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Variations of the brachialis muscle are uncommon in the literature. During regular cadaveric dissection, we observed the unilateral presence of an accessory muscle in the front of the right arm of a female cadaver, taking its origin from the medial aspect of the brachialis and the adjacent intermuscular septum. The muscle belly descended downwards, crossed the neurovascular bundle in the cubital fossa and merged with the fibres of the pronator teres. There is no doubt regarding its significance in the etiogenesis of numerous compression syndromes due to its close topographical relationship with the neurovascular bundle. In our report, we consider the potential developmental process and therapeutic implications of this variation, which can aid surgeons in their strategy and management.

From the era of pre-historic times, the ancient Indians and the Greeks highlighted the importance of body and organ donations thereby emphasizing the need for anatomical sciences in medicine through the use of effective dissections for the same. However, after the Renaissance, there was a surge in dissections throughout the world, particularly in Europe, as a result of which various laws were enacted by governments concerning the procurement of bodies for the purpose of scientific dissections, which were later promulgated throughout the world through various anatomical acts. The situation in India was quite similar to that of Britain until its independence in 1947, after which different Indian states formulated their own anatomy acts that had their own merits and pitfalls. Hence, this literature review serves to highlight the various acts throughout history and would serve as a guide to emphasize the future perspectives of formulating a centralized unified anatomy act for the Indian nation that could possibly be the need of the hour.

The pectoralis minor (PMn) muscle originates from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs near the costochondral junctionusually and gets inserted on the medial margin and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula. To look at the morphological insertion patterns and sites of attachment of the PMn muscle in the donated cadavers. Over all 19 limbs were included in the study (9 right and 10 left). Out of 19 limbs, 10 belonged to female and 9 belonged to male cadavers.The cadavers were meticulously dissected to determine the morphological insertion types and location of the attachment of the muscle. Unusual pattern of insertion was observed in 6 limbs (31.6%) out of total 19 limbs included in the study. The variations we observed does not fall completely in the classification by Le Double, hence variations we observed can be considered as new and rare variant which to our knowledge is not reported in literature. We propose this new variant to be type 4 of Le Double classification. The potential of ectopic PMn tendon should be taken into consideration and tested out, especially in patients with shoulder discomfort and stiffening who have ruled out the more frequent diseases. For proper surgical planning, a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or USG examination of the shoulder joint is required considering the prevalence of variation in the insertion pattern of PMn muscle. Preoperative identification of any abnormal PMn insertion can help to reduce the risk of iatrogenic tendon injury and post-operative problems.

Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) is a co-operative learning approach premised on a group learning activity that emphazises learning as a social exchange of knowledge between students, in which each student is accountable for his or her own learning and is also encouraged to assist others in achieving their goals. It promotes the cognitive, psychomotor, and emotional growth of students involved in the team. By random sequencing, 60 participants were allocated to interventional group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The participants of the interventional group were subjected to STAD strategy and participants of the control group were instructed to do a conventional self learning on the ventricles of brain. The outcomes were statistically analysed. It was found that the performance of the students is far better with STAD approach than conventional self learning. Our study has shown that Students team Achievement Division can be used as an effective tool for Peer assisted Co-operative Learning in Anatomy. Further studies can be done to investigate the contribution of STAD to teaching other disciplines of Anatomy and other basic medical sciences.

