivanja predstavlja potpuno poznavanje anatomske građe organizma ovih životinja. To je bio jedan od glavnih razloga, da obradimo deo kardiovaskularnog sistema tekunice i na taj način damo prilog boljem poznavanju građe tela ove životinje. Za ispitivanje upotrebljeno je 7 tekunica. Posle iskrvavljenja životinja, u krvne sudove su ubrizgane različite kontrasne mase, želatin obojen slikarskom temperom ili minijumom. Krvni sudovi su posle toga preparisani i slikani. A. thoracica interna je srazmerno jak krvni sud. Izbija iz desne potključne arterije u visini kaudalnog ruba proksimalnog dela 1. rebra, odakle se pruža u luku na unutrašnju površinu grudne kosti. Ona produžava dalje u kaudalnom pravcu, pokrivena tankim M. transversus thoracis. Pružajući se prema dijafragmi deli se na: A. musculophrenica, A. epigastrica cranialis, Rami intercostales ventrales i Rami sternales. Sa svojim granama vaskulariše dijafragmu, trbušne i grudne mišiće, poslednjih osam međurebarnih mišića i grudne mlečne žlezde. A. thoracica interna kod čoveka, malog zelenog majmuna, tekunice, kunića i pacova je grana od A. subclavia, a kod slepog kučeta je jedna od grana Truncus costocervicalis-a., The experimental human and veterinary medicines, as well as other scientific disciplines, are turning more and more to laboratory animals. These are suitable for monitoring the functions of certain systems and their pharmacodynamic manifestations, which occur depending on the species, route and manner of administration of certain substances or biological agents in the organisms of those animals. One of the important prerequisites for such investigations is a thorough knowledge of the anatomic structure of the given organism of such animals. This was one of the main reasons why we undertook to investigate the cardio-vascular system of the ground squirrel contributing in that way to a better understanding of the body structure of this animal. The investigation was performed on 7 ground squirrels. After bleeding out, various contrast agents were administered, such as gelatin stained with painting tempera or minium. After this the blood vessels were mounted and photographed. The internal thoracic artery is a relatively large blood vessel. It arises from the right subclavian artery at the level of the caudal edge of the proximal end of the first rib, and turns in a curve along the internal surface of the sternum. It extends further in the caudal direction, covered by the thin M. transversus thoracis. Along its course to the diaphragm can be divided into: A. musculophrenica, A. epigastrica cranialis, Rami intercostales ventrales and Rami sternales. With its branches supply diaphragm, abdominal and thoracic muscles, last eight intercostal muscles and thoracic mammae. A. thoracica interna is in the man, small green monkey, ground squirrel, rabbit and rat is the branch of the subclavian artery but in the molle rat is one of the branch of the Truncus costocervicalis.

Tekunica je sisar iz reda glodara. To je veoma ljupka životinja dužine tela oko 20 cm, malenih ušiju i krupnih očiju. Telesna masa kreće se od 200-300 grama. Trbušna strana je smeđe-sive boje, a leđna nešto svetlije boje. Njen izgled karakteriše poza "svećice", kada životinja sedi na zadnjim nogama i uspravljenog trupa osmatra okolinu. Tekunica je prezimar, živi u kolonijama i spada u "Prirodne retkosti", zbog čega je predložena za crvenu knjigu faune Republike Srbije. Za ispitivanje upotrebljeno je 7 tekunica. Posle iskrvavljenja životinja, u krvne sudove su ubrizgana različita kontrastna sredstva, želatin obojen slikarskom temperom ili minijumom. V. cordis magna je posle toga preparisana i slikana. V. cordis magna kod tekunice odvodi vensku krv iz zida srca. Pruža se kranijalno duž kružnog žleba (Sulcus coronarius) prema Truncus pulmonalis, pokrivena levom uškom (Auricula sinistra). Iz kružnog žleba (Sulcus coronarius) spušta se duž Sulcus interventricularis obliquus, koji se nalazi između desne i leve komore, prema vrhu srca. U toku pružanja daje grane koje odvode krv iz bočnog zida leve pretkomore, Conus arteriosus-a, bočnih zidova leve i desne komore i međukomorne pregrade. V. cordis magna se uliva u levu kranijalnu šuplju venu (V. cava cranialis sinistra) u blizini kaudalnog dela leve uške (Auricula sinistra). V.cordis magna, osim kod tekunice postoji kod čoveka, domaćih životinja, malog zelenog majmuna, pacova i kanadske lasice. Razlikuje se u odnosu na slepo kuče, kod koga postoji V. cordis sinistra, koja