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Hollow polymer nanocapsules (HPN) consisting of a ferrocenyl shell have been developed by crosslinking the polymer chains grafted over silica nanoparticles (SiNP) which were synthesized via the one pot grafting from surface initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) approach followed by removal of the sacrificial silica template. Copolymer brushes composed of a ferrocene containing polymer, poly[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate] (pFcMA) and an alkyne terminated polymer, poly(propargyl 4-vinylbenzyl ether) (pPVBE), were constructed in three different motifs on the SiNP surface as a shell. Two types of block copolymer grafted SiNP, p(FcMA-b-PVBE)-g-SiNP and p(PVBE-b-FcMA)-g-SiNP, and a random copolymer grafted SiNP, rp(FcMA-co-PVBE)-g-SiNP were chosen to investigate the influence of polymer architecture on the HPN morphology. Various structural characterization studies of all the copolymer grafted SiNP confirmed the brush morphology on the particle surface consisting of a core–shell structure. In order to bring robustness to the copolymer shell, crosslinking of the polymer chains was performed using a diazide crosslinker, 1,4-bis(azidomethyl)benzene and pPVBE via the copper-azide click reaction. Various microscopic studies showed that the incorporation of 30 wt% of cross-linker yielded sufficient structural stability leading to HPN formation with a ferrocenyl shell after etching away silica with HF treatment. A random copolymer skeleton was found to be the best choice for use as a polymer shell to engineer a successful HPN structure compared to a block copolymer shell. In addition, encapsulation of oxide free aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NP) inside the hollow cavity of both block and random copolymers was successfully carried out to make a composite material consisting of both Al and Fe.

Nowadays, the use of polymers is almost indispensable to the wide range of applications. Despite their unbeatable usefulness in the biomedical field, nonrenewable resourses, environmental pollution, and biocompatibility are the major limitations that restrict the predominant use of synthetic polymers. Thus, an expedition of the utilization of biopolymers is on a rise. Recently, the development of novel drug delivery systems or nanomedicine utilizing biopolymers enables us to prevent, treat, and diagnose early diseases with unparalleled efficiency and to ensure the accuracy even up to the molecular and genetic levels. This chapter focuses on the applications of biopolymers especially in the field of nanomedicine. Herein, we have briefly described the synthesis, characterization of the largely used and potential biopolymers, and their classifications. In addition, a special emphasis has been given on the uses of biopolymers in the drug delivery approaches from the research viewpoint to clinical applications. The chapter also describes the usefulness of aspiring biopolymers in the current nanomedicine development.

Surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles (SiNP) has gained attention as an efficient methodology in improving the properties of the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Here, we report the development of block copolymer grafted SiNP (BC-g-SiNP) as functional nanofiller which was further blended with oxypolybenzimidazole (OPBI) to prepare nanocomposite-based PEM. Block copolymer chains consisting of poly (N-Vinyl imidazole) (pNVI) and poly (N-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) (pNVT) were grown on the SiNP surface using grafting-from RAFT polymerization in one pot process. Two series of BC-g-SiNP namely pNVI-b-pNVT-g-SiNP and pNVT-b-pNVI-g-SiNP were synthesized by altering the polymer chain grafting sequence. A series of BC-g-SiNP was developed by varying chain length of each block to understand the effect of the chain sequence and length on the properties of nanofiller and their influence in altering the PEM properties. The block copolymer structure, chain sequence and chain length were confirmed by means of NMR and GPC analysis of the cleaved copolymer chains. The BC-g-SiNP exhibited core-shell morphology and thickness of the shell altered as the chain length and sequence of the grafted chains tuned. Phosphoric acid (PA) loaded OPBI/BC-g-SiNP nanocomposite PEM showed very high thermal, mechanical and chemical stabilities along with the proton conductivity as high as 0.278 S cm-1 at 180 °C in case of OPBI/P6(3%). A very clear-cut dependence of the PEM properties was observed on the architecture of the BC-g-SiNP such as chain length and sequence.

The emergence of new technologies provides unique opportunities to exploit novel approaches in drug delivery. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are one of the imperative technologies of increasing interest with the benefits of sustained/controlled drug delivery leading to patient convenience and compliance. By definition, TDDS are topically administered medications, for example, patches or semisolids, which permeate the active ingredient through the intact skin for systemic effects in a sustained manner. Transdermal drug deliveries, therefore, are the noninvasive administration of active ingredients from the skin surface across its layers, to the systemic circulation. Nanomedicinal approaches through TDDS can be utilized for site-specific delivery of drugs which can lead to the reduction of dose, too. We have reported here TDDS providing nanomedicinal strategies to deliver drug(s) to the target tissues.

