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Introducción: Los deportistas están expuestos a numerosos accidentes y traumatismos al realizar la práctica deportiva. Se ha evidenciado que los deportes de contacto son especialmente los que reportan más prevalencia de lesiones deportivas, en las que se incluyen con alta frecuencia las dentoalveolares. Para minimizar el riesgo de heridas a nivel de labios, lengua, huesos mandibular y dientes, en el gremio deportivo se hace promoción del uso de protectores bucales, que son aparatos removibles fabricados con materiales de fibras acrílicas. objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes de cultura física, deporte y recreación de la Universidad Santo Tomás seccional Bucaramanga acerca del uso y la importancia de los protectores bucales deportivos. métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Las variables consideradas en el estudio fueron: sociodemográficas, conocimientos y prácticas. En una muestra de 146 estudiantes matriculados en primer periodo de 2022 en el programa de cultura física, deporte y recreación que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, se aplicó el cuestionario utilizado por Liuba Diaz y colaboradores, el cual fue adaptado y validado. La información obtenida se digitó en Excel y se analizó en el programa Stata14. Resultados: Se registró una respuesta de 146 estudiantes conformada por un 86.99% de hombres, los cuales presentaron mayor conocimiento sobre la importancia del uso de los protectores bucales, sin embargo, no lo usan durante la práctica deportiva. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de cultura física deporte y recreación matriculados en primer periodo de 2022 registran un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre uso protectores bucales relacionadas con deportes de contacto. Sin embargo, las practicas sobre uso de protectores bucales señalaron resultados positivos, encontrándose una relación inversa entre conocimientos y prácticas. Athletes are exposed to numerous traumas when practicing sports. It has been shown that contact sports are especially those that report the highest prevalence of sports injuries, which include dentoalveolar injuries with high frequency. To minimize the risk of injuries to the lips, tongue, jaw bones and teeth, the use of mouth guards is promoted in sports associations, which are removable devices made of acrylic fiber materials. Objective: Evaluate the level of knowledge of the students of physical culture, sports, and recreation of the Universidad Santo Tomás sectional Bucaramanga about the use and importance of sports mouthguards. Methods: A quantitative, observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The variables considered in the study were: knowledge, practices, semester, age, among others. The universe was made up of 268 students enrolled in the first period of 2022 in the physical culture, sports and recreation program. The final sample was 146 students who met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire used by Liuba Diaz et al. was applied, which was modified and subjected to a facial validation test with a group of experts. The information obtained was entered into Excel and transferred to the Stata14 program in order to determine the results of the conclusive variables in the work. Results: A response of 146 students was recorded, made up of 86.99% men, 12.33% women and 0.68% trans, of which the male gender has greater knowledge about the importance of the use of mouthguards, but nevertheless not They use it during sports practice. Conclusions: The students of physical culture, sport and recreation enrolled in the first period of 2022 register a low level of knowledge about the use of mouth guards related to contact sports. However, the practices on the use of mouthguards showed positive results, finding an inverse relationship between knowledge and practices. Odontólogo http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

Context:Incidence of sports- related injuries are common in contact grade sports, particularly concerning the stomatognathic region. The use of intraoral mouthguards is essential in prevention, but the choice depends on the comfort and experience of the athlete. Objective: To compare custom-made and stock (boil and bite) mouth guard in boxers cohort based on their subjective experience. Design: Qualitative study Setting: Academic Dental Hospital Patients or Other Participants: The cohort of ten active boxers of 15-35 yrs. age were included from different local training institutes with details of their background characteristics without gender discrimination. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected using a subjective questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 20.0. A non-parametric test was applied. Results: The response was calculated, and a comparison was done using Chi-Square Test for statistical significance. Customized mouth guard was found to be outstanding on all parameters except in terms of protection, where it was found equivalent to Boil and Bite. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that the use of customized mouth guard has significantly conquered the disadvantages of conventional mouthguard of choice, based on which the use of customized mouthguard showed be promoted. Key words: customised mouthguard, boil and bite mouthguard, boxers, sports injuries, sports dentistry.