se razgranjava na veći broj grančica, koje se pružaju kranijalno i kaudalno u zidu leve srčane komore., The ground squirrel is a mammal of the order of rodents. It is very lovely animal, lenght about 20 cm, small ears and large eyes. Body weight is between 200 and 300 grams. Abdominal side is brown-gray, and dorsal slightly lighter in colour. Its apearance is characterized pose "candle" when it is sitting on hind limbs and erect of body observing the environment. The ground squirrel hibernate during winter months, lives in colonies and one of the "Natural rarities" which therefore proposed for the red book fauna of Serbia. The investigation was performed on seven ground squirrels. After bleeding out, various contrast agents (gelatin stained with painting tempere and minium) were injected into the blood vessels. Photographs of the V. cordis magna were taken after preparation. In the ground squirrel, V. cordis magna receives blood from the wall of the heart. It runs along the coronary groove (Sulcus coronarius) toward the pulmonal trunk (Truncus pulmonalis), covered by left auricle (Auricula sinistra). Than, V. cordis magna descends toward the apex of the heart through the Sulcus interventricularis obliquus, which lies between left and right ventricle. Its branches evacuate blood from the lateral wall of the left atrium, Conus arteriosus, walls of both ventricles and from the interventricular septum. V. cordis magna empty into the left cranial vena cava (V. cava cranialis sinistra) near the caudal part of the left auricle. V cordis magna, except for the ground squirrel, found in the rat, domestic animals, small green monkey, mink and humans, but was not found in the molle rat. In this animal V. cordis sinistra receives blood from the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium and empty into the left cranial vena cava.

Familija Spalacidae je familija starog sveta. Familija se sastoji od 36 vrsta raspoređenih u 4 subfamilije: Myospalacinae, Rhizomyinae, Spalacinae i Tachyoryctinae. Zbog toga, što najveći period vremena provode pod zemljom oči Spalacida su redukovane, ali je sačuvana osetljivost očiju na svetlost. Neke Spalacidae imaju dobro razvijene taktilne dlake postavljene sa strane glave. One imaju i dobro razvijeno čulo sluha i mirisa. Feromoni imaju jako veliku ulogu u njihovoj komunikaciji. Neke vrste komuniciraju međusobno tako što udaraju glavu o zidove svojih tunela i osećaju vibracije koje stvaraju drugi. Mnoge Spalacidae ispuštaju zvuke slične groktanju, a neke šište kroz nos kada su zadovoljne. To je bio jedan od glavnih razloga, da obradimo deo kardiovaskularnog sistema slepog kučeta i na taj način damo prilog boljem poznavanju građe tela ove životinje. Za ispitivanje je upotrebljeno 7 slepih kučića. Posle iskrvavljenja životinja, u krvne sudove su ubrizgane različite kontrasne mase, želatin obojen slikarskom temperom ili minijumom. Krvni sudovi su posle toga preparisani i slikani. A. broncho-esophagea sinistra odvaja se od ventralnog zida grudne aorte u visini petog međurebarnog prostora. Ona se deli na Ramus bronchalis i Ramus esophageus. Ramus bronchalis prati levi bronhus i njegove ogranke i razgranjava se u levom plućnom krilu. Ramus esophageus se razgranjava u levom zidu jednjaka i anastomozira sa ograncima od desnog Ramus bronchalis. A. broncho-esophagea sinistra kod slepog kučeta i tekunice se odvaja od grudne aorte, a kod kunića od A. intercostalis suprema i takođe se deli na Ramus bronchalis i Ramus esophageus., The family Spalacidae is a diverse old world group of fossorial and semi-fossorial rodents. This family consists of 36 species distributed among four subgfamilies: the Myospalacinae, the Rhizomyinae, the Spalacinae and the Tachyoryctinae. Because they spend most of their time underground, spalacids do not have much use for vision and therefore, their eyes are much reduced, although they remain functional and light sensitive in some. Their sense of touch is well-developed, and many have tactile hairs on the sides of their head. They also have good hearing and sense of smell. Pheromones and scent-marking are important means of communication in this group. Some species are known to communicate with each other by drumming their heads against the walls of their tunnels and sensing the vibrations created by others. Many are known to make grunting or hissing noises when threatened. This was one of the main reasons why we undertook to investigate the cardiovascular system of the molle