Search

El presente trabajo es un estudio de caso único con un entrenador de baloncesto de 22 años en categorías de formación. Se ha utilizado una metodología propia de los estudios de caso de diseño A-B (línea base más medición tras la intervención), con sesión de seguimiento posterior. Se establece la línea base con datos cuantitativos recogidos en los cuestionarios de Escala de Autoeficacia General de Schwarzer y Bassler, Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff, Escala Autoestima de Rosenberg, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener y Escala de Liderazgo en el Deporte adaptada a entrenadores (LSS-3) y diferentes elementos cualitativos de análisis. Se utilizó el modelo de coaching motivacional “La Jirafa de Catón” mediante un protocolo de intervención diseñado específicamente para ello. Todo el procedimiento se llevó a cabo a distancia, mediante medios de comunicación telemáticos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una eficacia de la intervención a distancia, reflejados en el aumento de las puntuaciones del sujeto en las variables autoeficacia general, autoestima, las dimensiones autonomía y dominio del entorno pertenecientes a la escala de bienestar psicológico y un gran aumento de la dimensión entrenamiento e instrucción de la escala de liderazgo en el deporte para entrenadores, además de impresiones cualitativas favorables a la eficacia de la intervención.

Cada dia prenem centenars de petites decisions. La major part de vegades sense ser-ne del tot conscients, guiats per les nostres necessitats internes i per les condicions de l'entorn, que inclouen les interaccions amb altres persones. Anar a treballar per guanyar-nos el sou o a estudiar per preparar-nos de cara al futur; què mengem per esmorzar o per dinar; quina samarreta, camisa o brusa ens posem, etcètera. Per descomptat, algunes d'aquestes decisions les prenem de manera conscient, però moltes les automatitzem. La diferència entre els dos casos rau en els elements on focalitzem l'atenció, la qual cosa afecta la motivació. I també a l'inrevés. Per exemple, si tenim alguna motivació per voler lluir, focalitzarem més l'atenció en la samarreta, camisa o brusa que ens posem. Com se sap des de fa moltes dècades, un dels elements clau que intervenen en la presa de decisions és el nivell de motivació: tenir-ne poca o, alternativament, massa, fa que les decisions siguin menys eficients. El neurocientífic Sami El-Boustani i els seus col·laboradors, de la Universitat de Ginebra i la Universitat Politècnica de Lausana, a Suïssa, han examinat quines són les causes neuronals d'aquest fet. Segons destaquen al seu treball, publicat a la revista Neuron, el motiu rau en un augment indiscriminat o, alternativament, en una baixada generalitzada de l'activitat neuronal que permet gestionar les informacions sensorials, la qual cosa afecta directament la qualitat de les decisions que prenem. Les conseqüències d'aquest resultat en l'àmbit educatiu, i també en altres camps, són molt importants.

According to the “reduced emotionality hypothesis”, we are less emotionally driven when reasoning in a foreign language (FL) than in a native language (NL). We examined whether this foreign language effect (FLe) extends to the way we perceive motivational quotes (i.e., encouraging slogans conveying a profound and inspirational message): we expected FL participants to rate motivational quotes as less profound than NL participants. Strikingly, we observed the opposite: FL participants found motivational quotes more profound than NL participants, even after controlling for potential confounders (e.g., IQ, reasoning style). Both FL and NL participants gave similarly low profundity ratings to pseudo-profound bullshit sentences (i.e., meaningless sentences sounding profound), indicating that the message must be meaningful for the FLe to arise. We propose that, like space or time, language could promote psychological distance. This favours a focus on the background of a message to indicate profoundness.

Music's ability to induce feelings of pleasure has been the subject of intense neuroscientific research lately. Prior neuroimaging studies have shown that music-induced pleasure engages cortico-striatal circuits related to the anticipation and receipt of biologically relevant rewards/incentives, but these reports are necessarily correlational. Here, we studied both the causal role of this circuitry and its temporal dynamics by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex combined with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in 17 male and female participants. Behaviorally, we found that, in accord with previous findings, excitation of fronto-striatal pathways enhanced subjective reports of music-induced pleasure and motivation; whereas inhibition of the same circuitry led to the reduction of both. fMRI activity patterns indicated that these behavioral changes were driven by bidirectional TMS-induced alteration of fronto-striatal function. Specifically, changes in activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) predicted modulation of both hedonic and motivational responses, with a dissociation between pre-experiential vs. experiential components of musical reward. In addition, TMS-induced changes in the fMRI functional connectivity between the NAcc and frontal and auditory cortices predicted the degree of modulation of hedonic responses. These results indicate that the engagement of cortico-striatal pathways and the NAcc, in particular, is indispensable to experience rewarding feelings from music.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:Neuroimaging studies have shown that music-induced pleasure engages cortico-striatal circuits involved in the processing of biologically relevant rewards. Yet, these reports are necessarily correlational. Here, we studied both the causal role of this circuitry and its temporal dynamics by combining brain stimulation over the frontal cortex with functional imaging. Behaviorally, we found that excitation and inhibition of fronto-striatal pathways enhanced and disrupted, respectively, subjective reports of music-induced pleasure and motivation. These changes were associated with changes in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activity and NAcc coupling with frontal and auditory cortices, dissociating between pre-experimental vs. experiential components of musical reward. These results indicate that the engagement of cortico-striatal pathways, and the NAcc in particular, is indispensable to experience rewarding feeling from music.

