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Background Globally lung cancer is one of the most common cancers, and is responsible for almost 20% of all cancer care costs. As a potential treatment for lung cancer, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy has become a novel scientific hotspot in recent decades. The present study aims at exploring the status and trends of the top frequently cited publications about the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer via bibliometric analysis. Methods The publications concerning anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer were searched on the core collection database of Web of Science, setting the time period for retrieval from 1950 to 2019. The top 100 most frequently cited publications were retrieved, and the bibliometric data were mainly accessed through an open online analysis platform and VOSviewer software. Results The cited frequencies about the top 100 cited publications ranged from 218 to 6248. These articles were published in 39 publications, which were mainly ranked in Q1. The top journal in terms of the number of the articles was the New England Journal of Medicine (16 articles). The most frequently nominated author was Brahmer, JR from Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, while the most contributing institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer. The United States acted as the pioneer in this new field of research and led plentiful of national and international co-operations. Immunotherapy, nivolumab, cell lung-cancer, safety, and docetaxel appeared more frequently as keywords. Discussions To sum up, high quality journals, influential authors and institutions and research with high quality evidence were apt to attract more attention and possess more public credibility. Moreover, the bibliometric analysis is yielding up its advantage of identifying and analyzing the characteristics and changes in the intellectual structures of a special topic.

Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are small molecules that specifically link E3 ubiquitin ligases to proteins of interest to mediate targeted ubiquitination and degradation. PROTACs are advantageous since they can target undruggable proteins with multiple domains, particularly those with smooth surfaces that lack a common binding domain for small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs). This review provides an overview of PROTAC technology and third-generation PROTAC development. We focused on designing and executing the most recent clinical trials involving PROTACs in cancer therapy. Additionally, we summarized novel findings regarding the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in cancer development, such as the scaffolding function of certain proteins ignored by traditional SMIs and several recognized oncoproteins that participate in novel signaling pathways. We also discussed strategies for enhancing PROTAC antitumor activity and specificity.

The output and per capita consumption of China's dairy products have increased greatly; however, there has also been an increase in dairy safety issues in recent years. After the melamine milk scandal, China's government reformed the management of dairy products and associated laws to strengthen food safety regulations and raise technical standards to improve the safety of dairy products. Here, we review comprehensive relevant information on dairy supply, dairy product safety issues, and dairy product safety assurance systems in China. We discuss the features of the dairy industrial chain and analyze the key options available to China to improve dairy safety. At present, the dairy industry chain and the corresponding organization system of safety assurance are in a period of transition. The dairy industry chain is shifting from being decentralized and loose to intensive and compact. Meanwhile, the organization system of safety assurance is shifting from being under the sectional supervision of a multiagency coordination system to centralized supervision. In conclusion, the overall safety level of dairy products in China has increased after the melamine milk scandal.

Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds that are widely distributed in plants. In this paper, the inhibitory effects of four selected PPGs against trypsin were investigated. The interactions between these PPGs and trypsin were further investigated by multiple spectroscopic methods and molecular docking studies. The results showed that the binding of each of these PPGs to trypsin induced changes in the natural conformation of trypsin, which inhibited the enzyme in the following order: acteoside>syringalide A 3'-α-l-rhamnopyranoside>lipedoside A-I>osmanthuside B. The binding constant (Ka) values followed the same trend. The hydrogen bond force played an important role in the interaction between each PPG and trypsin. Interestingly, the binding affinity and inhibitory effect increased as the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups increased. In addition, the effect of the phenolic hydroxyl group on the A ring had a greater effect than one on the B ring.