rat contributing in that way to a better understanding of the body structure of this animal. The investigation was performed on 7 molle rats. After bleeding out, various contrast agents were administered, such as gelatin stained with paining tempera or minium. After this the blood vessels were mounted and photographed. A. broncho-esophagea sinistra arises from the ventral wall of the thoracic aotra at the level of the fifth intercostal space. It is divided into the Ramus bronchalis and Ramus esophageus. Ramus bronchalis follows the left bronchus and its branches, ramifying into the left lung. Ramus esophageus ramifies into the left wall of the esophagus and anastomose with the branches of the right bronchal ramus. A. broncho-esophagea sinistra in the molle rat and ground squirrel is the branch of the thoracic aorta, but in the rabbit is the branch of the A. intercostalis suprema. A. broncho-esophagea in the rabbit is divided into the Ramus bronchalis and Ramus esophageus similary to the molle

U oblasti eksperimentalne humane i veterinarske medicine, kao i u drugim naučnim disciplinama, sve se više pridaje značaj laboratorijskim životinjama. Na njima se mogu pratiti funkcije određenih sistema i njihove farmakodinamske manifestacije, koje nastaju zavisno od vrste, puteva i načina unošenja pojedinih supstanci ili bioloških agenasa u organizam ovih životinja. Jedan od značajnih uslova za ovakva ispitivanja predstavlja potpuno poznavanje anatomske građe organizma ovih životinja. To je bio jedan od glavnih razloga, da obradimo deo kardiovaskularnog sistema slepog kučeta i na taj način damo prilog boljem poznavanju građe tela ove životinje. Za ispitivanje upotrebljeno je 25 slepih kučića. Posle iskrvavljenja životinja, u krvne sudove su ubrizgane različite kontrasne mase, želatin obojen slikarskom temperom ili minijumom. Krvni sudovi su posle toga preparisani i slikani. A. sacralis mediana je jedna od završnih grana aorte u sisara. Našim ispitivanjima ustanovili smo da je A. sacralis mediana neparan krvni sud koji predstavlja produžetak trbušne aorte, pošto se od nje odvoje dve Aa. iliacae communes. U nekim slučajevima A. sacralis mediana se odvaja od trbušne aorte pre njenog deljenja na dve Aa. iliacae communes. A. sacralis mediana pruža se u kaudalnom pravcu, duž ventralnog zida krsne kosti, prema repu. Na svom putu, od nje se odvajaju parne Aa. sacrales. U predelu repa A. sacralis mediana dobija naziv A. caudalis mediana koja šalje grančice u mišiće repa. A. sacralis mediana u slepog kučeta, kao i tekunice, zamorca, kunića i malog zelenog majmuna, je završna grana trbušne aorte., The experimental human and veterinary medicines, as well as other scientific disciplines, are turning more and more to laboratory animals. These are suitable for monitoring the functions of certain systems and their pharmacodynamic manifestations, which occur depending on the species, route and manner of administration of certain substances or biological agents in the organisms of those animals. One of the important prerequisites for such investigations is a thorough knowledge of the anatomic structure of the given organism of such animals. This was one of the main reasons why we undertook to investigate the cardio-vascular system of the molle rat contributing in that way to a better understanding of the body structure of this animal. The investigation was performed on 25 molle rats. After bleeding out, various contrast agents were administered, such as gelatin stained with painting tempera or minium. After this the blood vessels were mounted and photographed. The median sacral artery is a terminal branch of the aorta in mammals. In the present study was found the median sacral artery, as unpaired vessel, is the direct continuation of the aorta caudally after the common iliac arteries arise. In some cases it arises from the abdominal aorta before the common iliac arteries arise. The median sacral artery passes caudally along the pelvic surface of the sacrum toward the tail. On its course it gives off paired sacral branches (Rami sacrales). The caudal gluteal artery is the continuation of the second, right sacral branch of the median sacral. In the region of the tail the median sacral takes a ventral position as the caudal median artery which sends branches to the muscles of the tail. The median sacral artery in the molle rat simillary to the ground squirrel, guinea pig, rabbit and small green monkey is the terminal branch of the abdominal aorta.