Treatment adherence and motivation to change are among the main challenges in intervention programs for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators. Motivational strategies have shown promising results in increasing the effectiveness of intervention programs for IPV perpetrators. One of these motivational strategies is goal setting. The aim of this study was to analyze and categorize the self-determined goals ( n = 204) of 227 male participants attending an intervention program for IPV perpetrators. Findings of the thematic analysis suggested three levels of analysis: 4 core categories, 12 categories, and 35 codes. The four core categories were “interpersonal relationships” (39.7%), “personal resources for daily life” (29.3%), “coping strategies” (27.8%), and “motivation to change” (3.2%). Identifying the main categories of self-determined goals of IPV perpetrators could guide professionals to tailor the intervention to participants’ specific needs and implement evidence-based strategies to strengthen goal attainment and improve treatment outcomes.

Es diu que hi ha persones que veuen la vida de color de rosa. És una expressió que s'acostuma a fer servir per descriure els individus que són especialment optimistes, tot i que de vegades es fa servir també amb cert to pejoratiu per dir que ho són en excés o injustificadament. Tanmateix, ¿és cert que l'optimisme ens fa veure la vida literalment de color rosa? Fa temps que se sap que les emocions positives generen sensacions d'optimisme i activen la motivació, mentre que les negatives acostumen a fer tot el contrari: estimulen la tristesa i el pessimisme. Partint d'aquestes premisses, els investigadors japonesos Genya Kurohara i Keiko Ogawa, de la Universitat d'Hiroshima, han analitzat fins a quin punt les emocions positives activen mecanismes fisiològics cerebrals associats a la motivació. Segons descriuen als resultats del seu treball, que han publicat a la revista NeuroReport, quan s'estimulen les emocions positives perquè s'estan veient imatges agradables, s'activen les àrees motivacionals del cervell i s'estimula la flexibilitat cognitiva, dos processos que acostumen a anar associats a les sensacions d'optimisme. I també, curiosament, s'estimula l'escorça visual de manera que interpretem l'entorn com a més lluminós, una lluminositat que, culturalment, associem al color rosa.

Introduction: smoking refers to an addiction to tobacco addiction caused mainly by nicotine. This fact affects almost a quarter of the European population over 15 years old and involves several pathologies that fundamentally affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Those entail a risk to the health of tobacco consumers and, consequently, an increase of health system's outlay. At the same time, as a result of the pandemic, the use of ICTs in health have increased significantly. Telemedicine is today a complement of conventional healthcare and allows agile service and time savings in consultation. Several studies have shown that mobile and web applications in health care can improve accessibility, adherence, and treatment tracking. Specifically in smoking-related applications, some studies concluded that combining the care work in combination with apps for smoking cessation improved therapeutic adherence and motivation during the process. However, they also assert that there is a lack of information based on evidence. Other authors, however, argue that further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of these applications. Objectives: this project aims to study the effectiveness of a mobile application in smoking cessation to increase adherence to treatment and keep a high motivation to quit smoking. Methodology: an app prototype is designed following the methodology of the document “Guia bàsica de recomanacions pel desenvolupament d’app de salut i atenció social” written by Fundació TIC Salut Social. Prior to the dissemination of the application, a case-control study will be carried out to verify the effectiveness of the motivation and adherence to the treatment of the mobile application. Conclusion: an app prototype is proposed and each phase of the project is designed to test the effectiveness and subsequent dissemination of the instrument in the future.

The lockdown resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a huge impact on peoples’ health. In sport specifically, athletes have had to deal with frustration of their objectives and changes in their usual training routines. The challenging and disruptive situation could hold implications for their well-being. This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on changes in athletes’ reported eudaimonic well-being (subjective vitality) and goal motives (autonomous and controlled) over time (i.e., pre-lockdown and during lockdown). The relationship of resilience to changes in subjective vitality was also determined, and changes in athletes’ goal motives were examined as potential mediators. Participants were 127 Spanish university athletes aged between 18 and 34 years (M = 21.14; SD = 2.77). Approximately 4 months before the start of the lockdown in Spain (T1), athletes responded to a questionnaire assessing their resilience, goal motives, and subjective vitality. Around 6 months later into the lockdown period (T2), athletes’ goal motives and subjective vitality were assessed again. Growth modeling using hierarchical linear models revealed a significant decrease of autonomous goal motives and subjective vitality during the lockdown, but athletes did not show change over time in controlled goal motives. Path analysis, adjusting T2 measures for their corresponding T1 measures, showed that resilience significantly predicted changes in athletes’ autonomous goal motives, which then accounted for changes in subjective vitality. The indirect effect was significant. Resilience did not predict changes in athletes’ controlled goal motives. However, changes in controlled goal motives negatively predicted changes in subjective vitality during lockdown. The findings suggest negative impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on athletes’ goal motives and eudaimonic well-being. Results also support the hypothesized mediational role of autonomous goal motives in the relationship between resilience and subjective vitality during the lockdown. As such, findings confirm the relevance of resilience to a key feature of athletes’ eudaimonic well-being and the importance of enhancing their autonomous goal striving.

