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The challenge in studying Neotropical tadpoles is identifying species using only their external morphology. However, the DNA barcode protocol is often implemented to help elucidate taxonomic issues. In fact, the identification of frogs through their unknown tadpoles has already been achieved accurately using this protocol. Despite the successful application of this tool, the efficiency of the 16S rRNA gene as a DNA barcode for Neotropical tadpoles has not been fully assessed. Herein we evaluate the efficacy of the 16S rRNA gene for identifying tadpoles from northeastern Brazil. Samples of 100 tadpole specimens from 12 locations were analyzed. The DNA sequences were individually submitted to a BLAST search and were then aligned with a matrix containing available sequences in the GenBank based on the anurans known to occur in the study area. The 16S rRNA fragment successfully identified the analyzed anuran species. Based on DNA barcoding, 8% of the tadpoles morphologically identified at the species level were incorrect. When an incongruence between morphological and molecular identifications was detected, the morphology of the target morphotype was reexamined, and previously neglected morphological characteristics were identified. DNA barcoding using the 16S rRNA gene facilitated the assessment of tadpole richness in northeastern Brazil. This DNA protocol can be used as a starting point for detecting high levels of genetic divergence, highlighting potential taxa that should be studied from phylogenetic and taxonomic perspectives., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6, 9G, 10A) [http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C6721F5-5F66-4F74-892D-F708B153995D] Phyllopezus pollicaris: Cassimiro & Rodrigues (2009); Freitas et al. (2012) Phyllopezus pollicaris Clade A: Gamble et al. (2012) Phyllopezus pollicaris Clade I: Werneck et al. (2012); Cacciali et al. (2018) Phyllopezus sp.1 (aff. pollicaris): Dubeux et al. (present study) Holotype. MZUSP 106770 (adult female) from Serra do Sincorá, Chapada Diamantina [12°59’34”S, 41°20’29”W; 935 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], municipality of Mucugê (Fig. 1C), Bahia state, Brazil, collected on 15 March 2005 by J. Cassimiro and F.S.F. Leite, field number JC 1234. Paratypes. MZUSP 106771 (adult female; 13°00’03”S, 41°21’58”W; 999 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106772 (adult female; 13°01’26”S, 41°21’53”W; 980 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106773 (adult female; 13°00’19”S, 41°21’47”W; 1010 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106778 and MZUSP 106774 (adult male and adult female, respectively; 13°00’16”S, 41°21’ 47”W; 1007 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106775 (adult female; no coordinates), MZUSP 106776 (adult male; 13°01’08”S, 41°21’56 W; 1018 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106778 (adult male; 13°00’18”S, 41°21’47”W; 1000 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106779 (adult male; 13°01’02”S, 41°20’39”W; 945 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106781 and MZUSP 106780 (juvenile unsexed and adult male, respectively; 13°00’05”S, 41°21’57”W; 983 m a.s.l.), MZUSP 106782 (juvenile unsexed; 13°00’03”S, 41°21’58”W; 999 m a.s.l.). All paratypes are topotypes and were collected between 3–17 March 2005, by J. Cassimiro, F.S.F. Leite and L.E. Lopes. Etymology. The specific epithet “ diamantino ” is a latinized adjective referring to its type-locality, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, the northern segment of the Cadeia do Espinhaço in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Diagnosis. Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of character states: (1) Mental scales sub-triangular, with similar length and width and posterior margin not exceeding the second infralabial; (2) postmental scales increased, hexagonal, twice as long as wide, with broad contact each other and previously separated by about 1/3 of its length by the mental scale; (3) up to two scales in contact with the ventral margin of first infralabial; (4) presence of enlarged scales surrounding and separating postmental scales from the granules of the gular region; (5) six to seven infralabial scales; (6) granular scales in the distal region of mandible, juxtaposed, occasionally presenting tubercles of different sizes; (7) dorsal tubercles enlarged, corresponding to about six granular scales, elongated and keeled; (8) developed pollex; (9) cycloid or triangular scales around the auditory meatus, little bristly; (10) homogeneous scales of the same size in the region of the labial commissure; (11) many tubercles in the angular region between the upper and lower edges of the opening of the auditory meatus and eyes; (12) postcloacal pores always present in males and females; and (13) large sized, SVL 76.41–96.25 mm in males, and 72.38–82.36 mm in females. See “Comparison with Congeners” section for additional diagnosis with other genus species. Description of holotype. Adult female, SVL 96.25, fully regenerated tail, DBL 37.97, TBW 10.12, HL 27.75, HW 19.17, HD 8.73, SL 11.01, NSD 2.42, ESD 8.82, ED 6.94, IOD 8.87, IND 3.27, LH 21.04, LF 13.13, LT 22.02, LTB 15.41, WM 4.41, LM 4.28, WR 4.05, LR 2.16, R 1, PR 3, SN 2, SL 7, IL 7, M 1, PM 2, SSP 7, VLR 59, DT 45, L4F 10, L4T 14, TP 3, and CP 1. Head large (SVL/HL = 3.43), distinct from neck. Mental large (HW/WM = 4.3 and HL/LM = 6.4), sub-triangular, slightly wide than longer (WM/LM = 1.03), bordered by the 1st infralabial and in broad contact with two postmentals. A pair of postmentals, large, hexagonal-shaped, juxtaposed, longer than wide, separated for mental by one third of their length, flanked by seven large scales with differentiated sizes, which are replaced by granules juxtaposed that extend to the level of the labial commissure and are gradually replaced by similar small scales, smooth and imbricate, similar to ventral scales. First five infralabials rhomboid; the first largest, in broad contact with the postmental pair and a group of seven large, smooth, variable-shaped scales that isolate the postmentals from the granules of the gular region. These are succeeded by small scales that undergo abrupt reduction in size until become granules in the beginning of the gular region. First infralabial smaller than 2 nd, and from the 2 nd on decreasing in size towards the labial commissure; the commissure area with granules. First to 4 th infralabial scales rhomboid. From the 2 nd infralabial on, there is a group of small, elongated scales that border the infralabial row to near of the labial commissure, which also isolates them from the granules of the gular region. Ventral scales smooth and imbricate, cycloid, arranged in longitudinal rows. Large rostral (HW/WR = 4.7 and HL/LR = 12.8), wider than long (WR/LR = 1.8), triangular, visible in dorsal view, with a fissure extending from the region in contact with the nasal to half of the rostral, and a perforation in the upper left side. A pair of postrostrals protruding, separated by two tiny scales and in contact with the one of postnasals. Large supralabials, longer than wide, decreasing in size to the end of the labial commissure. First supralabial in broad contact with the rostral and one of the postnasals, involving part of the nostril. Posterior snout region and interorbital region concave. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head covered with granular juxtaposed scales, with scattered tubercles on the upper surface starting at the level of interorbital region. Granules in the snout larger than those of the occipital region. Eighteen small granules between the postnasals and anterior ocular margin. The granules surrounding the ocular region are tiny and more spaced than those of the snout and the dorsum. Postnasals swelling, elongated and bordering 1/4 of the nostril. The border of the auditory meatus is surrounded by small scales and granules. In the auditory meatus, the scales are small and smooth. Dorsal region of the body covered by granular scales and larger tubercles almost equidistant, conical and anteroposteriorly elongated, arranged in 10 to 14 irregular lines, reaching the level of the posterior region of hindlimbs, just before tail insertion. Postcloacal tubercles present, three on each side, easily perceived. Postcloacal pores present, one on each side. Regenerated tail, presenting smaller overlapping cycloid scales in the dorsal region and increasing in size in the lateral region. A row of smooth, elongated medial scales in the ventral region of the tail, two or three times wider than long, covering to half of the ventral region of tail. Dorsal surface of the forelimbs and hindlimbs different of the dorsum of the body, with medium scales smooth and imbricate, tubercles absent. Palmar and plantar regions with small granules, replaced in the forearms by smooth, cycloid, and imbricated scales. Infradigital lamellae on the 4 th finger of the forelimbs and hindlimbs wider than long, wider than high, almost straight; two distal lamellae in open V-shaped. Claws bordered by smooth and imbricate scales, composed of five scales in the ventral region, five dorsal scales. Side of claws with two rows of scales with five scales each. Presence of sheath with three scales. Coloration in life (Fig. 6 and 10A). Based on a not collected topotype: Body with background color Olive Horn (16). The dorsum has irregular bands on sides beginning in the postnasal region and extending towards the base of the tail; these bands show irregular stains in the Sepia (229) surrounded by Pale Cinnamon (55) tones. Small irregular spots with Brownish Olive (276) tones distributed along the dorsum of the body and limbs. A lateral band in the head beginning in the labial commissure (rather than dashes), Sepia (229) and Pale Cinnamon (55) colors, that extends until the hindlimbs. Limbs in Sepia (229) and Sulphur Yellow (91) pattern with irregular spots in Brick Red (36) up to the claws. Head Olive Horn (16). Irregular Brownish Olive (276) spots between the eyes and the auditory meatus. Tail with well-defined transverse bands alternating between Olive Horn (16) and Sepia (229) with Brownish Olive (276) spots. In the beginning of the tail, there is a Brownish Olive (276) triangular-shaped spot. The regenerated segment of the tail is an Olive Horn (16) that do not form a distinguishable pattern. Ventral region Sulphur Yellow (91), without spot pattern. Infradigital lamellae Pale Mauve (204). Coloration in preservative (Fig. 5). The color pattern of holotype differs significantly from the coloration of the topotype in life described above. The dorsal pattern is almost homogeneous with little contrast between the irregular bands and background coloring (although these are visible when looking more closely). The background color is Dark Drab (45) and the bars are Brunt Umber (48). The tail region (regenerated) has a lighter color in Drab (19) and the ventral region becomes Pale Horn Color (11) slightly darker. Intraspecific variation. All diagnostic characteristics for the new species are seen in all specimens analyzed. The MZUSP 106772 specimen does not present postcloacal tubercles and the MZUSP 106776 lacks a postrostral scale. Morphometric variation and the scale count range among specimens are provided in Appendix III. Distribution, habitat, and natural history. The new species is currently known only from the mountains of Serra do Sincorá, in the Chapada Diamantina, an area situated in the northern segment of Espinhaço mountain range. A mosaic of vegetation types, of which “campos rupestres”, or rupestrian grasslands, a dominant open-rock pioneer vegetation with rock-dwelling plants, are most common, characterizes the area. Notwithstanding, there are varieties of other environments in the region, like gallery forests, “Cerrado” (savanna-like), montane forests and semi-deciduous to deciduous forests (Giulietti & Pirani 1988). Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. is nocturnal and specimens were found on rocky outcrops and in tree and shrub trunks. Active animals were found only at night on the surface of rocks or trees or in rock crevices, and during the day only one inactive specimen was found under a rock. Gymnodactylus vanzolinii and Hemidactylus brasilianus were observed syntopically with P. diamantino sp. nov. on the rocks or in rock crevices, even though the new species was also found in other microhabitats as tree and shrub trunks. Other lizards observed and recorded at Mucugê area were: Hemidactylus mabouia (Gekkonidae), Acratosaura mentalis, Acratosaura spinosa, Heterodactylus septentrionalis, Micrablepharus maximiliani, Psilops mucugensis (Gymnophthalmidae), Enyalius erythroceneus (Leiosauridae), Polychrus acutirostris (Polychrotidae), Brasiliscincus heathi (Scincidae), Ameiva ameiva, Ameivula cf. ocellifera, Tupinambis merianae (Teiidae), Eurolophosaurus sp., Tropidurus hispidus, T. mucujensis, and T. semitaeniatus (Tropiduridae) (Freitas & Silva 2007; Cassimiro & Rodrigues 2009)., Published as part of Dubeux, Marcos J. M., Gonçalves, Ubiratan, Palmeira, Cristiane N. S., Nunes, Pedro M. S., Cassimiro, José, Gamble, Tony, Werneck, Fernanda P., Rodrigues, Miguel T. & Mott, Tamí, 2022, Two new species of geckos of the genus Phyllopezus Peters, 1878 (Squamata: Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 345-372 in Zootaxa 5120 (3) on pages 352-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6389465, {"references":["Freitas, M. A., Silva, T. & Loebmann, D. (2012) Squamate Reptiles of the central Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucuge, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check List, 8, 16 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 8.1.016","Gamble, T., Colli, G. R., Rodrigues, M. T., Werneck, F. P. & Simons, A. M. (2012) Phylogeny and cryptic diversity in geckos (Phyllopezus; Phyllodactylidae; Gekkota) from South America's open biomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62 (3), 943 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.11.033","Werneck, F. P., Gamble, T., Colli, G. R., Rodrigues, M. T. & Sites, J. (2012) Deep diversification and long-term persistence in the South American \" Dry Diagonal \": integrating continent-wide phylogeography and distribution modeling of geckos. Evolution, 66 (10), 3014 - 3034. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2012.01682. x","Cacciali, P., Lotzkat, S., Gamble, T. & Koehler, G. (2018) Cryptic Diversity in the Neotropical Gecko Genus Phyllopezus Peters, 1878 (Reptilia: Squamata: Phyllodactylidae): A New Species from Paraguay. International Journal of Zoology, 2018, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 2018 / 3958327","Giulietti, A. M. & Pirani, J. R. (1988) Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaco range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In: Heyer, W. R. & Vanzolini, P. E. (Eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 39 - 69.","Freitas, M. A. & Silva, T. F. S. (2007) Guia Ilustrado: a herpetofauna das caatingas e areas de altitudes do nordeste brasileiro. Editora USEB - Uniao Sul-Americana de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Rio Grande do Sul, 384 pp."]}

Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. (Figs. 7, 8, 9H, 10B) [http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 226D6FA9-804A-4A9B-9303-160F876A7F41] Hemidactylus mabouia: Roberto et al. (2015: part, p. 715, fig. 7) Phyllopezus sp.: Gonçalves & Palmeira (2016) Phyllopezus sp.2 (aff. pollicaris): Dubeux et al. (present study) Holotype. MHNUFAL 13481 (adult female) from Cariri da Prensa Farm (9°41’41”S, 36°12’16”W; 83 m a.s.l.), municipality of Boca da Mata (Fig. 1B), Alagoas state, Brazil, collected on 15 January 2014 by U. Gonçalves and C. Palmeira, field number UGS 702. Paratypes. Adult female (MHNUFAL 13482) collected on 3 January 2017, from the same locality of holotype (topotypes); adult females (MHNUFAL 12169, CHUFPE-R 1002, 1003) and adult males (MHNUFAL 12168, 12172, CHUFPE-R 1004) collected on 9 July 2015, adult females (MZUSP 106766, 106767) and adult males (CHUFPE-R 1005, MZUSP 106768) collected on 20 January 2015, and adult males (MHNUFAL 12396, 12397, 12399, 12400, MZUSP 106769) collected on 16 November 2015, from municipality of Limoeiro de Anadia (Fig. 1B), Alagoas state, Brazil (9°47’05”S, 36°28’04”W; 117 m a.s.l.); adult female (MHNUFAL 12449) and adult male (MHNUFAL 12128) collected on 7 July 2015, from municipality of Coruripe (Fig. 1B), Alagoas state, Brazil (10°03’17”S, 36°16’32”W; 68 m a.s.l.); adult females (MHNUFAL 10200) collected on 23 January 2015, from municipality of Igaci (Fig. 1B), Alagoas state, Brazil (9°32’00”S, 36°36’43”W; 269 m a.s.l.), all paratypes above were collected by U. Gonçalves and C.N.S. Palmeira; adult male (MHNUFAL 12401) collected on 13 June 1999 by Selma Torquato, adult male (MHNUFAL 16198) and juvenile unsexed (MHNUFAL 16199) collected on 21 April 2019 by M.J.M. Dubeux, from municipality of Quebrangulo (Fig. 1B), Alagoas state, Brazil (9°15’22”S, 36°25’43”W; 780 m a.s.l.). Etymology. The name of species is in honor of Selma Torquato, curator of Coleção Herpetológica do Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Alagoas who has generously provided many opportunities for herpetologists to study the amphibian and reptile specimens under her care. Diagnosis. Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) Mental scales in bell shaped, with concave margins and a slight central constriction, similar length and width and posterior margin not exceeding the second infralabial; (2) postmental scales enlarged, hexagonal, twice as long as wide, with broad contact each other and previously separated by about 1/5 of its length by the mental scale; (3) up to two scales in contact with the ventral margin of first infralabial; (4) enlarged scales surrounding and separating postmental scales from granules of the gular region; (5) six to seven infralabial scales; (6) cycloid and imbricated scales of similar size in distal region of mandible; (7) enlarged dorsal tubercles, corresponding to about six granular scales, elongated and slightly keeled; (8) developed pollex; (9) cycloid or triangular scales around the auditory meatus, appears somewhat bristly; (10) homogeneous scales of the same size in the region of the labial commissure; (11) up to two tubercles or tubercles absents in the angular region between the upper and lower edges of the opening of the auditory meatus and eyes; (12) postcloacal pores not always present; and (13) large sized, SVL 89.2–100.24 mm in males, and 83.5–99.47 mm in females. See Comparison with congeners section for more additional diagnosis with other species. Description of holotype. Adult female, SVL 99.47 mm, fully regenerated tail, DBL 42.82 mm, TBW 12.31 mm, HL 27.02 mm, HW 19.53 mm, HD 9.2 mm, SL 11.08 mm, NSD 2.73 mm, ESD 8.29 mm, ED 6.09 mm, IOD 8.42 mm, IND 3.79 mm, LH 20.11 mm, LF 12.23 mm, LT 20.88 mm, LTB 15.3 mm, WM 4.64 mm, LM 4.98 mm, WR 4.54 mm, LR 2.3 mm, R 1, PR 2, SN 2, SL 8, IL 7, M 1, PM 2, SSP 7, VLR 51, DT 43, L4F 14, L4T 13, TP 2, and CP 0. Head large (SVL/HL = 3.68), distinct from neck. Mental large (HW/WM = 4.2 and HL/LM = 5.4), bellshaped, slightly longer than wide (WM/LM = 0.93), narrower posteriorly and with a slight strangulation in its half, bordered by the 1 st infralabial and in broad contact with two postmentals that separated it from others infralabial and gular scales.A pair of postmentals, large, hexagonal, juxtaposed, longer than wide, and flanked by seven large scales with differentiated sizes, which are replaced by small scales, smooth and imbricate, similar to ventral ones. First, 2 nd and 3 rd infralabials rhomboid; 1 st the largest, in contact with the postmental pair, and a group of five large, smooth and variable in shape scales that isolate the pair of postmentals from scales in the gular region. The infralabials decrease in size towards the labial commissure; commissure area with granules. From the 2 nd infralabial, there is a group of small, elongated scales that border the infralabial row near of the labial commissure, which also isolates them from the granules of the gular region. Ventral scales smooth and imbricate, cycloid, arranged in longitudinal rows. Large rostral (HW/WR = 4.3 and HL/LR = 11.74), wide than longer (WR/LR = 1.97), triangular-shaped, with a median depression at the top where there is a fissure extending from the region in contact with the nasal to half of the rostral. Large supralabials, longer than wide, decreasing in size to the end of the labial commissure. First supralabial in broad contact with the rostral and one of the postnasals, involving part of the nostril. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head covered with granular juxtaposed scales, with scattered tubercles on the upper surface starting at the level of interorbital region. Granules in the snout four to five times larger than those of the occipital region. Fifteen small granules between the postnasals and anterior ocular margin. The granules surrounding the ocular region are tiny and more spaced than those of the snout or the dorsum. The supranasal region involves half of the nasal fossa. Postnasals swollen, elongated and bordering 1/3 of anterior portion of the nostril. The border of the auditory meatus is surrounded by small granules. In the auditory meatus, the scales are erect and acicular, triangular, smooth and imbricate. Dorsal region of body covered by granular scales and almost equidistant larger tubercles, conic and elongated anteroposteriorly, arranged in 11 to 14 irregular lines, reaching the level of the posterior region of the hindlimbs (before the tail insertion). Postcloacal tubercles present, a pair on each side, very conspicuous. Postcloacal pores absent. Regenerated tail, presenting smaller overlapping cycloid scales in the dorsal region and increasing in size in the lateral region. A row of smooth, elongated medial scales in the ventral region of tail, three or four times wider than long, covering almost the entire ventral region. Dorsal surface of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with medium sized scales, smooth and imbricate; tubercles absent. The small granules in the palmar and plantar regions are replaced by smooth, cycloid, and imbricated scales in the forearms. Infradigital lamellae on the fourth finger and fourth toe wider than long, wider than high, slightly arched and becoming straighter in the distal portions. Claws bordered by smooth and imbricate scales, composed of five scales in the ventral region, five dorsal scales. Side of the claws with two rows of scales with five scales each. Presence of sheath with three scales. Coloration in life (Fig. 8). Based on holotype: Body with background color Raw Umber (22). The dorsum with semicontinuous longitudinal bands, on sides beginning in the postnasal region and extending towards the base of the tail; band near the dorsal midline begins in the nuchal region; these bands show irregular dashes in the Dusky Brown (285) surrounded by Sayal Brown (41) tones. Small irregular spots in the Pale Horn Color (11) tones distributed along the dorsum of the body and limbs. A lateral band in the head beginning in the labial commissure (rather than dashes), Dusky Brown (285) color, that extends until the hindlimbs. Limbs in Raw Umber (22) pattern with irregular spots in Dusky Brown (285) and Sayal Brown (41) up to the claws. Head Raw Umber (22), superimposed by irregular spots Dusky Brown (285). Snout with a triangular-shaped Army Brown (46) spot, surrounded by Dusky Brown (285). Irregular Dusky Brown (285) spots between the eyes and the auditory meatus. Tail with well-defined transverse bands alternating between Raw Umber (22) and Sayal Brown (41) with Dusky Brown (285) spots. In the beginning of the tail, there is a Dusky Brown (285) triangular-shaped spot. The regenerated segment of the tail is a Raw Umber (22) color that is overlaid by Sayal Brown (41) spots that do not form a distinguishable pattern. Ventral region Pale Horn Color (11), without spot pattern. Infradigital lamellae Pale Mauve (204). Coloration in preservative (Fig. 7). In general, the coloration in preservative does not differ substantially from life coloration. The background color becomes similar to Beige (254), tending to a more grayish tone. The longitudinal bands retain their color; however, they lose the Sayal Brown color (41) that surrounds them in life, becoming more prominent in relation to the background. On the dorsal surface of the limbs and in the regenerated portion of the tail, the Sayal Brown color (41) becomes Fawn Color (258) and the ventral region becomes Pale Horn Color (11) slightly darker. Intraspecific variation. All diagnostic characters used for describing the new taxon are present in all specimens analyzed. However, different dorsal background coloration in life were observed, depending on the time and type of the substrate of capture, ranging from Raw Umber (22) to Drab (19). Ontogenetic variations of color were also observed; a juvenile (MHNUFAL 16199; Fig. 8C) presents a more demarcated dark longitudinal bands and Pale Buff (1) lighter color background. Morphometric and meristic variation are provided in Appendix III. Distribution, habitat, and natural history. Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. is a nocturnal species found in rocky outcrops and trees, in heights up to 10 m. In the daytime, specimens were found sheltering either under tree bark, clumps of epiphytes or bromeliad roots. Animals were mainly observed active in the early evening when foraging in forested sites near rivers with rocky bed. The species was also found sharing bromeliads with P. lutzae. When specimens were captured, they twisted their body by turning quickly to the side, and when attempting to bite would produce an agonistic “squeaking” sound (not recorded). The distribution of the species is only known for the state of Alagoas, with altitudes ranging from 68 m in the municipality of Coruripe to 780 m a.s.l. at the top of the rock formation of Pedra Talhada, municipality of Quebrangulo (Fig. 1). Comparisons with congeners. Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. and Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. are morphologically more similar to each other than to the other representatives in the genus and together are distinguished from the congeners mainly by characters in the gular region (Fig. 9). Both new species (Fig. 9G–H) differ from P. periosus (Fig. 9A) by the presence of increased scales separating the postmentals granules in the gular region (absent in P. periosus), posterior margin of the mental scale not exceeding the anterior margin of the second infralabial scale (exceeding the anterior margin of the second infralabial in P. periosus) and postmental scales in direct contact (separated by the mental scale in P. periosus). Both new species differ from P. lutzae (Fig. 9B) by presenting a long mental scale, with similar length and width (short mental with a length corresponding to half the width in P. lutzae), posterior margin of the posmental scales exceeding half of the second infralabial (not reaching the second infralabial in P. lutzae) and up to two scales in contact with the first infralabial (three to four scales in contact with the ventral margin of the first infralabial in P. lutzae). Both new species differ from P. maranjonensis (Fig. 9C) in having the central pair of postmentals distinctly larger than the scales that surround them and in contact with the first infralabial (almost the same size and separated from the first infralabial by one or two scales in P. maranjonensis). Both new species differ from P. maranjonensis and P. heuteri in having six or seven infralabial scales (7–10 in P. maranjonensis and 8–9 in P. heuteri). Both new species differ from P. maranjonensis, P. heuteri (Fig. 9F), P. pollicaris sensu stricto (Fig. 9D) and P. przewalskii (Fig. 9E) in having postmental scales twice longer than wide (postmentals with similar width and length in P. maranjonensis, P. heuteri, P. pollicaris and P. przewalskii). The two new species can also be distinguished from P. periosus in having a color pattern in longitudinal or transverse dark irregular dorsal bars (6 to 7 well-defined light-colored transverse bands limited anteriorly and posteriorly by bars dark in P. periosus). The two new species can be distinguished from P. lutzae in being distinctly larger (72.38–96.25 mm in Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. and 83.50–100.24 mm in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. versus a maximum of 62.77 mm in P. lutzae), in having a coloration pattern in irregular longitudinal or transverse dorsal dark bars (homogeneous orange marbled pattern in P. lutzae). Both new species can be distinguished from P. lutzae and P. maranjonensis in having larger dorsal tubercles, corresponding to about six granules (indistinct dorsal tubercles in P. lutzae and few slightly enlarged tubercles on the back, rarely forming rows on P. maranjonensis). Both new species can be distinguished from P. lutzae in having developed pollex (absent or poorly developed in P. lutzae). The two new species can be distinguished from P. maranjonensis in having a pattern of coloration in irregular longitudinal or transverse dorsal dark colored bars (four regular dark colored cross bars between the neck and vent in P. maranjonensis), and six to eight supralabial scales (8–10 in P. maranjonensis). Both new species can be distinguished from P. heuteri in having cycloid or triangular scales around the auditory meatus, little bristly (spiny and bristling scales in P. heuteri). Phyllopezus diamantino sp. nov. can be differentiated from Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov. due to the presence of granular and juxtaposed scales in the distal region of mandible, and may present tubercles of different sizes (cycloid and imbricated scales, of similar size in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.), mental scale triangular with almost straight lateral edges (bell-shaped with concave margins and a slight strangulation in its half in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.; Fig. 9), and anterior portion of the postmental scales separated by almost 1/3 of the length by the mental scale (versus separated by 1/ 5 in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.; Fig. 9), dorsal coloration pattern in dark transverse bands interrupted by a light cervical band (dark bands arranged in well-defined or transverse longitudinal rows showing interruptions, light cervical band absent or not evident in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.; Figs. 5–8 and 10), four to six tubercles in the angular region between the upper and lower edges of the opening of the auditory meatus and eyes (up to two tubercles or tubercles absents in this region in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.; Figs. 5F and 7F), homogeneous scales of the same size in the region of the labial commissure (increased scales on the upper and lower sides of the labial commissure in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov.; Figs. 5I and 7I), and a pair of postcloacal pores is always present (not always present in Phyllopezus selmae sp. nov., Figs. 5K and 7K). Morphometric variations and the scale counts range among specimens analyzed are provided in Appendix III.

Tropical regions harbor the highest amphibian biodiversity, nevertheless, information on species composition is lacking in most areas yet these baseline data are essential to guide conservation strategies. The goal of the present study was to survey the anurans of a Private Natural Heritage Reserve named Mata Estrela, a fragment of about 26 km2 in the Northern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The study was carried out as an active census in June 2015. We found 27 anuran species assigned to five families: Bufonidae (2 spp.), Craugastoridae (1 sp.), Hylidae (11 spp.), Leptodactylidae (12 spp.) and Phyllomedusidae (1 sp.). All species are widespread in the Atlantic forest as well as in other South American ecoregions. Descriptions of local diversity such as this one are a fundamental baseline for conservation work and are especially needed in the northern limits of the Atlantic forest, for which there is still a huge lack of biological knowledge., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

Brasilotyphlus dubium sp. nov. Figs. 2–4; Table 2 Holotype. Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (MUFAL) 13638, field number MTR 23151, a male collected by Pedro M. Sales Nunes, Antoine Fouquet and Felipe Franco Curcio, from Serra da Maroquinha (N 2° 22' 44", W 61° 22' 37"), 400 m from sea level, Mucajaí municipality, Roraima, Brazil, May 2012. Paratypes (n = 5). MUFAL 13639, male, field number MTR 23216, collected in pitfall trap, with same collection data as the holotype; MUFAL 13640, field number SMS 873, immature, MUFAL 13641, field number SMS 920, female, and MUFAL 13642, field number SMS 940, female, collected by Sergio Marques de Souza, Pedro M. Sales Nunes and Antoine Fouquet, from Serra do Apiaú (N 2° 24' 30", W 61° 24' 54") at 140 m, 685 m and 835 m from sea level respectively, state of Roraima, Brazil, in November 2011; and MPEG 7779, female, collected by Laurie J. Vitt, from 7 km east of the Ajarani river (N 1° 59' 50", W 61° 32' 4"), Iracema municipality, Roraima, Brazil, 3 July 1993. Identification. The new species is considered a species of Brasilotyphlus on the basis of it having eyes covered by bone and a diastema between the vomerine and palatine teeth with the following associated characters: palatine extends posteriorly to the series of premaxillary-maxillary teeth; a semicircular vomerine series of teeth. Diagnosis. Brasilotyphlus dubium sp. nov. differs from B. braziliensis in having fewer primary and secondary annular grooves (123–129 and 9–16 vs 142–147 and 23–36, respectively), and in having premaxillary-maxillary teeth reaching the level of the posterior edge of the choanae (in B. braziliensis the maxillary teeth do not reach the level of the choanae). The new species differs from B. guarantanus in having fewer primary annuli (123–129 vs 151–170) and more secondary annular grooves (9–16 vs 0–2). Description of the holotype. Morphometric and meristic data are in Table 2. Specimen in good condition, a 3.7 mm midventral incision and slightly broken corners of the mouth. Body subcylindrical, slightly flattened dorsoventrally throughout (BW x BH 3.9 x 2.9 mm), slightly narrower anteriorly and posteriorly (WTR 3.6 mm). In dorsal view, head intermediate between U- and V-shaped. In lateral view, top of head slightly convex; upper lip slightly concave at the anterior end and lower lips straight. Snout projects strongly beyond recessed mouth (SP 1 mm). Eyes not visible. Tentacles slightly elevated and not visible from above, closer to the corner of the mouth (TCM 1.3 mm) than to nares (TN 1.6 mm). Nares visible from above, but not from below. Teeth pointed and gently recurved. Premaxillary-maxillary teeth monocuspid, forming a series (21 teeth) with posterior maxillary teeth slightly smaller, extending to the level of the posterior edge of the choanae. Nine prevomerine and 10 palatine bicuspid teeth, with no apparent variation in size, smaller than those of the premaxillary-maxillary series and with a large diastema between them, which corresponds to a distance of approximately three tooth positions. Dentary teeth monocuspid, forming a series of 13 teeth, posterior ones slightly smaller, larger than those of premaxillarymaxillary series. Subcircular choanal apertures, separated by an approximate distance of 1.5 times the width of each choanal aperture, anterior edges approximately level with tentacles. Two collars clearly marked by three nuchal grooves (NG1, NG2, and NG3); NG1 and NG2 completely encircling the body, NG3 incomplete, curving posteriorly on the venter. In dorsal view, NG1 straight, NG2 slightly curved anteriorly, and NG3 straight; first collar smaller than second. In ventral view, NG1 curved anteriorly, NG2 straight and NG3 slightly incomplete and curved posteriorly; first and second collar similar in size. NG1 oblique laterally. A conspicuous transverse groove is present on the dorsolateral surface of the second collar. Following collars, 125 PAs, being 123 complete and two interrupted by the vent; First SG short, dorsally located on 112 th PA; SGs complete from 119 th PA. Vent with six main denticulations and some irregular subdivisions, the interdenticular creases shorter anteriorly. Dorsally, body terminus strongly convex. Distinct vertical terminal keel present. Annular scales limited to a single and incomplete row in the 92 th groove of scales wider than long (e.g., 0.1 x 0.2 mm); in a single incomplete row at 107 th groove (e.g., 0.1 x 0.3 mm) and in a complete row of ovate scales at 120 th groove (e.g., 0.4 x 0.8 mm). Coloration: In life, body pale purple; head pinkish. Venter and lateral surfaces, areas surrounding vent, nostrils and tentacles paler than dorsum. In preservative, body brownish; paler anteriorly than posteriorly in dorsal and ventral view. Ventral and lateral surfaces slightly paler than dorsum along the entire body. Areas surrounding the vent, nostrils, tentacles and lips less pigmented, as is the ventral surface anterior to the second collar. Variation and additional information from paratypes. Variation in some meristics and morphometrics is summarized in Table 2. The vertical terminal keel is less distinct in MUFAL 13642. In preservative, MUFAL 13641 and 13642 have steel grey body color, but the pattern of paler regions is similar to that observed on the holotype. The first collar of MUFAL 13641 and 13642 are less robust than observed in the holotype, forming an almost straight transition line from head to body. In paratype MPEG 7779, scales begin in the 90 th groove, limited to a single and incomplete row of small scales, wider than long (e.g., 0.1 x 0.3 mm); in a single incomplete row at 109 th groove (e.g., 0.1 x 0.4 mm) and in a complete row of ovate scales at 122 th groove (e.g., 0.5 x 0.7 mm). Except for minor details in their visibility, the nuchal grooves of all paratypes are as described for the holotype. Etymology. The epithet dubium means “dubious”, reflecting our doubt whether or not Brasilotyphlus should be considered a synonym of Microcaecilia. For nomenclatural purposes, the species epithet is considered a noun in apposition. Phylogenetic analyses. The concatenated dataset consisted of 1,682 base pairs (bp) (605 bp of 16srRNA and 1,077 bp of cytochrome b). After removal of 121 bp in the 16SrRNA fragment (31–43, 218-284, 311-354) due to ambiguous alignment, 1,563 bp were used in the analyses. The families Caeciliidae, Typhlonectidae, Herpelidae, Indotyphlidae and Siphonopidae were each recovered as monophyletic with high support (Figure 5). Typhlonectidae and Caeciliidae were recovered as sister clades. The basal split within Siphonopidae is between a clade comprising Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis (Lütken 1851) and Siphonops annulatus (Mikan 1820) (PP = 1), and a clade comprising all sampled species of Microcaecilia [M. unicolor (Duméril 1863), M. dermatophaga Wilkinson, Sherratt, Starace & Gower 2013, M. savagei Donnelly & Wake 2013, Microcaecilia sp1. and Microcaecilia sp2.], B. guarantanus and B. dubium sp. nov. (PP = 1). The latter two were recovered as monophyletic (PP = 1), but nested within a paraphyletic Microcaecilia (M. savagei and M. sp.2 are more closely related to Brasilotyphlus than to other Microcaecilia: PP = 0.86). The maximum likelihood tree (not shown) is similar to our Bayesian phylogeny at well-supported nodes. The families Caeciliidae, Typhlonectidae, Herpelidae and Indotyphlidae were each monophyletic with high support (bootstrap value [BS] ± 97), and although Siphonopidae was recovered with moderate support (BS = 79), the relationships among Brasilotyphlus and Microcaecilia were identical to those recovered in the Bayesian analysis. The AU test could not reject a monophyletic Microcaecilia (difference -lnL = 1.77643; AU test, P = 0.2099).

Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. Holotype. Immature male (MUFAL 13635), collected on April 25–27, 2017 at Fazenda do Engenho (13°50’48”S, 42°16’29”W), 854m of elevation, in the municipality of Caetité, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil by AMP. Paratypes. Five specimens collected along with the holotype: MUFAL 13632, immature male; MHNBA190, immature female; MHNBA191, immature male; MUFAL 13633, immature female and MUFAL 1 3634, immature male. MUFAL 13636 was also collected at Fazenda do Engenho, about one kilometer away from the rest of the type series at 13°51’16”S, 42°16’37”W on May 02–31, 2017, sex undetermined; all collected by AMP. Etymology. The name of the species refers to its type-locality, Caetité municipality, Bahia State, Brazil. Diagnosis. A small Amphisbaena reaching up to 235 mm of total length. It is readily distinguished of its congeners by the presence of modified pointed scales on the tip of the tail visible on dorsal view, starting on the 7– 8 th tail annulus; by having 186–194 body annuli; 0–2 intercalated body annuli; 10–12 tail annuli; 16 dorsal and 19– 22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (Table 1). Paired nasal, prefrontal, frontal and parietal shields in broad contact on the dorsal surface of the head; rostral shield slightly visible in dorsal view; three supralabials; three infralabials. Mental and post-mental scales present; post-mental scale followed by two rows of post-genial scales generally with two and three scales respectively. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, lateral sulcus present, starting around the 45 th annulus. Four rounded pre-cloacal pores sequentially arranged; 6–7 pre-cloacal scales and 12–14 post-cloacal scales. Autotomy site absent. Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface of the body raw umber (color 280; Kohler 2012); ventral surface pale buff (color 1), generally darker on the anterior portion of the body. Scales on the lateral of the body raw umber on the center and pale buff on the edges. Dorsal surface of the head raw umber posteriorly and olive brow (color 278) anteriorly. Ventral surface of the head pale buff. Holotype description. An immature male measuring 221mm of snout-vent length and 14 mm of tail length. Body diameter 8.25 mm and tail diameter 8.28 mm. Head not distinct from neck, narrower than the body. Head width 5.62 mm and length 7.42 mm. Snout rounded; rostral slightly visible on dorsal view, subtriangular. Paired nasals, prefrontals, frontals and parietals in broad contact at midline. Nasals quadrangular, contacting the rostral anteriorly and the first supralabial ventrally. Prefrontals rectangular, the largest shields on the head representing 35.3% of the head length (measured on the suture between the two prefrontal shields), in contact with nasal anteriorly, point contact with first supralabial, in contact with second supralabial and ocular ventrally and frontal, and marginally the postocular, posteriorly. Frontals almost trapezoid, representing 34.2% of the head length, in contact with prefrontal anteriorly, point contact with ocular and broad contact with postocular ventrally and parietal posteriorly (Figure 2A and D). Parietals hexagonal, 10.6% of the head length, part of the second body annulus, in broad contact with frontal and postocular anteriorly. Oculars quadrangular, in broad contact with prefrontal anteriorly, point contact with frontal dorsally and temporal posteriorly, in broad contact with postocular posteriorly and second and third supralabials ventrally. Eyes barely visible, perceived as grayish spots (Figure 2B and E). Three supralabials, the second slightly larger. First supralabial triangular, contacts the rostral anteriorly, in broad contact with the nasal and point contact with the prefrontal dorsally. Second supralabial pentagonal, broadly contacts the prefrontal and the ocular dorsally, point contact with nasal. Third supralabial pentagonal, contacts the ocular and largely the temporal dorsally and the first body annulus posteriorly (Figure 2B and E). Three infralabials, second the largest. First infralabial trapezoid, in broad contact with mental anteriorly and postmental ventrally. Second infralabial pentagonal, largely contacting the postmental ventrally and malar posteriorly, point contact with first row of postgenials ventrally. Third infralabial quadrangular, in broad contact with malar ventrally and first body annulus posteriorly. Mental trapezoid, almost as long as wide, in broad contact with first infralabial laterally and postmental posteriorly. Postmental longer than wide, in broad contact with first and second infralabials laterally, followed by two rows of postgenials with two and three scales, respectively. Malar trapezoid, slightly wider than long, in broad contact with second infralabial anteriorly, third infralabial and two rows of postgenials laterally and first body annulus posteriorly; postmalars absent (Figure 2C and F). One hundred and ninety-four body annuli, 11 tail annuli, intercalated body annuli absent, 16 dorsal and 20 ventral segments on a midbody annulus. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, lateral sulcus present starting on the 45 th annulus. Four rounded and sequentially arranged precloacal pores; six precloacal and 14 postcloacal scales (Figure 3A). Scales on the tip of tail modified in pointed tubercles starting on the eighth tail annulus, visible on lateral and dorsal views (Figure 3 B–C). Dorsal surface of body raw umber; ventral surface pale buff, darker on the anterior portion of the body; head olive brown anteriorly on the nasal and rostral shields, raw umber posteriorly; ventral surface pale buff. Variation. There was no striking variation within the type series, except by the presence of intercalated body annuli, which was only detected in MHNBA190 and MHNBA191. Other relevant variations within the type series are in Table 1. Comparison with other species. Characters from other species are in parenthesis. The presence of a modified tail distinguish the new species from all South American amphisbaenids, except Amphisbaena uroxena. The round head distinguish the new species from A. bagual Ribeiro, Santos & Zaher, 2015; A. cerradensis (Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva & Santos-Jr., 2008); A. infraorbitale (Bertold, 1859), A. kisteumacheri (Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000); A. maxima (Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva-Jr. & Zaher, 2011); A. microcephala (Wagler, 1824); A. octostega (Duméril, 1851); A. polystega (Duméril, 1851); A. scutigera (Hemprich, 1820) and A. wuchereri (Peters, 1879) (shovel head). This character also distinguishes the new species from A. acrobeles (Ribeiro, Catro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009); A. bilabialata (Stimson, 1972), A. kingii (Bell, 1833), Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925 and M. rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, da Rocha & Pereira, 2009 (keeled head). The presence of four precloacal pores diagnose the new species from A. anaemariae Vanzolini, 1997; A. brevis Strussmann & Mott, 2009; A. caiari Teixeira Jr, dal Vechio, Neto & Rodrigues, 2014; A. carli Pinna, Mendonça, Bocchiglieri & Fernandes, 2010; A. crisae Vanzolini, 1997; A. dubia Muller, 1924; A. filiformis Ribeiro, Gomes, Rodrigues da Silva, Cintra & da