Mink (Mustela vison) is often used as very convenient model when there is a research to be conducted on different urogenital infections; BecaUse of multipurpose usage of this animal, we wanted to investigate morphological characteristics and arterial vascularisation of ovaries. ; During this experiment, we used 15 females average age between the first and the two year. After sacrificing animals, we caught sight of ovarial position fn siru. That is when we injected colored gel into aorta abdominalis, which resulted in creating ovaries' arterial net. Ovariurn is an even organ located in abdominal cavity, in fossa ovaria. It's external side, facies lateralis; connects it to the lateral side of pelvis, while it's lower, wombal side lies on incisura ischiadica major. Average height of an ovarium is 7mm, width is Smrn and weight is about 0,5g. A.ovarica and Ramus ovaricum arteriae uterinae take major part in vascularisation. R. ovaricus a. uterinae is the strongest arterie in ovarium, and it provides ovarium with blood from wombal arterie, visceral branch of A. iliacae internae. A. ovarica is divided into two branches: lower and stronger branch which anastomizes in mesoovarium with R. ovaricum a. uterinae; and upper and weaker branch of unknown caliber, which pases through the upper edge od mesosalpynx and anastomizes with R. tubarus a. uterinae. A. ovarica is dominant blood vessel in irrigation of genital organs of mink, just as Ramus uterinus of the arterie with same name. It is quite variable, and it's importance is especially noticed during pregnancy.

U oblasti eksperimentalne humane i veterinarske medicine, kao i u drugim naučnim disciplinama, sve se više pridaje značaj laboratorijskim životinjama. Na njima se mogu pratiti funkcije određenih sistema i njihove farmakodinamske manifestacije, koje nastaju zavisno od vrste, puteva i načina unošenja pojedinih supstanci ili bioloških agenasa u organizam ovih životinja. Jedan od značajnih uslova za ovakva ispitivanja predstavlja potpuno poznavanje anatomske građe organizma ovih životinja. To je bio jedan od glavnih razloga, da obradimo deo kardio-vaskularnog sistema slepog kučeta i na taj način damo prilog boljem poznavanju građe tela ove životinje. Za ispitivanje upotrebljeno je 25 slepih kučića. Posle iskrvavljenja životinja, u krvne sudove su ubrizgane različite kontrasne mase, želatin obojen slikarskom temperom ili minijumom. Krvni sudovi su posle toga preparisani i slikani. A. renalis je paran krvni sud. Počinje iz trbušne aorte 3-4 mm kaudalno od A. mesenterica cranialis. Svaka ide prema bubregu svoje strane. Desna bubrežna arterija počinje nešto kranijalnije nego leva. A. renalis dextra je nešto duža od A. renalis sinistra. Ona ukršta V. cava caudalis na njenoj dorzalnoj strani. Pre ulaska u bubreg svaka bubrežna arterija se deli na Ramus dorsalis i Ramus ventralis. Od leve bubrežne arterije, u blizini njene deobe na Ramus dorsalis i Ramus ventralis, odvaja se jedna grana, koja se pruža u kranijalnom pravcu i ulazi u levu nadbubrežnu žlezdu u njenom kaudalnom kraju. Od desne bubrežne arterije, u blizini njenog ulaska u desni bubreg, odvaja se jedna grana za desnu nadbubrežnu žlezdu. Ona se pruža u kranijalnom pravcu i ulazi u desnu nadbubrežnu žlezdu na njenom kaudalnom kraju. Pre njenog ulaska u desnu nadbubrežnu žlezdu od nje se odvaja jedna grana, koja se pruža u kranijalnom pravcu prema dijafragmi i dovodi krv u dijafragmu (A. phrenica caudalis). Kod slepog kučeta A. renalis je paran krvni sud i počinje iz trbušne aorte. Desna bubrežna arterija počinje nešto, The experimental human and veterinary medicines, as well as other scientific disciplines, are turning more and more to laboratory animals. These are suitable for monitoring the functions of certain systems and their pharmacodynamic manifestations, which occur depending on the species, route and manner of administration of certain substances or biological agents in the organisms of those animals. One of the important prerequisites for such investigations is a thorough knowledge of the anatomic structure of the given