DDEUIT

Podeu consultar les dades primàries de l'article a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/171472, Podeu consultar l'article a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/176635, Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends to recede as young adults transition from high school into university. The present study sought to understand, in the case of university students that still practice PA, their motives for PA and their relationships with psychological need satisfaction (PNS) and characteristics of practice regularity (frequency, duration, team, competitive, coach, league, federation, and type of day of the week for PA). Participants were 423 university students who reported to practice PA (203 identified as men, 191 as women, 29 did not report gender), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old (M = 19.91, SD = 1.97). Measures assessing motives for PA, PNS, and PA characteristics were completed. Hierarchical, followed by iterative, cluster analysis was used and four naturally occurring groupings of university students were identified based on their motives for PA: one extrinsic-motives cluster (with both extrinsic motives -fitness and appearance- above the mean), one all-motives cluster (with all five motives above the mean), one intrinsic-motives cluster (with all three intrinsic motives -enjoyment, competence, social- above the mean), and one low-motives cluster (with all motives below the mean). Groupings were compared in terms of the characteristics of their practice regularity (frequency, duration, competition, team, coach, league, federation, type of day of the week used for PA) and their levels of PNS (of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in PA). Significant between-group differences were observed in the duration of single principal PA sessions, minutes per week practicing main PA, total PA minutes per week, and type of day of the week used for PA. The number of days per week devoted to the principal PA and the number of total PAs practiced were similar across all four clusters. With regard to between-group differences in psychological need satisfaction in PA by cluster, these analyses showed the existence of four clearly distinguishable naturally occurring groupings based on motives for PA, which gives researchers and practitioners the possibility to analyze and implement tailored interventions aimed at promoting PA among university students.

The objective of this study was to explore what motivates pregnant and breastfeeding women to make changes in their diet, specifically to examine how their perceptions regarding diet facilitate or act as obstacles to introducing healthy eating habits. For the optimal development of the mother, the fetus, or breastfeeding baby, it is important to avoid foods containing substances, such as persistent toxic substances (PTSs), that are harmful to health during pregnancy and after the baby&rsquo, s birth. This study used a qualitative research methodology, based on semi-structured individual interviews, food diaries, free lists, and focus groups with 111 pregnant and breastfeeding women in Spain. This approach was followed by a systematic and exhaustive exploitation of the qualitative data obtained, following the methodological principles of grounded theory. From the study results, we conclude that the motivation for a change in diet to avoid PTSs is based on the desire to promote good health, beliefs about the importance of having a varied diet, and the avoidance of potential risks. The main obstacles to change can be attributed to inadequate information, contradictory discourses, and socioeconomic difficulties.

Perfectionism is considered to be an important personality factor within the dance context given the high number of dancers whose psychological health is influenced by its consequences. The relationship between perfectionism and dancers&rsquo, well- and ill-being can be mediated by a range of variables. The present study explores the role of forms of motivation (i.e., autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented and socially prescribed) and an indicator of well-being (i.e., subjective vitality) and ill-being (i.e., burnout). Participants of the study were 146 male and female Spanish vocational dancers aged between 12 and 26 years old (Mean age = 15.40 &plusmn, 2.96) who completed questionnaires measuring the variables of interest. Results of multiple mediator regression analyses showed that amotivation mediated the relationships between self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism with burnout and subjective vitality. Self-oriented perfectionism was negatively correlated, and socially prescribed perfectionism positively associated with amotivation. Amotivation of dancers was a positive predictor of burnout and a negative predictor of subjective vitality. Overall, the findings corroborate the importance of amotivation in the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and well-being and ill-being in dancers.

In sport organizations, a stance aimed at creating a positive emotional and social climate may be necessary. This study examines athletes' individual psychosocial factors that are linked to sports practice and sports performance. These factors include individual motivation, emotions, and beliefs. The main objective is to create a hierarchy of emotional and motivational factors that sport organizations can use to increase athletes' commitment. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to do so. This method enables analysis of priorities and criteria to support decision-making. The results show that motivation, defined here as the drive that leads individuals to develop plans to achieve their goals by balancing short- and long-term goals, and emotion regulation, defined as the capacity to be aware of and manage one's emotions to reach a balanced emotional state, are the most important criteria to generate this commitment within sport organizations.

El escenario de asesoramiento colaborativo es un espacio sociocultural donde lo que se hace y se dice condiciona el tipo de interacción que se va a dar entre las personas que participan así como la actividad que llevan a cabo de manera conjunta. En este artículo vamos a reflexionar sobre el papel de la motivación de los profesores y asesores para mantener el asesoramiento así como en las posibilidades que tiene el asesor para crear y mantener un contexto que resulte motivante para asesor y asesorados The collaborative assessment scenario is a sociocultural setting where what is done and said determines the kind of interaction that will take place among the people involved as well as the activity carried out jointly. In this article we will reflect on the role of teachers and educational counselors' motivation to maintain assessment as well as the possibilities for the counselor to create and maintain an environment that is motivating for both him/herself and those being advised

Music-based interventions have emerged as a promising tool in stroke motor rehabilitation as they integrate most of the principles of motor training and multimodal stimulation. This paper aims to review the use of music in the rehabilitation of upper extremity motor function after stroke. First, we review the evidence supporting current music-based interventions including Music-supported Therapy, Music glove, group music therapy, Rhythm- and music-based intervention, and Musical sonification. Next, we describe the mechanisms that may be responsible for the effectiveness of these interventions, focusing on motor learning aspects, how multimodal stimulation may boost motor performance, and emotional and motivational aspects related to music. Then, we discuss methodological concerns in music therapy research related to modifications of therapy protocols, evaluation of patients and study designs. Finally, we highlight clinical considerations for the implementation of music-based interventions in clinical settings. DDEUIT