To eliminate the “decoupling” effect, which causes the fluorescence intensity ratios (FIR) to deviate from the pure Boltzmann distribution law, a correcting method for an upvonversion pumped system was theoretical derived and experimentally verified. Theoretical results indicated that the double exponential decay of the lower level was entirely involved in the decay of the upper level, which could be used to determine the thermal population degree ( η ). Taking Tm 3+ ions as examples, by analyzing the temperature dependence of the fluorescent dynamic curves originating from the thermally coupled pair, the η values at different temperatures were obtained and the corresponding correcting curve is given. The corrected FIR abides by the Boltzmann law, even in the lower temperature range.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor, accounting for about 7% of all malignant tumors. Palmatine hydrochloride (PaH) is the alkaloid constituent of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. The present study aims to investigate the antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with PaH (PaH-PDT) on human OSCC cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that PaH-PDT exhibited a potent phototoxic effect in cell proliferation and produced cell apoptosis. PaH-PDT increased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and decreased the CDK2 and Cyclin E1 protein level. In addition, PaH-PDT markedly increased the generation of intracellular ROS, which can be suppressed using the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Furthermore, PaH-PDT increased the expression of p53 protein in vitro and in vivo. In vivo experiments revealed that the PaH-PDT resulted in an effective inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, no obvious signs of side effects or a drop in body weight was observed. These results suggested that PaH was a promising sensitizer that can be combined with light to produce significant anti-tumor effects in oral squamous cell carcinoma via enhanced ROS production and up-regulated expression of p53.

Aiming at developing a Hosup3+/sup-based continuous-wave ultraviolet laser, the method of determining the weight of the excited-state absorption (ESA) process occupied in the populating of the Dsub3/sub3 level is studied. Using the rate equation model, the weight is found to be related to the weighting factors of the double-exponential decay components of the Dsub3/sub3 level. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, the weight of the ESA process for Ysub2/subOsub3/subceramic doped with 0.1 mol. % Hosup3+/supis experimentally determined to be 83%. Furthermore, the fluorescence dynamic properties of the Hosup3+/sup-doped Ysub2/subOsub3/subceramic with different doping concentrations were analyzed, and the weight was found to decrease with the doping concentration but by no less than 70%.

By separating the thermal and nonradiative relaxation population, the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of a pair of thermally coupled energy levels of rare-earth ion is reformulated. For a pair of thermally coupled levels, if the ratio of the thermal population in the upper level to the total population of the lower level abides by the Boltzmann distribution law, the general FIR would be modulated by the proportion of the total population to the thermal population in the upper level. By defining the reciprocal of the proportion as the thermal population degree (η), the product ηFIR will follow the pure Boltzmann distribution law. Considering the fluorescent transient process, the η values may be obtained from the weights of the fluorescent dynamic components of the upper level. A method to calculate this η factor is presented.

Malignant oral ulcers are common pathological occurrence in oral and maxillofacial tumors. A noninvasive method for diagnosis of malignant oral ulcers was developed in the study, which is based on hematoporphyrin monomethylether (HMME) fluorescence spectroscopy. The objective of this work is to determine the feasibility of this method in differentiating the malignant tissues from the inflammatory ones in the hamster cheek pouch model. Adult hamsters were used for the study and a cheek pouch model was established. For the malignant model, the 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene carcinogenesis was applied to one cheek pouch for 10 weeks (N = 35). The simple ulcers were created on buccal cheek mucosa in a simple manner (N = 10). Prior to sacrifice, HMME solution was injected into the tissues. The induced fluorescence spectra of the cheek tissues were recorded by a fiber spectrometer with excitation at 405 nm. A spectral algorithm was used to eliminate the effect of autofluorescence, and a spectral parameter S was selected as diagnostic criterion. After fluorescence measurement, the animals were sacrificed and the measured tissues were collected. Histological staining was performed and the results of histopathological evaluation were documented. The diagnostic criteria that reflected the fluorescence intensity were set as follows: normal, S ≤ 10; simple ulcer, 230 ≤ S ≤ 290; and malignant ulcer, 140 ≤ S ≤ 200. The sensitivity and specificity of this detection method was verified by scalpel biopsy, and the overall accuracy was over 90 %. The results of this study showed that the fluorescence spectroscopic method implemented by HMME can accurately differentiate the two kinds of clinically indistinguishable diseases.