Introduction: Despite increase in the knowledge about reduction of dental injuries after tonsillectomy, the incidence is still considerable to attract attention. Presently gauze pieces, rubber or soft plastic materials are used. Hence, it was attempted to use a soft elastomeric putty dental material for this purpose which moulds perfectly to the shape of the upper dentition when applied and also gives full coverage of teeth with no reduction of the space when mouth is opened for surgery. It also gives better protection to the upper dentition as the gag fits perfectly on to it when applied. This, unlike gauze piece threads does not get interwined between the gaps of malaligned, prominent or crooked teeth, thereby offering superior protection. Aim: To describe the feasibility of custom fabricated teeth guard for Boyle Davis mouth gag in oral and oropharyngeal surgeries. Materials and Methods: An cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College Puducherry, India, in association with Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, kerala, India, from February 2019 to April 2019. The equipment was simple, comprising of a paste of elastomeric silicone putty which had a base and catalyst which was custom made for the patient, just minutes before application over the patient’s upper dentition and over which the Boyle Davis mouth gag was applied and then the mouth opened for surgery. Total 50 consecutive patients, in the age group of 6-18 posted for tonsillectomy, were inserted with the equipment before application of Boyle Davis (BD) gag. The ease of insertion with a score of 1-4 was recorded from the surgeon. Postoperatively, once the gag was removed along with the custom made putty, the patient’s upper dentition was examined to look for any dental injuries that might have occurred due to gag insertion. The comfort level was assessed by a targeted questionnaire over a scale of difficulty from 1-4, 1 being comfortable and 4 being difficult. Results: The mean age of the patients was 10.56 years with the mean weight of 38.55 kilograms. There were 27 males and 23 females. In all the patients, pre and perioperative period was uneventful. The ease of insertion score was 1 in all the 50 patients; there were no oral injuries and no residual side-effects due to the material used. The mean score for comfort level was 1.8. Conclusion: An indigenously made elastomeric teeth guard is extremely effective in preventing dental injuries after application of Boyle Davis mouth gags in cases of adenotonsillectomy under controlled general anaesthesia.

Objectives To assess if wearing a mouth guard impacts maximal aerobic capacity in amateur boxers. Materials and Methods A prospective crossover cohort (pilot) study was conducted to assess maximal aerobic capacity in amateur boxers using the 20 m multi stage fitness test (MSFT). Two primary outcomes measures were recorded: (1) the maximum oxygen uptake (peak VO2—mL/kg/min) and (2) distance run (meters—m). Thirteen amateur boxers completed the MSFT 7 days apart under control (no mouth guard—C) and intervention conditions (mouth guard—MG). Participants also submitted data on height, weight, type of mouth guard and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during the test. Statistics Paired T‐test. Results Mouth guard use was shown to reduce peak VO2 and distance run during the 20 m MSFT from 56.31 to 54.12 mL/kg/min and 2572 to 2380 m respectively (p

Introduction and importance Tori are benign bony outgrowths that occur in different locations along the mandible and maxilla. Their origin is still uncertain; however, various hypotheses have been put forward, including male gender or mechanical overload. Recurrence of a torus after surgical resection is rarely described, and even less rapidly after a procedure. Case presentation We present here the case of a 52-year-old patient who presented voluminous mandibular tori on the lingual side. The tori recurred very rapidly after the first resection surgery and with the same initial volume. Pathological examinations confirmed the histological type. The identified risk factors were excessive fish consumption, occlusal overload factors, and male gender. The patient then underwent a second surgery associated with a mouth guard in order to treat bruxism. There was no recurrence after one year of follow-up. Clinical discussion This case report highlights the fact that there is still a lack of understanding of the risk factors associated with torus. However, several studies have been able to understand certain genetic or dietary mechanisms in the genesis of these exostoses. Conclusion This case emphasizes the importance of mechanical overload in the recurrence of exostoses, which, coupled with dietary, gender, and ethnic factors, may be responsible for recurrence in this patient. The detection of factors associated with the risk of recurrence is a major challenge., Highlights • The various factors that cause torus are still poorly understood. • Recurrence of tori after surgery has been described only rarely, but never rapidly. • The detection of factors associated with the risk of recurrence are a major challenge, in order to avoid recidivism.