The field of fitness is a sector where the vast majority of participants seek to improve their physical appearance for greater body satisfaction. Such persecution, ends up with motivation and mental health playing a key role in the possible achievement of these goals. Thus, through the following study, we want to analyse the differential effect on the quality of motivation and the relationship between motivation and mental health produced by the different types of activities performed in a fitness club. To collect the data we used the Spanish version of Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) which allowed us to do a descriptive analysis and the correlations of the different motivations and mental Health. We had a sample of 30 people older than 18. All the analysis used an unique method to punctuate. It follows a cross design, where we use the questionnaires to obtain the data. The results showed that the new methods seems to be better for those people who's starting in the gym. Which can be an opportunity to increase the motivation and mental health levels L’àmbit del fitness, és un sector on la gran majoria de participants busquen millorar l’aspecte físic per una major satisfacció corporal. Es tal aquesta persecució, que en molts casos la salut mental i la motivació acaben jugant un paper clau en el possible assoliment d’aquests objectius. Així doncs, a través del següent estudi, volem analitzar l’efecte diferencial en la qualitat de la motivació i la relació entre motivació i salut mental que produeixen els diferents tipus d’activitats realitzades en un centre de fitness. Per recollir les dades s’han utilitzat les adaptacions al castellà del Qüestionari de Regulació Conductual (BRSQ) i el Qüestionari de Salut General de 12 items (GHQ-12) amb les que es van realitzar anàlisis descriptius de les subescales motivacionals i salut mental. La mostra total va ser de 30 persones amb un promig d’edats superior als 18 anys i tots els anàlisis realitzats van utilitzar un únic mètode de puntuació (Likert). S’utilitza un disseny transversal en el que s’empren els qüestionaris per obtenir les dades. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que les noves tecnologies ofereixen estratègies d’adherència interessants per a totes aquelles persones poc motivades a través de les quals poder augmentar la motivació i salut mental

Motivational strategies are among the most promising approaches to improve the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs (BIPs). An individualized motivational plan (IMP) is one of these motivational strategies. The present study aimed to explore whether adding an IMP to a standard BIP improved the participant-facilitator working alliance and participants' protherapeutic behaviors. To this end a randomized controlled trial was conducted. One hundred fifty-three men convicted of intimate partner violence were randomly assigned to either a standard BIP (control condition, n = 79) or a standard BIP plus IMP (experimental condition, n = 74). Working alliance (i.e., general working alliance, agreement, and bond) was assessed with the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer, short version. Protherapeutic behaviors (i.e., assumption of responsibility, participant role behavior, and group value) were assessed with the Observational Coding of Protherapeutic Group Behavior. Both working alliance and protherapeutic behaviors were assessed by an external observer early and late in intervention. Our results showed that both general working alliance and agreement and bond, were significantly higher in the standard BIP plus IMP intervention condition, both early and late in intervention. All protherapeutic behaviors were significantly higher in the standard BIP plus IMP early in intervention, and also late in intervention for assumption of responsibility and group value. Our findings have important practical implications as our results clearly showed that a motivational strategy tool such as the IMP improves key intervention processes (i.e., working alliance and protherapeutic behaviors) in BIPs, therefore increasing their effectiveness.

Treballs Finals del Grau d'Estudis Anglesos, Facultat de Filologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020, Tutor: Maria Luz Celaya, [eng] This paper focuses on the motivation and strategies used by Spanish learners of Japanese as a foreign language in the city of Barcelona through a questionnaire that was completed by 20 participants. The results were compared with the ones from similar studies that were carried out both in Spain and in other countries. It was found that motivation has a central role in the study of languages and that it is connected to individual variables. Also, in the case of Japanese, students’ motivation comes from an interest on Japan’s culture and it can be increased through study abroad experiences. At the same time, the use of English as a learning tool and a focus on vocabulary and the role of the teacher were found to be strategies to take into account during the learning process., [spa] Este ensayo se centra en la motivación y estrategias usadas por estudiantes españoles que están estudiando japonés como lengua extranjera en la ciudad de Barcelona a través de un cuestionario que ha sido completado por 20 participantes. Los resultados han sido comparados con los de estudios similares que se han llevado a cabo tanto en España como en otros países. Se ha constatado que la motivación tiene un papel central al estudiar idiomas y que está conectada con otras variables. Además, en el caso del japonés, la motivación de los estudiantes viene del interés por la cultura japonesa y esta se puede aumentar mediante estancias de estudio en el extranjero. Al mismo tiempo, se ha comprobado que el uso del inglés como herramienta de aprendizaje y centrarse en el vocabulario y el papel del profesor son estrategias a tener en cuenta durante el proceso de aprendizaje.

Contains fulltext : 178122.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Heavy cannabis use is associated with reduced motivation. The basal ganglia, central in the motivation system, have the brain's highest cannabinoid receptor density. The frontal lobe is functionally coupled to the basal ganglia via segregated frontal-subcortical circuits conveying information from internal, self-generated activity. The basal ganglia, however, receive additional influence from the sensory system to further modulate purposeful behaviors according to the context. We postulated that cannabis use would impact functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and both internal (frontal cortex) and external (sensory cortices) sources of influence. Resting-state functional connectivity was measured in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls. Selected behavioral tests included reaction time, verbal fluency and exposition to affective pictures. Assessments were repeated after one month of abstinence. Cannabis exposure was associated with (1) attenuation of the positive correlation between the striatum and areas pertaining to the 'limbic' frontal-basal ganglia circuit, and (2) attenuation of the negative correlation between the striatum and the fusiform gyrus, which is critical in recognizing significant visual features. Connectivity alterations were associated with lower arousal in response to affective pictures. Functional connectivity changes had a tendency to normalize after abstinence. The results overall indicate that frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia are attenuated after chronic exposure to cannabis. This effect is consistent with the common behavioral consequences of chronic cannabis use concerning diminished responsiveness to both internal and external motivation signals. Such an impairment of the fine-tuning in the motivation system notably reverts after abstinence.