This article addresses the effect of enhanced segmental mixing on various physical properties of ferrocenylsilane tethered polybutadiene based polyurethane (PU). To study this, 2-(ferrocenylpropyl) dimethylsilane (FPDS) has been grafted to the pendant vinyl double bond of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and 2, 4-dinitrobenzene attached HTPB (HTPB-DNB) through hydrosilylation reaction and then this resulting diols (FPDS-g-HTPB and FPDS-g-HTPB-DNB) were polymerized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to obtain FPDS-g-HTPB-PU and FPDS-g-HTPB-DNB-PU. Spectral (NMR, IR) analysis, molecular weight measurements and estimation of free hydroxyl contents were carried out to confirm the formation of these new diols. The careful variation of the grafting condition altered the extent of FPDS tethering on the diols which resulted varying amount of Si and Fe contents in these modified HTPBs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed the presence of various interactions of Si with various functionalities including ferrocene of the chain which resulted highly cross-linked polymer matrix. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of FPDS-g-HTPB-DNB displayed non-Nerstain reversible redox system with slow electron transfer process owing to the presence of DNB. Further, the PUs obtained from these HTPBs were prepared and characterized thoroughly in terms of thermal, mechanical, structural and tensile properties to study the segmental mixing between hard and soft segments of PUs owing to the presence of Si, Fe and DNB in the PU chain. Higher degree of segmental mixing was noticed when Si, Fe in the diol increased and also presence of DNB in the diol played a significant role in inducing the segmental mixing. The co-existence of segmental mixing and phase separation has been confirmed by small-angle x-ray scattering studies which further reaffirmed by FESEM analysis. Finally, composite solid propellants (CSPs) were prepared from these modified HTPBs and burn rate measurements were carried out. We found that CSPs obtained from FPDS-g-HTPB-DNB displayed ~10% higher burn rate than the CSP made from bare HTPB-DNB.

Series of metal based polyurethanes (PUs) have been synthesized from hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with combination of a potential energetic material, 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and burn rate (BR) enhancer, ferrocene with two objectives: (1) exerting flexibility into otherwise brittle PU film and (2) increasing BR of composite solid propellant (CSP). HTPB was first functionalized with DNB at the terminal carbons and then ferrocene was grafted radically as poly (vinyl ferrocene) (PVF) chain onto the pendant vinyl bond of HTPB. The degree of PVF grafting was altered by appropriate reaction recipes to find out the effect of Fe content on various physical properties including fluidity of the HTPB. Density function theory (DFT) calculation showed that the dominating intra-chain interactions over inter-chain owing to the strong interactions between NO2 of DNB and cyclopentadiene of ferrocene are the driving force for improvement in various physical properties of PVF-grafted-HTPB-DNB. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement showed one electron reversible redox behavior of the grafted PVF polymer chain with slow electron transfer process. Further the mechanical stability, thermal stability and properties of PUs have been studied thoroughly; the results indicated a strong influence of DNB and ferrocene in the chains on the physical properties. All the DNB modified PU membranes displayed exceptionally enhanced flexibility along with much lower Tg value compared to neat PVF-g-HTPB-PU. The presence of DNB at the chain end of soft segment (SS) causes strong segmental mixing between SS and hard segment (HS) domains which helps in enhancing the elasticity of SS chain by increasing the inter polymer chain distance. Morphology of the hard segment domains formation has been probed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and further confirmed by FESEM. Burn rate of composite solid propellant made from the HTPB-DNB-g-PVF binder is found to be ~18% larger than the HTPB-DNB.

Lung fungal infection is a critical health problem, particularly in immunocompromised patients suffering from lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, HIV infection, etc. Due to rapid blood turnover in lungs, conventional drug delivery systems do not offer persistent blood level of drug in the lungs, causing inadequate drug bioavailability locally. Hence, a large amount of dose is generally required for a prolonged period, causing toxicity. The patients, therefore, cannot tolerate the treatment, and recurrence of fungal infection by the fungal spores may occur even after the conventional treatment requiring long-term medication. The pulmonary administration of drug nanocarriers thus may prove to be an underrated approach since this is a noninvasive method for local as well as systemic drug delivery, with various additional advantages, such as a large surface area with quick absorption, over other routes of administration, and local delivery of the medication for a prolonged time period. Devices, such as nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers are used for delivering the drugs through the pulmonary route. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the recent findings related to the delivery of biodegradable nanocarriers for treating fungal lung infection through the pulmonary route.