Teeth clenching during exercise is important for sports performance and health. Recently, several mouth guard (MG)-type wearable devices for exercise were studied because they do not disrupt the exercise. In this study, we developed a wearable MG device with force sensors on both sides of the maxillary first molars to monitor teeth clenching. The force sensor output increased linearly up to 70 N. In four simple occlusion tests, the trends exhibited by the outputs of the MG sensor were consistent with those of an electromyogram (EMG), and the MG device featured sufficient temporal resolution to measure the timing of teeth clenching. When the jaw moved, the MG sensor outputs depended on the sensor position. The MG sensor output from the teeth-grinding test agreed with the video-motion analysis results. It was comparatively difficult to use the EMG because it contained a significant noise level. Finally, the usefulness of the MG sensor was confirmed through an exercise tolerance test. This study indicated that the developed wearable MG device is useful for monitoring clenching timing and duration, and the degree of clenching during exercise, which can contribute to explaining the relationship between teeth clenching and sports performance.

Roberts, AH, Walden, AJ, Carter, KA, and Symons, TB. Effect of sport-specific constraints on aerobic capacity in high school field hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 493-497, 2022-Many sports require the use of a mouth guard (MG) and carrying an object during play. Research has shown that individually these conditions can cause performance decrements; however, no research has been conducted into the effect of combining both mouth guard and stick with adolescent female field hockey players. This study aimed to determine the effects of MG and stick (STK) use on estimated aerobic capacity over the course of a season long training and competition period. Thirty-eight female high school field hockey players were separated into 2 groups: experimental (EXP-all training with MG-STK) or control (CTL-all training without MG-STK). Aerobic capacity was estimated using a multi-stage fitness test. Field hockey specific training prescribed by coaching staff was performed throughout the study, with testing at pre-, mid- and post-season. Subjects performed 2 sets of testing at each time point, first without MG-STK (WOMG-STK) and then with MG-STK. No main effect was observed in aerobic capacity estimations between groups; however, MG-STK testing reduced estimated aerobic capacity at each time point, regardless of the group (WOMG-STK: 37.4 ± 6. mL·kg-1·min-1 vs. MG-STK: 33.2 ± 4. mL·kg-1·min-1; p0.01). Chronic use of MG-STK does not seem to negatively impact estimates of aerobic capacity over the course of a season in high school field hockey players. Therefore, players should be encouraged to use MGs during all training sessions as it increases safety and familiarity with no decrement in long-term physiological performance.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los posibles factores que pueden empeorar la salud bucodental del deportista, tanto amateur como de élite y analizar soluciones y recomendaciones para mejorarla salud bucodental del atleta. MATERIAL Y METODO: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos de PubMed y Google Scholar, que incluyeron todos los estudios realizados desde 2001 hasta la actualidad, incluyendo los criterios de inclusión de especie humana y lengua en inglés y español. RESULTADO Y CONCLUSIONES: Se seleccionaron 12 artículos. Los factores que empeoran la salud bucodental de los deportistas son las dietas ácidas, dietas con inadecuado componente calórico, el incremento del óxido nitroso y ácido láctico en la saliva y la deshidratación oral. Los deportistas deben tener un rol activo en su educación dental, incidiendo en la higiene bucodental, hidratación oral, y dieta saludable evitando suplementos alimenticios y batidos proteínicos. Se recomienda visitas cada seis meses al dentista, coincidiendo en la pretemporada y al finalizar la temporada. Se aconsejan las férulas de descarga y la utilización protectores bucales para la realización de la actividad deportiva. OBJETIVES: Determine the possible factors that can worsen the oral health of the athlete, both amateur and elite, and analyze solutions and recommendations to improve the oral health of the athlete. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A bibliographic review was carried out in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, which included all the studies carried out from 2001 to the present, including the inclusion criteria of human species and language in English and Spanish. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 12 articles were selected. The factors that worsen the oral health of athletes are acidic diets, diets with an inadequate caloric component, increased nitrous oxide and lactic acid in saliva, and oral dehydration. Athletes should play an active role in their dental education, influencing in oral hygiene, oral hydration, and healthy diet avoiding food supplements and protein shakes. It is recommended visits every six months to the dentist, coinciding in the preseason and at the end of the season. Discharge splints and the use of mouth guards are recommended for carrying out sports activities. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Odontología