Silva, 2016; A. hiata Montero & Céspedez, 2002; A. leeseri Gans, 1964a; A. maranhensis Gomes & Maciel, 2012; A. metallurga Costa, Resende, Teixeira, Vechio & Clemente, 2015; A. mitchelli Procter, 1923; A. miringoera Vanzolini, 1971; A. neglecta Dunn & Piatt, 1936; A. persephone Pinna, Mendonça, Bocchiglieri & Fernandes, 2014 and A. silvestrii Boulenger, 1902 (0–3 pores). This characteristic also differentiate it from A. fuliginosa Linnaeus, 1758; A. ignatiana Vanzolini, 1991a; A. kraoh (Vanzolini, 1971); A. leucocephala Peters, 1878; A. littoralis Roberto, Brito & Ávila, 2014; A. mertensii Strauch, 1881; A. pretrei Duméril & Bibron, 1839 and A. stejnegeri Ruthven, 1922 (5–12 pores). Among the four-pored amphisbaenids, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from A. bahiana Vanzolini, 1964; A. borelli Peracca, 1897; A. roberti Gans, 1964b; A. steindachneri Strauch, 1881 and A. polygrammica Werner, 1901 by having 186–194 body annuli (>204) and 10–12 tail annuli (>14). Moreover, it differs from all remaining species by the absence of an autotomy site, except A. alba Linnaeus, 1758; A. angustifrons Cope, 1861; A. brasiliana (Gray, 1865); A. ridleyi Boulenger, 1890; A. saxosa (Castro-Mello, 2003) and A. uroxena. The new species differs from A. alba by having 186–194 body annuli (198–248), 10–12 tail annuli (13–21), 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (30–42) and 19–22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (35–46). In the same way, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from A. ridleyi by having 10–12 tail annuli (14–17, Table 2). It differs from A. brasiliana and A. saxosa by having 186–194 body annuli (>213), 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (>18) and in the sequential disposition of the precloacal pores which are separated by an area without pores in A. brasiliana and A. saxosa (Table 2). Additionally, it also differs from both species in the shape of rostral and nasals (large rostral and reduced nasals that do not contact at midline). Furthermore, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from all species mentioned above, except A. uroxena, by having modified conic pointed tubercles on the tip of its tail. Finally, it differs from A. uroxena by having 186–194 body annuli (199–213), and 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (12–14), 19–22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (14–15, Table 2) and snout-vent length higher than 187 mm (Genetic distance. The final alignment resulted in a matrix of, 442 base pairs. Mean interspecific distance on the 16S rRNA whitin Amphisbaenidae was 12.09% while mean intraspecific distance was 1.34%. Amphisbaena uroxena had the lowest genetic distance to A. caetitensis sp nov. (7.65%, Supplementary Table S1)., Published as part of Almeida, João Paulo Felix Augusto De, Freitas, Marco Antonio De, Silva, Márcio Borba Da, Valverde, Maria Celeste Costa, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Pires, Adriano Moreira & Mott, Tamí, 2018, A new four-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 553-562 in Zootaxa 4514 (4) on pages 554-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2609386, {"references":["Ribeiro, S., Santos-Junior, A. P. & Zaher, H. (2015) A new species of Leposternon Wagler, 1824 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4034 (2), 309 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4034.2.4","Ribeiro, S., Vaz-Silva, W. & Santos Junior, A. P. (2008) New pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 1930, 18 - 38.","Porto, M., Soares, M. & Caramaschi, U. (2000) A new species of Leposternon Wagler, 1824 from Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a key to the species of the genus (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie Zoologia, 412, 1 - 10.","Ribeiro, S., Nogueira, C., Cintra, C. E. D, Silva, N. J. & Zaher, H. (2011) Description of a New Pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. South American Journal of Herperpetology, 6 (3), 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.006.0303","Wagler, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des especes nouvelles de serpens. In: Spix, J. (Ed.), Animalia nova sive species novae. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hubschmanni, Monaco, pp. 75.","Dumeril, M. C. & Dumeril, M. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry, Paris, 224 pp.","Hemprich, W. F. G. (1820) Amphisbaenarum generis novas species duas descripsit. Ferhandlungen der Gesellschaft Naturforschunden Freunde, 1, 129 - 130.","Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Uber die Amphisbaenen und eine zu denselben gehorige neue Art (Lepidosternon wuchereri). Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1879, 273 - 277.","Ribeiro, S., Castro-Mello, C. & Nogueira, C. (2009) New Species of Anops Bell, 1833 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Jalapao Region in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Herpetology, 43 (1), 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 299 R 1.1","Stimson, A. F. (1972) A new species of Anops from Mato Grosso, Brazil (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zooloogy, 24 (3), 205 - 212.","Bell, T. (1833) Descriptions of two reptiles and the types of two genera hitherto undescribed. Characters of two new genera of reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1833, 98 - 99.","Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7 (5), 170 - 171.","Hoogmoed, M. S., Pinto, R. R., Rocha, W. A. & Pereira, E. G. (2009) A new species of Mesobaena Mertens, 1925 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian Guiana, with a key to the Amphisbaenidae of the Guianan region. Herpetologica, 65 (4), 436 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 062.1","Vanzolini, P. E. (1997) The silvestrii species group of Amphisbaena, with the description of two new Brasilian species (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zooloogia, 40 (3), 65 - 85.","Strussmann, C. & Mott, T. (2009) Sympatric amphisbaenids from Manso Dam region, Mato Grosso State, Western Brazil, with the description of a new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 44 (1), 37 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520802628295","Teixeira-Jr., M., Dal Vechio, F., Neto, A. M. & Rodrigues, M. T. (2014) A New Two-Pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758, from Western Amazonia, Brazil (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). South American Journal of Herpetology, 9 (1), 62 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 14 - 00004.1","Pinna, P. H., Mendonca, A. F., Bocchiglieri, A. & Fernandes, D. S. (2010) A new two-pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus from the endangered Brazilian Cerrado biome (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Zootaxa, 2569, 44 - 54.","Muller, L. (1924) Ueber neue oder seltene Mittel- und Sudamerikanische Amphibien und Reptilien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 11 (1), 75 - 93.","Ribeiro, S., Gomes, J. O., Silva, H. L. R., Cintra, C. E. D. & Silva Junior, N. J. (2016) A new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a key to the two-pored species of Amphisbaena. Zootaxa, 4147 (2), 124 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4147.2.2","Montero, R. & Cespedez, J. 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