organism of such animals. This was one of the main reasons why we undertook to investigate the cardio-vascular system of the molle rat contributing in that way to a better understanding of the body structure of this animal. The investigation was performed on 25 molle rats. After bleeding out, various contrast agents were administered, such as gelatin stained with painting tempera or minium. After this the blood vessels were mounted and photographed. A. renalis is a paired vessel arising from abdominal aorta 3-4 mm caudally from A. mesenterica cranialis. Each of the two renal arteries courses towards kidney at its side. Right renal artery arises slightly more cranially than the left one. A. renalis dextra is also slightly longer than A. renalis sinistra. It crosses V. cava caudalis dorsally. Each renal artery divides into Ramus dorsalis and Ramus ventralis and then penetrates kidney as mentioned. From A. renalis sinistra, close to its division into Ramus dorsalis and Ramus ventralis, one branch emerges, runs cranially and enters left adrenal gland at its caudal end. From A. renalis dextra, close to its enter to right kidney, one branch for right adrenal gland arises. It courses cranially and enters right adrenal gland at its caudal end. Before its enter into right adrenal gland, out of it one branch arises, courses cranially towards diaphragm and supplies the diaphragm with blood (A. phrenica caudalis). In molle rat, A. renalis is a paired vessel arising f

This study was designed to determine whether adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of rats, and to explore the possibility that this process is regulated by the activation of sex hormones. The proliferation of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells was investigated using 80 nC; 3H thymidine incorporation in the first group andin the second grouph 80 μCi3H - thymidine and 1mg estrogene dipropionae. We proved the existence of a stronger proliferation of granule cells in SGZ GD in female rats. The third group of newborn female Wistar rats was treated at 4 and 8 a days of ageold with a single dose of 2 mg of testosterone propionate. We proved the existence of minor damages of granule cells in SGZ GD. In the fourth group treated at 15 days of age, a single dose of 4 mg testosterone propionate and sacrificed when 60 days old, we proved the existence of minor damages of granular cells in SGZ GD. Our results suggest a differential effect of sex hormones on dentate gyrus granule cells proliferation through early life in rats., Proliferacija zrnastih ćelija gyrus dentatus-a izučavana je ugrađivanjem 3H -timidina kod kontrolnih i estrogenom tretiranih pacova. Novorođene, tri dana stare ženke pacova Wistar soja, tretirane su jednom dozom od 1 mg estradiola i sa 80 u.Ci 3H-timidina, a žrtvovane su 38. dana. Izučavanjem gyrus dentatus-a hipokampusa ženki pacova tretiranih estrogenom ustanovljen je povećan broj obeleženih zrnastih ćelija u granularnom sloju. U infrapiramidalnom delu, povećanje broja obeleženih ćelija u tretiranih životinja, bilo je značajno u svim zonama granularnog sloja. U suprapiramidalnom delu granularnog sloja, značajan porast broja obeleženih ćelija je dokazan je samo u supragranularnoj (SGZ) i ekstragranularnoj zoni (EGZ). Naši rezultati ukazuju da postoji specifičan efekat estradiola na proliferaciju zrnastih ćelija gyrus dentatus-a tokom ranog razvoja kod pacova. Ustanovljeno je da ženke tretirane 4. i 8 dana života sa po 2 mg TP imaju manja oštećenja u subgranularnom sloju SGZ, u odnosu na ženke tretirane 15. dana života sa 4 mg TP u GD. Kod ženki pacova tretiranih sa dve doze TP 4. i 8. dana neonatalnog života nema većih oštećenja u SGZ GD kao sto je to slučaj kod ženki tretiranih 15. danakasnog neonatalnog života sa jednom velikom dozomTP u SGZ oba dela GD. U tom periodu je ustanovljen veliki broj degenerisanih glija ćelija i neurona u SGZ oba dela GD. Ovi rezultati navode na zaključak da postoje različiti efekti polnih hormona na gyrus dentatus granularnih ćelija čija se proliferacija odvija u neonatalnom periodu života pacova.

