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The aim of direct pulp caping (DPC) is to support the formation of mineralized tissue and encourage pulp healing by placing a dental biomaterial directly over the exposed pulp. The era of vital pulp therapy has been influenced by the introduction of various pulp-capping materials. Emphasis has shifted from the “doomed” organ concept of an exposed pulp to one of hope and recovery; this comprehensive review thus discusses the ability of different direct pulp-capping materials to form a dentin bridge. Furthermore, this review will discuss the quality and quantity of dentinal bridge formation by different pulp-capping agents.

Access cavity preparation, chemo-mechanical preparation, and obturation make up the majority of the endodontic triad. Every action should be carefully observed by the clinician. In the last two decades, endodontics has seen advancements in both technology and materials. Given the technical advancements in applied sciences, magnification, and imaging techniques, minimally invasive therapies are currently used in the medical and dentistry industries. This review article will describe minimally invasive Access cavity designs and their advantages and disadvantages in Endodontic treatment.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth using epoxy resin-based sealer and bioceramic sealer. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight single-rooted, single-canal mandibular premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used in this in vitro study. The teeth were decoronated using a wheel diamond bur to a standard length of 14 mm under water lubrication. The canals were irrigated between successive filings. All teeth were instrumented (biomechanical preparation) by ProTaper rotary files up to F2. These teeth were then divided into two groups based on the type of root canal sealer used. Gutta-percha was used for all the samples: Group I: Bio-C root canal sealer and Group II: AH Plus root canal sealer. The teeth were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, and fracture force was measured using a universal testing machine. Independent sample t-test/unpaired t-test was performed to assess significant differences between the two groups. This comparison showed statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). Results: Group I, i.e., Bio-C (bioceramic based) sealer, showed higher resistance to fracture than Group II, i.e., AH Plus (resin based) sealer. Conclusion: Based on this in vitro study, the Bio-C sealer was more effective as compared to the resin-based AH Plus sealer.

Background: About 270 million cases have been confirmed, and 5.3 million fatalities Worldwide due to SARS-CoV-2. Several vaccine candidates have entered phase 3 of the clinical trial and are being investigated to provide immunity to the maximum percentage of people. A safe and effective vaccine is required to tackle the current COVID-19 waves. There have been reports that clinical endpoints and psychological parameters are necessary to consider vaccine efficacy. This review examines the clinical endpoints required for a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the influences of psychological parameters on its efficacy. Methods: The main research question was to find out the clinical endpoints that determine the vaccine efficacy? And what kind of psychological parameters affect the vaccine efficacy? The information was taken from several journals, databases, and scientific search engines like Googe scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, WHO website, and other various sites. The research studies were searched using keywords; SAR-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, psychological effect on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine endpoints. Results: This review has highlighted various clinical endpoints that are the main determinants of clinical vaccine efficacy. Currently, vaccinations are being carried out throughout the world; it is important to investigate the main determinants affecting vaccine efficacy. We have focused on the clinical endpoints and the influence of psychological parameters that affect the vaccine efficacy in clinical settings. The primary endpoints include the risk of infection, symptoms, and severity of COVID-19, while hospitalization length, supplemental oxygen requirement, and mechanical ventilation are secondary endpoints in the clinical endpoints. Some tangential endpoints were also considered, including organ dysfunction, stroke, and MI. Many psychological associated things have influenced the vaccine efficacy, like the lower antibody titers in the vaccinated people. In addition to that, Short- and long-term stress and sleep deprivation were also found to affect the vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: The review summarizes the important clinical endpoints required for a successful vaccine candidate. In addition to primary and secondary endpoints, auxiliary endpoints and the disease burden also play an important role in modulating vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the psychological perspective also influences vaccine efficacy. Effective follow-up of participants should follow to examine the clinical endpoints to reach any conclusion about vaccine efficacy.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic is hastening the discovery of the most efficient vaccines. The development of cost-effective vaccines seems to be the only solution to terminate this pandemic. However, the vaccines’ effectiveness has been questioned due to recurrent mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Most of the mutations are associated with the spike protein, a vital target for several marketed vaccines. Many countries were highly affected by the 2nd wave of the SARS-CoV-2, like the UK, India, Brazil and France. Experts are also alarming the further COVID-19 wave with the emergence of Omicron, which is highly affecting the South African populations. This review encompasses the detailed description of all vaccine candidates and COVID-19 mutants that will add value to design further studies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The information was generated using various search engines like google scholar, PubMed, clinicaltrial.gov.in, WHO database, ScienceDirect, and news portals by using keywords SARS-CoV-2 mutants, COVID-19 vaccines, efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, COVID-19 waves. Results: This review has highlighted the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the vaccine efficacy. Currently, various vaccine candidates are undergoing several phases of development. Their efficacy still needs to check for newly emerged variants. We have focused on the evolution, multiple mutants, waves of the SARS-CoV-2, and different marketed vaccines undergoing various clinical trials and the design of the trials to determine vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: Various mutants of SARS-CoV-2 arrived, mainly concerned with the spike protein, a key component to design the vaccine candidates. Various vaccines are undergoing clinical trial and show impressive results, but their efficacy still needs to be checked in different SARS-CoV-2 mutants. We discussed all mutants of SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccine’s efficacy against them. The safety concern of these vaccines is also discussed. It is important to understand how coronavirus gets mutated to design better new vaccines, providing long-term protection and neutralizing broad mutant variants. A proper study approach also needs to be considered while designing the vaccine efficacy trials, which further improved the study outcomes. Taking preventive measures to protect from the virus is also equally important, like vaccine development.

The term “Phytotherapy” refers to the direct or indirect treatment of disease through the use of plants and plant-derived products. Since the dawn of time, people have employed herbs as a type of traditional medicine. Natural remedies obtained from therapeutic plants have shown an abundant supply of biologically active ingredients, several of which have served as the inspiration for creation of novel molecules for different medications. A single herb exhibits multiple benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity, and its use in dental treatment proves to be an effective adjuvant. The applications of medicinal plants in endodontics are varied ranging from intracanal medicaments to irrigants and retreatment agents. Various synthetic chemicals play a significant role in disinfection in endodontics but also have undesirable properties such as allergic potential, increased microbial resistance, toxicity, safety concerns and bitter taste. Due to their widespread availability, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness, herbal remedies are now being used more frequently as part of dental treatment and have experienced an exceptional surge in popularity in recent years. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of various phytochemicals and its endodontic applications, standardisation, possible side-effects and its benefits as an adjunctive therapy.