Introduction Oral injuries are common traumas in combat sports due to the aggressive nature of both offense and defense. Sports mouth guards are made to reduce the risk of traumatic face and jaw injuries and concussions during sports activities. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral injuries in combat sports and to examine the association between participation levels and percentage of injury occurrence. Methods One hundred and eight participants (mean age: 22.42 ± 2.162 years) who were involved in sparring events were recruited. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions about the demographic profile of the athletes, their injury experience and type of injuries sustained, awareness and use of mouth guards in sports activities. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for data analysis. Results Almost 77% of participants had experienced oral injuries during sports activities and nearly 90% were aware that oral injuries can be reduced by using mouth guards. In addition, 52.7% of participants complained that the mouth guard is not comfortable to use during sports activities. Findings revealed a significant moderate association between levels of participation and number of oral injuries ( p = 0.013). One-way ANOVA showed a significant mean difference in the rate of oral injury for the four levels of participation groups F (3, 104) = 6.21, p = 0.011. Post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test indicated a significant mean difference between university-state levels ( p = 0.033) and university-national levels ( p = 0.028). Conclusion This study revealed that higher levels of participation in sports have a higher risk of injury. It was also found that the discomfort of using a mouth guard can be reduced if the coaches make the athletes wear proper mouth guards that follow the recommended specifications. Level of evidence IIIb; Case control study. RESUMO Introdução As lesões orais são traumas comuns nos esportes de combate, devido à natureza agressiva tanto do ataque quanto da defesa. Os protetores bucais esportivos são feitos para diminuir o risco de lesões traumáticas na face e na mandíbula; e também de concussão durante as atividades esportivas. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de lesões orais em esportes de combate e examinar a associação entre níveis de participação e a porcentagem de ocorrência de lesões. Métodos Foram recrutados cento e oito participantes (média de idade: 22,42 ± 2,162 anos) envolvidos em eventos de combate. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário composto por 22 perguntas sobre o perfil demográfico dos atletas, sua experiência com lesões e tipo de lesões sofridas, conhecimento e uso de protetores bucais em atividades esportivas. A análise descritiva, o teste do qui-quadrado e a análise de variância (ANOVA) foram aplicados para análise dos dados. Resultados Quase 77% dos participantes sofreram lesões orais durante atividades esportivas e quase 90% estavam cientes de que as lesões orais podem ser reduzidas com o uso de protetores bucais. Além disso, 52,7% dos participantes reclamaram que o protetor bucal não é confortável para uso durante as atividades esportivas. Os achados revelaram associação moderada significativa entre níveis de participação e número de lesões orais (p = 0,013). A ANOVA unilateral mostrou uma diferença média significativa na taxa de lesão oral nos quatro níveis dos grupos de participação F (3, 104) = 6,21, p = 0,011. As comparações post-hoc usando o teste de Bonferroni indicaram diferença média significativa entre os níveis universitário-estadual (p = 0,033) e os níveis universitário-nacional (p = 0,028). Conclusão Este estudo revelou que níveis mais altos de participação no esporte representam maior risco de lesões. Verificou-se também que a sensação de desconforto ao usar protetor bucal pode ser reduzida se os treinadores fizerem com que os atletas usem protetores bucais adequados, que sigam as especificações recomendadas. Nível de evidência IIIb; Estudo Caso-Controle . RESUMEN Introducción Las lesiones orales son traumas comunes en los deportes de combate, debido a la naturaleza agresiva tanto del ataque como de la defensa. Los protectores bucales deportivos son hechos para disminuir el riesgo de lesiones traumáticas en el rostro y en la mandíbula; y también de concusión en las actividades deportivas. Objetivo Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de lesiones orales en deportes de combate y examinar la asociación entre los niveles de participación y el porcentaje de ocurrencia de lesiones. Métodos Fueron reclutados ciento ocho participantes (promedio de edad: 22,42 ± 2,162 años) involucrados en eventos de combate. Los datos fueron colectados a través de un cuestionario compuesto por 22 preguntas sobre el perfil demográfico de los atletas, su experiencia con lesiones y tipo de lesiones sufridas, conocimiento y uso de protectores bucales en actividades deportivas. El análisis descriptivo, el test de chi-cuadrado y el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) fueron aplicados para el análisis de los datos. Resultados Casi 77% de los participantes sufrió lesiones orales durante las actividades deportivas y casi 90% tenía conocimiento de que las lesiones orales pueden ser reducidas con el uso de protectores bucales. Además, 51,7% de los participantes reclamaron que el protector bucal no es confortable para uso durante las actividades deportivas. Los hallazgos revelaron asociación moderada significativa entre niveles de participación y número de lesiones orales (p = 0,013). El ANOVA unidireccional mostró una diferencia promedio significativa en la tasa de lesión oral en los cuatro niveles de grupos de participación F (3,104) = 6,21, p = 0,011. Las comparaciones post hoc usando el test de Bonferroni indicaron una diferencia promedio significativa entre los niveles universitario-estatal (p = 0,033) y los niveles universitario-nacional (p = 0,028). Conclusión Este estudio reveló que niveles más altos de participación en el deporte representan mayor riesgo de lesiones. Se verificó también que la sensación de incomodidad al usar protectores bucales adecuados puede reducirse si los entrenadores hacen con que los atletas usen protectores bucales adecuados, que sigan las especificaciones recomendadas. Nivel de evidencia IIIb; Estudio Caso-Control.