The importance of trait indebtedness in the context of the study of gratitude has been growing in recent years, since both constructs form complex dynamics in response to the reception of a gift. In this work, the disposition to feel indebtedness is studied, through analysis of convergence and divergence, exploratory, and confirmatory analysis in the Spanish population, with the most used measurement instrument, i.e. The Revised Indebtedness Scale, IS-R. This scale depicted a four factor solution interrelated with a high consistency of content, which allows their labeling and describing. To do this, two samples of university students were selected; one of the sample sizes had 229 participants and the other 200 participants. Results also indicated good internal consistency described as follows: Debt for material aspects (α = 0.81), Self-sufficiency and discomfort in receiving help (α = 0.82), Moral self-demand in the reception of help (α = 0.83) and Debt in the receipt of gifts (α = 0.75). Furthermore, it was suggested that the relationships between gratitude and indebtedness are complex: on the one hand, all the indebtedness factors are inversely correlated with gratitude, such as the GQ5, although only Self-sufficiency and discomfort in receiving help and Debt in the receipt of gifts are such to a significant extent. However, the Interpersonal Gratitude scale of the G-20 depicted low correlations only with the Self-sufficiency and discomfort. The results are discussed in relation to the need for conceptual definition of the constructs in Positive Psychology.

Treballs Finals del Màster de Formació de Professor d'Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera, Facultat d'Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2018-2019, Tutor: Jordi González, En el presente trabajo se expondrán los beneficios de la inclusión del componente lúdico en el aprendizaje y la importancia de la incorporación de unas nuevas metodologías de enseñanza para optimizar el rendimiento y las capacidades del alumnado. Está dirigido a docentes que busquen ampliar su red de recursos para hacer más dinámicas sus clases de literatura. Se intenta definir con la mayor precisión qué es la gamificación y se pretenden poner de relieve los pilares fundamentales del juego, así como sus objetivos: la motivación, el docere delectando y el aprendizaje de unos valores como pueden ser la cooperación, la colaboración, el respeto y la responsabilidad, entre muchos otros. Seguidamente, se plantearán unos recursos gamificadores aplicados al aprendizaje de la literatura y que el docente pueda incluir en sus clases de cuarto de la ESO. A título ilustrativo, se aplicarán algunos de estos recursos a la unidad didáctica de la generación del 27., The aim of this project is to show the benefits of the ludic component integration in the learning process as well as the importance of new teaching methodologies to optimize the students’ efficiency and capabilities. It is mainly addressed to teachers who are searching new resources to increase the dynamism in their literature lectures. It is focused on trying to define in the most precise way what the gamification is and the determination of the main game pillars and its main objectives: motivation, “docere delectando”, and important values such as cooperation, collaboration, respect and responsibility. Moreover, some gamification resources which could be applied to literature are presented in order to encourage teachers to include those resources in their lectures with 4th level high school students. Finally, as an example, some of these resources are applied to a “Generación del 27” didactic unit.

This research addresses the profile and motives for enrollment of online master's students in three different fields of knowledge (humanities, social sciences and experimental sciences) at an online university. The data has been collected through an ad hoc questionnaire; the sample, obtained of 253 UNIBA master's students, has been analyzed using a descriptive methodology and a factor and comparative analysis of the investigation dimensions. The results include the different access profiles of the students that have been identified based on a set of sociodemographic variables. Furthermore, the differences between their motives for enrolling and the latent factors that can be identified. These results are discussed, and compared to traditional, face-to-face, master's degrees, which have had an extremely increase on enrollment in the last few years. The importance of guidance and tutoring are examined as tools to guarantee quality standards and support student's perseverance and overall success.

