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The genus Euphorbia includes about 2,000 species commonly widespread in both temperate and tropical zones that contain poisonous milky juice fluid or latex. Many species have been used in traditional and complementary medicine for the treatment of various health issues such as dropsy, paralysis, deafness, wounds, warts on the skin, and amaurosis. The medicinal applications of these species have been attributed to the presence of various compounds, and most studies on Euphorbia species have focused on their latex. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on chemical composition and biological activities of the latex from various species of the genus Euphorbia. Our aim was to explore the applications of latex extracts in the medical field and to evaluate their ethnopharmacological potential. The databases employed for data collection, are obtained through Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus, from 1983 to 2022. The bibliographic data indicate that terpenoids are the most common secondary metabolites in the latex. Furthermore, the latex has interesting biological properties and pharmacological functions, including antibacterial, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, cytotoxic, tumor, anti-inflammatory, healing, hemostatic, anti-angiogenic, insecticidal, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. However, the role of other components in the latex, such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, remains unknown, which limits the application of the latex. Future studies are required to optimize the therapeutic use of latex extracts.

Because they represent actually in Morocco a growing interest for government and consumers, judicial police missions of the inspector’s agents in food law deserve study. Without a doubt, respect for the legal food imperatives depends upon the existing of criminal penalties sufficiently dissuasive, but also to the effective policies actions of the competent authorities in matters of food. For this reason, the authorized inspectors agents must have a perfect mastery of the rules of procedure related to the judicial police, must know all food criminal offences in force and their penalties and finally must understand the current and future issues of the judicial police in Moroccan food law. It is in the aim of these objectives that our study was conducted. It will review the main requirements of the texts of the Moroccan penal law, will bring some analyzes, directives and recommendations to the authorized agents of control and to the competent authority in charge of the repression., Parce qu’elles représentent aujourd’hui au Maroc un intérêt grandissant pour les pouvoirs publics et les consommateurs, les missions de la police judiciaire des agents habilités en droit alimentaire méritent réflexion. Incontestablement, le respect des textes juridiques alimentaires est subordonné à l’existence de sanctions dissuasives mais aussi à des actions efficaces de la police judicaire des autorités compétentes en matière alimentaire. A ce titre, les agents habilités à contrôler doivent avoir une maitrise parfaite des règles de procédures liées à la police judiciaire, doivent aussi connaitre toutes les infractions pénales alimentaires en vigueur et leurs sanctions et enfin doivent comprendre les enjeux actuels et futurs de la police judiciaire en droit alimentaire marocain. C’est dans la visée de ces objectifs que notre étude a été menée. Elle passera en revue les principales exigences des textes du droit pénal alimentaire marocain, apportera quelques analyses, directives et recommandations aux agents habilités à assurer le contrôle et à l’autorité compétente en charge de la répression.

Our aim in this study was to outline phenolic and color characteristic that characterize the labeled unifloral resin spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) honey. With respect to phenolic composition, 17 phenolic compounds have been analyzed in the 29 honey samples. The proposed markers (syringic acid, ethyl gallate, m-coumaric acid and naringenin) might help to the enhancement of this honey type and thus, guarantee its commercial value. The color characterization by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry revealed typical values of light amber honey (lightness ranged from 36 to 70 units, and chroma from 18 to 30 units). On the other hand, many correlations between the color attributes and phenolic acids, total phenolic compounds, caffeic acid, p- and m-coumaric acids and hesperidin have been demonstrated, also, correlation between phenols, color parameters and percentage of pollen of E. resinifera has been found. This study is one of the rare researches which have correlated the CIELAB color parameters with the individual phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds within the same unifloral honey.