BACKGROUND: NASA has been making efforts to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) washout capability of spacesuits using a standard CO2 sampling protocol. This study established the methodology for determining the partial pressure of inspired CO2 (PIco2) in a pressurized spacesuit. We applied the methodology to characterize PIco2 for the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).METHODS: We suggested an automated and mathematical algorithm to find the end-tidal CO2 and the end of inspiration. We provided objective and standardized guidelines to identify acceptable breath traces, which are essential to accurate and reproducible calculation of the in-suit inhaled and exhaled partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2). The mouth guard-based method for measurement of inhaled and exhaled dry-gas Pco2 was described. We calculated all individual concentrations of PIco2 inhaled by 19 healthy subjects classified into 3 fitness groups. The transcutaneous Pco2 was monitored as a secondary measure to validate washout performance.RESULTS: Mean and standard deviation values for the data collection performance and the CO2 metrics were presented (e.g., minimum time weighted average Pco2 at suited workloads of resting, 1000, 2000, and 3000 (BTU h1) were 4.75 1.03, 8.09 1.39, 11.39 1.26, and 14.36 1.29 (mmHg s1). All CO2 metrics had a statistically significant association and all positive slopes with increasing metabolic rate. No significant differences in CO2 metrics were found between the three fitness groups.DISCUSSION: A standardized and automated methodology to calculate PIco2 exposure level is presented and applied to characterize CO2 washout in the EMU. The EMU has been operated successfully in over 400 extravehicular activities (EVAs) and is considered to provide acceptable CO2 washout performance. Results provide a basis for establishing verifiable Pco2 requirements for current and future EVA spacesuits.Kim KJ, Bekdash OS, Norcross JR, Conkin J, Garbino A, Fricker J, Young M, Abercromby AFJ. The partial pressure of inspired carbon dioxide exposure levels in the extravehicular mobility unit. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(12):923931.

Objective To identify Muay Thai participants’ attitudes towards use of mouth guards and their experiences of dental trauma. Materials and methods An online cross-sectional survey was used to record Muay Thai participants’ experiences and opinions regarding use of mouth guards. Participants were recruited from a Muay Thai gym in the north east of England. Results 92 respondents took part in the survey. 3% reported having never worn a mouth guard, whereas 61% reported routinely wearing mouth guards during a fight. Significantly more (73%) younger participants (18–29 years) reported wearing mouth guards during fights compared to those aged 30 years and older (50%) (p Conclusion Given the risk for dental trauma in Muay Thai, it is important that participants are advised regarding mouth guard use, particularly those that do not routinely wear them.