Treballs Finals de Grau de Mestre d'Educació Primària, Facultat d'Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2018-2019, Tutora: Gemma Aznar Escalas, Des dels seus inicis fins a l’actualitat, s’ha utilitzat la gamificació en diversos contextos no lúdics per a motivar a les persones a assolir hàbits o realitzar certes accions. Tot i que per a gamificar s’han d’aplicar elements de joc, no existeix una classificació específica per l’àmbit educatiu que consideri l’edat dels alumnes. A partir d’aquí, es proposen tres objectius d’investigació: dissenyar una classificació d’elements de joc adaptada a 5è de primaria (OG), classificar als alumnes de la mostra segons el seu tipus de jugador (OE1) i extraure dades sobre els seus interessos i motivacions en l’àmbit del joc (OE2). Per a començar amb la investigació, s’ha seleccionat una mostra de 50 alumnes de 5è curs de primària per a fer un qüestionari inicial i, a continuació, fer-los el test de Marczewski (2015) i obtenir, així, el tipus de jugador de cada alumne/a. Posteriorment, s’han realitzat grups de discussió basats en aquesta classificació per parlar sobre els interessos dels nens/es en referència als jocs i a com es podrien aplicar aquests interessos a l’àmbit educatiu. Finalment, s’ha realitzat un buidatge de les aportacions de tots els participants i s’ha procedit a elaborar i dissenyar una proposta de 34 elements de joc adaptats a l’àmbit educatiu. En referència als resultats obtinguts, s’ha observat que hi ha un percentatge molt alt de jugadores socialiers i philanthropists, que fan referència a les persones que desitgen actuar i/o interactuar amb altres persones. Sobre les conclusions que s’han extret, cal esmentar els punts forts i les limitacions de la investigació. Posant l’accent en els punts forts, cal destacar que mitjançant aquest treball s’ha pogut dissenyar una taula de 34 elements de joc que pot contribuir a la gamificació en el context educatiu. D’altra banda, una limitació observable és que la mostra de treball és poc significativa en relació amb la totalitat d’alumnes del mateix context., Desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, se ha utilizado la gamificación en varios contextos no lúdicos para motivar a las personas a coger hábitos o realizar ciertas acciones. Pese a que para gamificar se deben aplicar elementos de juego, no existe una clasificación específica para el ámbito educativo que considere la edad de los alumnos. A partir de aquí, se proponen tres objetivos de investigación: diseñar una clasificación de elementos de juegos adaptada a 5º de primaria (OG), clasificar a los alumnos de la muestra según su tipo de jugador (OE1) y extraer datos sobre sus intereses y motivaciones en el ámbito del juego (OE2). Para comenzar la investigación, se ha seleccionado una muestra de 50 alumnos de 5º curso de primaria para hacer un cuestionario inicial y, a continuación, pasarles el test de Marczewski (2015) y obtener, así, el tipo de jugador de cada alumno/a. Posteriormente, se han realizado grupos de discusión basados en esta clasificación para hablar sobre los intereses de los niños/as en referencia a los juegos y a cómo se podrían aplicar estos intereses al ámbito educativo. Finalmente, se ha realizado un vacío de las aportaciones de todos los participantes y se ha procedido a elaborar y diseñar una propuesta de 34 elementos de juego adaptados al ámbito educativo. En referencia a los resultados obtenidos, se ha observado que hay un porcentaje muy alto de jugadores socialiers y philantropists, que hacen referencia a las personas que desean actuar y/o interactuar con otras personas. Sobre las conclusiones que se han extraído, hay que mencionar los puntos fuertes y las limitaciones de la investigación. Poniendo la mirada sobre los puntos fuertes, hay que destacar que mediante este trabajo se ha podido diseñar una tabla de 34 elementos de juego que puede contribuir a la gamificación en el contexto educativo. Por otro lado, una limitación observable es que la muestra de trabajo es poco significativa en relación a la totalidad de alumnos del mismo contexto., From the beginning to the present, gamification has been used in several non-play contexts to motivate people to take habits or perform certain actions. In spite of the fact that gamification must apply game atoms, there is no specific classification for the educational field that considers the age of the students. From here, three research objectives are proposed: to design a classification of game atoms adapted to 5th grade of primary school (OG), to classify the students of the sample according to their type of player (SO1) and to extract information about their interests and motivations in the field of gaming (SO2). To start the investigation, a sample of 50 fifth-grade primary school students was selected to do an initial questionnaire and then pass the Marczewski test (2015) to obtain the type of player of each student. Subsequently, discussion groups based on this classification have been held to discuss the interests of the children in reference to the games and how these interests could be applied to the educational field. Finally, a gap of the contributions of all the participants has been made and a proposal of 34 game elements adapted to the educational field has been prepared and designed. In reference to the results obtained, it has been observed that there is a very high percentage of social players and philanthropists, who refer to people who wish to act and / or interact with other people. On the conclusions that have been extracted, it is necessary to mention the strong points and the limitations of the investigation. Looking at the strengths, it should be noted that through this work we have been able to design a table of 34 game elements that can contribute to gamification in the educational context. On the other hand, an observable limitation is that the work sample is not significant in relation to the totality of students in the same context.

[cat] INTRODUCCIÓ: Mantenir una bona higiene oral és un repte per a la població general i encara més per als adolescents i adults joves que porten ortodòncia fixa. L’absència d’un correcte raspallat pot generar conseqüències a nivell oral com ara desmineralització de l’esmalt, inflamació gingival i càries. A nivell sistèmic s’ha vist que existeix una relació entre la gingivitis i la incidència de malaltia arterioescleròtica. L’educació convencional basada en donar instruccions en higiene oral és insuficient per aconseguir canvis de comportament. No obstant, l’entrevista motivacional ha resultatser efectiva en canviar un ampli ventall de comportaments relacionats amb l’estil de vida i ha estat recentment introduïda en el canvi d’hàbits de salut oral. La determinació de la fase de la roda del canvi en la que se senten identificats els participants ajuda a emmarcar la direcció que cal seguir cap al canvi d’hàbits. OBJECTIUS: Comparar els resultats de la higiene oral al moment basal, al mes i als 6 mesos en adolescents i adults joves portadors d’ortodòncia fixa assignats al grup d’entrevista motivacional combinada amb l’educació convencional respecte els adolescents i adults joves assignats al grup que rep l’educació convencional sola. MÈTODES: S’ha realitzat un estudi clínic prospectiu, randomitzat, obert i de grups paral·lels al Servei d’Ortodòncia de l’Hospital Odontològic Universitat de Barcelona, des de setembre de 2016 a desembre de 2017. Tots el pacients en tractament d’ortodòncia fixa visitats consecutivament entre 12 i 25 anys van ser elegibles per a participar a l’estudi i van ser distribuïts aleatòriament al grup control, que va rebre una sessió d’educació convencional, o bé al grup intervenció que va rebre la mateixa educació i una sessió d’entrevista motivacional per un ortodoncista format en entrevista motivacional. Es va avaluar l’índex de placa i gingival de Löe i Silness, als dos grups al moment basal, al mes i als 6 mesos. Totes les sessions es van gravar en àudio i un 20% van ser codificades per un revisor independent membre de la Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers. Es va registrar la durada de l’entrevista al moment basal i es van realitzar avaluacions de les escales d’importància i confiança com a part de l’entrevista i de les fases de la roda del canvi al moment basal i als 6 mesos. RESULTATS: La mostra va constar de 130 participants amb 59 assignats al grup d’educació convencional sola i 71 al grup que a més de l’educació va rebre l’entrevista motivacional. Aquest últim va reduir significativament l’índex de placa i gingival al mes i es va mantenir als 6 mesos de l’estudi, amb una P < 0,001 per ambdós índexs. El 56% dels participants van avançar en la roda del canvi cap a una millora dels seus hàbits d’higiene. CONCLUSIONS: L’entrevista motivacional en combinació amb l’educació convencional és més efectiva que l’educació convencional sola per a millorar la higiene oral en adolescents i adults joves amb ortodòncia fixa i el seu manteniment tant al mes com als 6 mesos, mesurada en índex de placa i índex gingival., [eng] INTRODUCTION: Maintaining good oral hygiene is a challenge for the general population and even more for teens and young adults undergoing fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. The absence of a proper brushing can have oral consequences such as enamel demineralization, gingival inflammation and caries. Regarding to general health, a relationship between gingivitis and the incidence of arteriosclerotic disease has been found. Conventional education, which focuses on giving normative advice, is insufficient to achieve sustained behavioral changes. However, motivational interviewing has been found to be effective in changing a broad range of behaviors related to lifestyle and it has recently been introduced into changing oral health behaviors. An evaluation of the stage of change in which participants feel identified with, may help to frame the direction that must be followed towards changing habits. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the results of oral hygiene at baseline, 1- month and 6-months in adolescents and young adults wearing fixed appliances assigned to the motivational interviewing group combined with conventional education compared to adolescents and young adults assigned to the group that received conventional education alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, open clinical study, of parallel groups has been carried out at the Orthodontic Service of the l’Hospital Odontològic Universitat de Barcelona, from September 2016 to December 2017. All patients wearing fixed appliances aged 12-25 years were eligible to participate in the study. They were randomly selected and allocated to the control group, that received a conventional education session, or to the intervention group that received the same education and a session of motivational interviewing delivered by an orthodontist trained in motivational interviewing. The plaque and gingival index Löe & Silness were evaluated, in both groups at baseline, at 1-month and at 6-months follow-up. All the sessions were audiotaped, and 20% of them were coded by an independent reviewer member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers. Duration of the motivational interviewing sessions was recorded at baseline and values of importance scale and confidence scale were evaluated as well as the stage of change at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 130 participants were recruited and 59 were allocated to the conventional education group and 71 of them were allocated to the group that received the same conventional education session followed by a session of motivational interviewing. This group showed significant differences when comparing the plaque and gingival indexes at 1-month and 6-months; reduced values were found reflecting an improvement in oral hygiene (P < 0.001). A total of 56% of participants felt identified with more advanced stages of change at 6-months compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Motivational interviewing combined with conventional education is more effective than conventional education alone to improve oral hygiene in adolescents and young adults wearing fixed appliances at 1-month and 6-months follow-up, measured by a decrease of plaque and gingival indexes.