Because they represent actually in Morocco a growing interest for government and consumers, judicial police missions of the inspector’s agents in food law deserve study. Without a doubt, respect for the legal food imperatives depends upon the existing of criminal penalties sufficiently dissuasive, but also to the effective policies actions of the competent authorities in matters of food. For this reason, the authorized inspectors agents must have a perfect mastery of the rules of procedure related to the judicial police, must know all food criminal offences in force and their penalties and finally must understand the current and future issues of the judicial police in Moroccan food law. It is in the aim of these objectives that our study was conducted. It will review the main requirements of the texts of the Moroccan penal law, will bring some analyzes, directives and recommendations to the authorized agents of control and to the competent authority in charge of the repression., Parce qu’elles représentent aujourd’hui au Maroc un intérêt grandissant pour les pouvoirs publics et les consommateurs, les missions de la police judiciaire des agents habilités en droit alimentaire méritent réflexion. Incontestablement, le respect des textes juridiques alimentaires est subordonné à l’existence de sanctions dissuasives mais aussi à des actions efficaces de la police judicaire des autorités compétentes en matière alimentaire. A ce titre, les agents habilités à contrôler doivent avoir une maitrise parfaite des règles de procédures liées à la police judiciaire, doivent aussi connaitre toutes les infractions pénales alimentaires en vigueur et leurs sanctions et enfin doivent comprendre les enjeux actuels et futurs de la police judiciaire en droit alimentaire marocain. C’est dans la visée de ces objectifs que notre étude a été menée. Elle passera en revue les principales exigences des textes du droit pénal alimentaire marocain, apportera quelques analyses, directives et recommandations aux agents habilités à assurer le contrôle et à l’autorité compétente en charge de la répression.

Beekeeping is an agricultural sector that has a special character in Morocco. It is virtually present in different regions. The apiarian potentialities in Morocco are important and remain under exploited. Honey production is stagnating because of many difficulties concerning repopulating colonies despite governmental efforts to modernize the sector. This review is to present a synthesis about the sector of beekeeping and honey production in Morocco. It will allow describing the situations, to understand the challenges faced by the Moroccan beekeeping by focusing on: bee farming, honey production, professional organization, marketing and regulatory issues. The main issues of this sector is the preservation of the Saharan yellow bee, increasing honey production and productivity of the hives, the application of good hygiene practices, enhancing honey quality, regulatory revision, adjusting the current model of professional organization, structuring of honey marketing channels and finally conclude with recommendations and prospects. L’apiculture est une filière agricole qui a un caractère spécial au Maroc. Elle est pratiquement présente dans les différentes régions du Royaume. Les potentialités apicoles au Maroc sont importantes et pourtant, aujourd'hui, la filière apicole reste sous exploitée avec une production de miel qui stagne à cause de beaucoup de difficultés à repeupler les colonies malgré les efforts de l’Etat en vue de la modernisation de la filière apicole. L’objectif de ce travail de revue et de synthèse est de faire un état des lieux de la filière apicole, en l’occurrence la production du miel en nous appuyant sur le peu de données bibliographiques disponibles. Cet article permettra de mieux appréhender les enjeux auxquelles fait face la filière apicole marocaine. Il sera focalisé sur : l’élevage apicole, la production de miel, l’organisation professionnelle, la commercialisation et aux aspects réglementaires. Les principaux enjeux de cette filière sont la préservation de la race l’abeille jaune saharienne, l’augmentation de la production du miel et de la productivité des ruches, l’application des bonnes pratiques sanitaires apicoles, le renforcement de la qualité du miel, la révision du cadre réglementaire, l’ajustement du modèle d’organisation professionnelle actuelle et la structuration des circuits de commercialisation du miel. Enfin, une perspective a été tracée.

The physicochemical characteristics of Euphorbia resinifera honey were studied. Considering the low water content, the majority of the honeys presented a proper maturity. The values of acidity revealed the absence of inappropriate fermentation, while the low values of hydroxymethylfurfural (0.4–16.48 mg/kg) were suitable for of unprocessed honeys. The average values for electrical conductivity and ashes were 451 µS/cm and 1.6 g/kg, respectively. As for the mineral content, the K was the most abundant element; Ca, Na, Mg, P, S, and Si are all present in differing quantities in the honeys. On the other hand, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) were applied to distinguish between three related Euphorbia honey types. PCA showed that the cumulative variance of the two first factors explained approximately 53%. The results of SDA showed that variables with a higher discriminant power were K, C*ab and a*, and 100% of the samples were properly classified in their corresponding class. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos de 29 de mieles monoflorales de Euphorbia resinifera fueron estudiadas. 24 parámetros, incluyendo humedad, pH, acidez (libre, lactónica y total), HMF, cenizas, conductividad eléctrica, monosacáridos (glucosa y fructosa), contenido mineral y parámetros cromáticos fueron analizados. Desde el punto de vista de su calidad las mieles fueron acordes con la legislación Europea en cuanto a contenido en agua, acidez y HMF. Los valores de cenizas y conductividad eléctrica fueron 1,6 g/kg y 451 μS/cm, respectivamente. El contenido en minerales mostró que el K es el elemento más abundante; mientras que Ca, Na, Mg, P, S y Si se presentaron en contenidos intermedios. En cuanto a los valores de los parámetros del color fueron típicos de mieles ámbar claras. Se ha realizado un análisis estadístico multivariante a los datos obtenidos para diferenciar tres especies de mieles de Euphorbia. El análisis discriminante permite diferencia las mieles por su origen botánico siendo el contenido en K, C*ab y la variable cromática a* las variables con mayor poder discriminate, siendo el 100% de las muestras clasificadas correctamente en su grupo.

