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Simple Summary: Metabolites and microorganisms in the rumen affect host muscle fatty acid deposition. By analyzing the correlations between ruminal microbes and metabolites and multiple fatty acids in goat muscle, we identified several ruminal metabolites and microorganisms that could potentially influence fatty acid deposition in muscle. These results provide data to support the development of targeted feeding management strategies to improve the quality of goat meat. In this study, the fatty acid composition in the muscles of Hechuan white goats was correlated with the metabolome and metagenome of their rumen contents, and potential effects of the metabolites and microorganisms in the rumen on host muscle fatty acid deposition were analyzed. The results of the correlation analysis between the rumen content's metabolome and muscle fatty acid content showed that vitamin-B-related metabolites were significantly correlated with fatty acid content (p < 0.05). Most of these metabolites were positively correlated with stearic acid and negatively correlated with palmitic acid. In accordance with the level of fatty acid content, significant differences were found in the microbial species and abundance among groups at the species level. An abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae P7, Eubacterium ruminant, and Prevotella in the rumen was significantly correlated with fatty acid content. These results provide data support for the development of targeted feeding management strategies to improve the quality of goat meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]