Within experimental, human and veterinary medicine, more and more attention has been paid to experimental animals. One of them being the small green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus). The small green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus) has a shod muzzle, small teeth, and is mostly of gray-greenish color; the lower pan of its neck, chest, belly and inner sides of its thoracic limbs being whitish. Its total length is about 110 cm, the tail being 50 cm long. On its head, on both sides, there are white hairs directed towards the neck, reminiscent of whiskers. The monkeys have large buccal sacs. The extremities and tail are more gray than the rest of the body. The skin of the face, ears and fore limbs is black. The digits are very long, whilst the thumb short. Cell cultures from the small green monkey are used for the cultivation of poliovirus in the manufacture of vaccines against poliomyelitis. In addition, kidney cultures from the same monkey serve for detection of the virus in biological material. This was the main reason that prompted us to undertake a study of one part of the monkey's cardiosvascular system and thus contribute to a better understanding of the structure of its body., A. subclavia sinistra malog zelenog majmuna se direktno odvaja od luka aorte a A. subclavia dextra se odvaja od Truncus brachiocephalicus-a zajedničkim stablom sa A carotis communis dextra. A. subclavia sinistra et dextra su krvni sudovi koji vaskularišu levi i desni prednji ekstremitet, prednji deo grudnog koša i kaudalni deo vrata. Od A. subclavia odvajaju se: A. vertebralis, A. scapularis dorsalis, A. thoracica interna, zajedničko stablo za A. cervicalis superficialis i A. suprascapularis i Truncus costocervicalis. A. vertebralis i A. carotis interna su glavni krvni sudovi koji dovode arterijsku krv u mozak. A. vertebralis daje grane za duboke vratne mišiće (ramimusculares), kao i grane za kičmenu moždinu (ramispinales). Spajanjem leve i desne kičmene arterije (A. vertebralis sinistra et dextra) nastaje A. basilaris cerebri. A, scapularis dorsalis daje grane za vaskularizaciju M. serratus ventralis i za mišiće i kožu grebena leđa. A. thoracica interna daje rami intercostales ventrales koji anastomoziraju sa završnim granama dorzalnih međurebarnih arterija (A. intercostales dorsales). Zajedničko stablo za A. cervicalis superficialis i A. suprascapularis se odvaja na istom mestu od A subclavia gde i A thoracica interna, ali se pruža na suprotnu stranu od A. thoracica interna. A. cervicalis superficialis daje grane za vaskularizaciju mišića vrata koji leže ventralno od dušnika i za limfne čvorove ovog dela vrata. A suprascapularis vaskulariše mišiće proksimalnog dela ramenjače. Truncus costocervicalis je zajedničko stablo za A. intercostalis suprema, A. cervicalis profunda i A. transversa scapulae.