The physicochemical characteristics of Euphorbia resinifera honey were studied. Considering the low water content, the majority of the honeys presented a proper maturity. The values of acidity revealed the absence of inappropriate fermentation, while the low values of hydroxymethylfurfural (0.4–16.48 mg/kg) were suitable for of unprocessed honeys. The average values for electrical conductivity and ashes were 451 µS/cm and 1.6 g/kg, respectively. As for the mineral content, the K was the most abundant element; Ca, Na, Mg, P, S, and Si are all present in differing quantities in the honeys. On the other hand, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) were applied to distinguish between three related Euphorbia honey types. PCA showed that the cumulative variance of the two first factors explained approximately 53%. The results of SDA showed that variables with a higher discriminant power were K, C*ab and a*, and 100% of the samples were properly classified in their corresponding class. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos de 29 de mieles monoflorales de Euphorbia resinifera fueron estudiadas. 24 parámetros, incluyendo humedad, pH, acidez (libre, lactónica y total), HMF, cenizas, conductividad eléctrica, monosacáridos (glucosa y fructosa), contenido mineral y parámetros cromáticos fueron analizados. Desde el punto de vista de su calidad las mieles fueron acordes con la legislación Europea en cuanto a contenido en agua, acidez y HMF. Los valores de cenizas y conductividad eléctrica fueron 1,6 g/kg y 451 μS/cm, respectivamente. El contenido en minerales mostró que el K es el elemento más abundante; mientras que Ca, Na, Mg, P, S y Si se presentaron en contenidos intermedios. En cuanto a los valores de los parámetros del color fueron típicos de mieles ámbar claras. Se ha realizado un análisis estadístico multivariante a los datos obtenidos para diferenciar tres especies de mieles de Euphorbia. El análisis discriminante permite diferencia las mieles por su origen botánico siendo el contenido en K, C*ab y la variable cromática a* las variables con mayor poder discriminate, siendo el 100% de las muestras clasificadas correctamente en su grupo.

In the present work, microbiological profile of thirty-seven samples of labeled honey were collected in a Protected Geographical Indication “PGI” area of Tadla-Azilal region, which is an endemic zone of Euphorbia resinifera plant. A profile was assessed using conventional microbial methods, like enumeration, detection and/or germs identification, in accordance with ISO norms. This is the first study in which a honey with Moroccan “PGI” was tested, in order to assess its compliance with bacteriological recommendations. Coliforms (Total and fecal Coliforms), Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Sporus of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens were not detected. The numbers of Standard Plate Count “SPC” were less than 102 CFU.g-1 for all samples. The molds and yeasts were found among samples and 32% and 40% of samples were positive, respectively. However, no samples showed a higher value than recommended limit [102 CFU.g-1]. We conclude that samples of labeled euphorbia honey of Tadla-Azilal analyzed present good commercial quality parameters (SPC, molds and yeasts “absence of unwanted fermentations”), a good sanitary quality (absence of coliforms and S. aureus) and are safe (Slam., Shig., Sporus of B. cereus and C. perf.). Standardization (regulation and specifications) and a rationalization of beekeeping techniques throughout Euphorbia “PGI” area studied may further sustainably improve the quality of this unique honey, and ensure it over the years.