In the past 30 years, the camino to Santiago de Compostela has been recreated as an eclectic pilgrimage, open to both religious and atheist travelers. Following previous work on motivational orientations and religion, we conducted a study examining atheist versus religious pilgrims' motivations to walk the Santiago way. We assessed pilgrims (N = 360) at various parts of the northern Spanish camino using a questionnaire that measured motivations to go on pilgrimage. In addition, we measured levels of positive and negative affect, physical exertion, and emotional problems. Atheists scored significantly lower on community and religious types of motivations. However, in several measures no differences were found between groups. We suggest that both atheist and religious pilgrims are exploring forms of horizontal and vertical transcendence characterized by a desire to connect to nature and one's deeper self

This case study presents some factors involved in modulating the behaviors of a drug using adolescent.Therefore, the adolescent's and a family member's levels of self-efficacy and hope were assessed, whereas both received a brief intervention for adolescent drug use with parent sessions. The adolescent's drug use and motivation were also investigated. The main results indicate that the adolescent showed less motivation at follow-up concerning actions, although his ambivalence and his awareness regarding drug use problems increased. The adolescent lapsed back to tobacco use, albeit presented a structured routine at 14 months after the posttest. Based on the results, when considering the importance to improve positive aspects in adolescence, in order to do so, their caretakers should also be supported.

The technological transition currently taking place in the labor market is having severe implications for people. One vulnerable group at risk of marketplace exclusion are employees with disabilities. This research explores their job motivation, including the moderated effect of self-efficacy. A 187 employees from Special Employment Centers (SECs) in Spain with intellectual and physical disabilities completed the Internal Motivation Scale, the Psychological Critical States (PCS) and the self-efficacy sub-scale of the Psychological Processes Scale (PPS) tests. Following the International Tests Commission guidelines, the instruments were adapted to the special needs of the participants. We found differences depending on the kind of disability of employees. In employees with intellectual disabilities, their levels of self-efficacy moderated the effect of responsibility for outcomes and meaningfulness of work on motivation. In the case of employees with physical disabilities, the knowledge of results is a predictor of motivation when they had medium or high levels of self-efficacy. Additionally, in this group, responsibility for outcomes and meaningfulness of work had a direct effect on motivation, independently of their levels of self-efficacy. Employees with disabilities should be empowered to make choices and exercise control in their working lives. To do so, human resources managers should promote their wellbeing, taking into consideration the workforce diversity.