Background and Aim: The cardio-esophageal sphincter that is located in close longitudinal proximity to the origin of the lesser curvature of the stomach has a unique pattern of external muscle fibres whose inner oblique layer would normally form an elongated sling and the middle partially circular layer would form a projecting clasp into the already existing muscular sling of the former congruently, which would result in the formation of an anatomical sphincter in that area that would normally be devoid of the external longitudinal muscle layer coat. Certain authors have disagreed with the notion of this standard literature and have proposed that the clasp and sling fibres need not necessarily be congruent and may even remain independent of each other with partial contributions from the longitudinal muscle layers as well that may arise tangentially in different populations, which may in turn contribute to reflux esophagitis in that population. Hence, the clasp and sling fibre muscular patterns were observed in six formalin-embalmed cadavers at the department of anatomy in a tertiary care institute as part of routine dissections in series, and the findings were then reported. Findings: At the junction of the lesser curvature of the stomach with the oesophagus, all 6 cadavers showed a longitudinal sling pattern as opposed to the conventional oblique sling. The circular muscle layer was found to be merged with the outer longitudinal muscle layer to form the sling that pulled away from the clasp, resulting in a loss of congruency for the same. The clasp fibres, however, were found to be contributed by the inner oblique muscle layer. The conventional perpendicular or tangential merging of the clasp with the sling was not observed; instead, an obtuse, blunt angular merging of the clasp with the sling was observed. Discussion - The deviation of the sling from the clasp could indicate a lack of a proper fit between them at the cardioesophageal sphincter. The lack of robustness in the attachment of the clasp to the sling may possibly contribute to the diminished taut pull of the clasp in this subset of the population. These would be significant determinants for a predisposition to reflux esophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus.

Background: The corpus callosum (CC) is a connecting bridge between two cerebral hemispheres and helps in interhemispheric integration of information. Purpose: The primary objective of the study is to explain the topographical position of CC in relation to the brain in the South Indian population, contributing to the reference values of measurements of CC, which helps in planning surgical interventions. Also, the reference values help in cross-referencing with other populations and ethnic group. Methods: In the study, 40 formalin fixed, full brain specimens were cut in midsagittal plane and CC was measured along with its relation to the brain. The major diameters considered were longitudinal dimension of corpus callosum (LC), distance of CC from frontal pole to genu (AS), distance of CC occipital pole to splenium (PS), and longitudinal dimension of brain (LB) from frontal pole to occipital pole. Results: Pearson’s ratio showed a positive correlation between LB and PS (0.61), and also between LB and LC (0.59). The ratio of LC/LB was 0.45 and LC/CD was 0.69, which are stable in all brains studied. Conclusion: The study concludes that CC maintains a stable proportion with its parts (genu, rostrum, body, and splenium) and with the horizontal dimension of the brain. Further, measured values help in cross-referencing with other population.

Intramuscular injections are usually given in the arm or the gluteal region. Needle insertions done through the intramuscular route in the arm are almost always administered at a point 1 - 2 cm above the insertion of the deltoid. However, this site is not such an ideal one as found by certain other workers. Hence, this study was done to establish a series of safe determinant points in and around the arm in the South Indian population of the state of Telangana.The five proven safe injection points were tested through needle insertions by observing sterile aseptic precautions in the arms of 370 subjects at the outpatient department of a national level medical research institute after obtaining their consent following the universal safety protocol.The points I [1 to 2 cm above deltoid insertion], II [a point midway between the midpoint of arm and insertion of deltoid] and III [midpoint between anterior acromion and deltoid insertion] were found to be safe for administering intramuscular arm injections in this subset of the population.This explains the erratic course of the anterior branches of the axillary nerve in different geographical populations. Hence, needle insertion points for arm intramuscular injections need to be determined according to the region.

Diaphragm is a musculo-aponeurotic sheet separating thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has few apertures in it providing passage for structures traversing between both the cavities. Out of those, oesophageal hiatus (OH) has got more surgical importance as it goes through muscular portion of diaphragm and is prone to changes in hiatal diameter due to excursions of diaphragm. This should lead to stomach herniation into thoracic cavity and acid reflux with inspiration but it is prevented by the arrangement of crural diaphragm around the OH and angle at the entry of oesophagus into stomach as studied by Collis et al. However, due to age or congenital defects, above mentioned pathologies do occur. This has led to pronounced research into normal anatomy of OH and most of the studies have found that right crus provides significant contribution to OH margins. During cadaveric dissection at our college in the department of Anatomy, we have a found OH, in a cadaver, bounded by the crura on both sides and median arcuate ligament anteriorly. Aorta and other routinely found structures are seen passing through the same hiatus posterior to the oesophagus. Precise knowledge about oesophageal hiatus is essential for better understanding of physiological and clinical phenomena.