Cell cultures from the small green monkey are used for the cultivation of poliovirus in the manufacture of vaccines against poliomyelitis. In addition kidney cultures from the same monkey serve for detection of the virus in biological material. This was the main reason that prompted us to undertake a study of one part of the monkey’s cardiosvascular system and thus contribute to a better understanding of the structure of its body., Glavni krvni sudovi koji dovode arterijsku krv u mozak su A.carotis interna i A. vertebralis. Spajanjem leve i desne kičmene arterije (A. vertebralis sinistra et dextra) nastaje A. basilaris cerebri. A. carotis interna sinistra et dextra pružaju se kroz parafaringealni prostor prema lobanjskoj duplji, u koju ulaze pošto prođu kroz karotidne kanale (canales carotici) piramide slepoočne kosti u kavernozni sinus u kome se povezuju obe Aa. carotides preko A. intercarotica caudalis. Grane A. carotis internae su: A. ophthalmica, A. cerebri media, A. communicans caudalis. A.ophthalmica dovodi krv u optičke i pomoćne delove oka. A. cerebri media daje grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu i dovodi krv u lateralnu površinu moždane hemisfere. A. communicans caudalis povezuje zadnju moždanu arteriju (A. cerebri caudalis) sa unutrašnjom karotidnom arterijom i daje grane za vaskularizaciju hipotalamusa. A.cerebri rostralis je produžetak stabla unutrašnje karotidne arterije. Ona se spaja sa odgovarajućom granom druge strane ispred Chiasma opticum. Iz ovog spoja nastaje A. cerebri rostralis communis. Od A. cerebri rostralis odvajaju se površne i duboke grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu. A. cerebri caudalis, A. communicans caudalis i A. cerebri rostralis obrazuju oko hipofize i raskršća vidnih nerava arterijski krug (Circulus arteriosus Willisi).

While pregnancy is associated with adjustments in cardiovascular function, the morphology of the vascular system during pregnancy has been generally viewed as being very stable. However, recently we have demonstrated that pregnancy remodels the aorta and the carotid artery. In the present study, we assessed the morphological characteristics of the guinea-pig femoral artery during different stages of pregnancy using light and electron microscopy. There were no significant differences between external and internal diameters, wall thickness, total cross-sectional area and cross-sectional areas of lumen, intima, media, and adventitia of femoral arteries from non-pregnant and early-, mid- and late-pregnant guinea-pigs (n = 8-10), In previous studies, we have shown that the morphology of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in the aorta and the carotid artery may be altered by pregnancy. Therefore, to test this possibility we measured diameters as well as cross-sectional areas of femoral arterial muscle and endothelial cells using electron microscopy. These parameters, at the electron microscopy level, were also not significantly changed by pregnancy (n = 8-10). It is concluded that the morphology of the guinea-pig femoral artery is not altered during pregnancy. In this regard, this study demonstrated that pregnancy-induced vascular remodelling varies between blood vessels that undergo the same functional alterations, Therefore, this may suggest that pregnancy-induced changes in blood flow through different vascular beds are not the most important factor involved in vascular remodelling observed during pregnancy. Rather, it is possible that haemodynamic-independent factors regulate pregnancy-mediated structural changes of the vascular wall.

The ovaries and the uterine as well as vaginal mucous membranes of 80-, 180- and 365-day-old intact female rats and females neonatally treated with a single dose of oestrogen and repeated doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were studied. Numerous follicles, interstitial cells and corpora lutea (CL) were present on the ovary of intact females from 80 up to 365 days of age. The number of primary and secondary follicles decreased in the intact female rats between Day 180 and Day 365 of life. On the ovaries of 180- and 365-day-old female rats neonatally treated with oestrogen, interstitial glandular cells and cystic follicles predominated. No CL were present on these ovaries. The height of epithelial cells of the uterine and vaginal mucous membranes increased in intact female rats from 80 to 365 days of age, whereas in oestrogen-treated females the height of epithelium decreased. From 80 up to 365 days of age, the height of epithelial cells of uterine and vaginal mucous membranes of rats neonatally treated with repeated doses of hCG was similar to that in the corresponding control animals.