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of orthodontic bracket type (metallic or ceramic) and mouthguard on biomechanical response during impact. Two-dimensional plane-strain models of a patient with increased positive overjet of the maxillary central incisor was created based on a CT scan, simulating the periodontal ligament, bone support, gingival tissue, orthodontic brackets (metallic or ceramic) and mouthguard. A nonlinear dynamic impact finite element analysis was performed in which a steel object hit the model at 1 m/s. Stress distributions (Von Mises and Modified Von Mises) and strain were evaluated. Stress distributions were affected by the bracket presence and type. Models with metallic and ceramic bracket had higher stresses over a larger buccal enamel impact area. Models with ceramic brackets generated higher stresses than the metallic brackets. Mouthguards reduced the stress and strain values regardless of bracket type. Mouthguard shock absorption were 88.37% and 89.27% for the metallic and ceramic bracket, respectively. Orthodontic bracket presence and type influenced the stress and strain generated during an impact. Ceramic brackets generated higher stresses than metallic brackets. Mouthguards substantially reduced impact stress and strain peaks, regardless of bracket type.

The To test the efficacy of mouth guards, which may help effective physical factor and performance of 15 amature weight-lifting players (A group) and 15 students (B group). A total of two round of measurements were taken by not wearing and wearing the mouth guard. The data obtained at not wearing and wearing the mouth guard were compared among two groups and between two tests utilizing repeated two-way ANOVA. The results were as follows: 1) Between wearing and not wearing a mouth guard, the results showed that significant differences were found in Left Grip muscle strength(R/L)(p Based on the aforementioned results, it is believed that wearing a mouth guard have a positive impact on changes in physical factor and performance.

The Dentistry of Sport, a new area of practice of the dental surgeon, aims to offer the promotionof oral health of the athlete, prevent future orofacial injuries, as well as improve their performance, sinceunsatisfactory oral health can impact their performance. Traumatic injuries can be caused by accidents,maltreatment, parafunctional habits and sports, and the latter presents a significant portion. The main objectiveof the sport is to provide well-being to the practitioner, but in many cases its integrity is compromised bylack of care and protection, and in order to protect the oral cavity from future trauma, it is recommendedto wear mouth guards during the practice of Because it has already been proven that it is capable ofsignificantly reducing the chances of dental trauma. The mouth guard is a rigid yet flexible material, whichfits into the teeth and when used properly, will exert its valuable function. The dentist should be aware ofhis / her sports patients, informing them of the use of mouth guards and encouraging them to use them.This literature review will highlight the importance of the use of mouth guards against dental traumatism,its classification and its way of making.

Mouth guards protect against orofacial and dental injuries in sports. However, special fitted dental splints have been claimed to improve strength and speed and, therefore, to enhance athletic performance.Purpose:To test the effects of a neuromuscular fitted dental splint in comparison with a habitual verticalizing splint and a no-splint condition on cycling sprint performance in the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT).Methods:Twenty-three men (26.0 ± 2.0 y, 1.82 ± 0.06 m, 79.4 ± 7.7 kg) performed 3 WAnTs, 1 with the neuromuscular fitted splint, 1 with a habitual verticalized dental splint of the same height and material, and 1 under control conditions without any mouth guard, in randomized order separated by 1 wk.Results:No differences between any splint conditions were found in any aspect of WAnT performance (time to peak power, peak power, minimum power, power drop, and average power). Moderate to nearly perfect correlations between all splint conditions in all WAnT outcomes with coefficients of variation between 1.3% and 6.6% were found.Conclusions:Irrespective of habitual verticalization or myocentric positioning, dental splints have no effects on any aspect of WAnT performance. Results are comparable to those of test–retest experiments.

Physical activity forms a very important part of life. There have been constant reports of sedentary lifestyle being associated with disease processes and over the time a lot of importance has been emphasized on physical activities be it the gym or the sports