Introducción:Son muchos los estudios en el campo de la terapia ocupacional que han demostrado la eficacia del uso de casos clínicos para desarrollar el razonamiento clínico en alumnos de terapia ocupacional. El uso de casos reales o simulados en formato audiovisual ha supuesto una mejora en la preparación de los alumnos para las prácticas curriculares. Objetivos: Analizar la diferencia entre trabajar mediante la lectura de un caso clínico o el visionado del mismo en formato audiovisual para la realización de un diagnóstico ocupacional sobre la motivación en el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Método: Se trató de un estudio preliminar aleatorizado en el que 14 alumnos del grado de terapia ocupacional de la UVic, fueron asignados al grupo de lectura del caso o al visionado del mismo en formato audiovisual. A los alumnos se les solicitó que realizaran el diagnóstico ocupacional de la persona evaluada. La principal variable recogida fue la motivación del aprendizaje que se completó a través de la Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS), la cual permite calcular 4 dimensiones fundamentales en la motivación: Atención, Relevancia, Confianza y Satisfacción. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron puntuaciones mayores para las 4 dimensiones del IMMS en el grupo de alumnos que realizó el ejercicio del diagnóstico ocupacional a través del visionado del caso en formato audiovisual. Aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas, las puntuaciones de confianza obtuvieron valores marginalmente significativos (p=.07). Conclusión: Aunque resulta necesario incluir más alumnos en la muestra estudiada, estos resultados preliminares apuntan a que ofrecer a los alumnos casos en formato audiovisual, más cercanos a la realidad, ayuda a que estén más motivados a la hora de aprender los contenidos de la materia. Estudio futuros serán necesarios para determinar cómo esta motivación tiene influencia en otras variables importantes para el aprendizaje. Este estudio fue desarrollado a partir de un Proyecto de Innovación Educativa financiado por la Universidad de Málaga, con título: De la práctica clínica al aula. Trabajo a partir de casos reales de Terapia Ocupacional. Código: PIE 19-164. DDEUIT

Considering flow as a non-ergodic process (i.e. non-homogeneous across indi- viduals and non-stationary over time) that happens at the within-individual level, in this research we work with Bakker's model that propose flow as made up by three components: intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, and absorption. Taking into account that flow theory can be considered as an intrinsic motivation theory, and the recent proposals about the need to distinguish between pre-conditions of flow and the flow experience itself, we look at interest as a moderator between the challenge/skills balance and the experience of flow, rather than a component of the flow experience. A total of 3640 recordings were collected from a sample of 58 workers using an experience sampling method (several registers a day, during 21 working days). The data was analyzed using regression techniques in each participant (i.e. at within-individual level). Our work tries to respond to the following two research questions: Will interest play a moderating role in the relationship between challenge/skills balance and flow? Will a non-linear model (cusp catastrophe model) better explain the relationship among challenge/skills balance, interest, and flow? The results suggest that our hypotheses were correct: including interest as moderator better explains the relationship between challenge/skills balance and flow in comparison to a model without moderation (R 2 values change from 0.33 to 0.50). Additionally, carrying out the analysis following non-linear techniques explained more variance as well (R 2 = 0.67), and this increment was significant. These results support the idea that interest should be considered as a key precondition for the appearance of flow, and this relationship is non- linear. We could say that these findings are exemplary in the field and brings up questions for their application in further research.

Este artículo presenta la intervención psicológica realizada con una mujer deportista de 19 años que presenta una discapacidad física y cuyo objetivo principal es el de acabar una travesía a nado en mar abierto. Para ayudarla en el logro de su meta, se realizan siete sesiones con una frecuencia de una vez a la semana tomando como punto de partida el modelo de coaching motivacional “La Jirafa de Cantón”, donde el psicólogo genera un entorno facilitador para que el cliente descubra y encuentre sus propias soluciones. En cuanto a la evaluación de su eficacia, se utiliza un diseño test-retest con los siguientes instrumentos: “Escala de Autoestima” de Rosenberg (1965), “Escala de Bienestar Psicológico” de Riff (en la adaptación española de Díaz et. al 2006) y “Escala de Autoeficacia General” de Bassler y Schwarzer (1996). En líneas generales, los resultados muestran una mejora en las variables psicológicas de autoestima general, autoeficacia, percepción de control y motivación intrínseca.

Treballs Finals del Màster de Formació de Professor d'Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera del "Centro Universitario Internacional de Barcelona (UNIBA)" Adscrit a la Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2016-2018, Tutor: Jaume Batlle Rodríguez, La motivación es uno de los elementos fundamentales que debe poseer un individuo para aprender una lengua extranjera. Es un proceso que va cambiando a través del tiempo y que va nutriéndose de aspectos tanto internos (las emociones y pensamientos), como externos (el aula, otros compañeros, el profesor y las políticas de cada centro). Como docentes, es importante conocer qué factores influyen en la motivación de nuestros alumnos y cómo podemos establecer estrategias que nos ayuden a fortalecer su motivación. Partiendo de lo anterior, este trabajo explora las influencias que tienen los elementos del aula en la motivación de los adolescentes. Para esta investigación se realizaron dos entrevistas siguiendo el formato de los grupos focales con veintidós estudiantes de séptimo grado entre las edades de 12-13 años en la ciudad de Filadelfia, Estados Unidos. Los resultados muestran que entre los factores que afectan positivamente la motivación se encuentra la gestión del profesor y su planificación de las clases; mientras que como factores negativos se identifican el estudio de la gramática, la poca exposición a la lengua meta y la ausencia de una división por niveles lingüísticos., Motivation is one of the fundamental elements that an individual must have to learn a foreign language. It is a process that changes over time and is nourished by both internal aspects (emotions and thoughts) and external elements (the classroom, other colleagues, the teacher and the methods of the center). As teachers, it is essential to know which factors influence the motivation of our students, and how we can establish strategies that help us to strengthen their motivation. Based on the above, this study explores the influences that the elements of the classroom have on the motivation of adolescents. For this research, two interviews were conducted following the format of the focus groups with twenty-two students from seventh grade, between the ages of 12-13 years in the city of Philadelphia, United States. The results show that among the favorable factors are the teacher's management in the classroom and their class planning; while the negative factors are the study of grammar, the low exposure to the target language and the absence of a division by linguistic levels.

[spa] Multitud de estudios diferentes han dedicado gran cantidad de esfuerzo al estudio de la motivación en pacientes con trastornos mentales. La esquizofrenia es uno de los trastornos que más ha captado la atención de los autores, siendo por tanto la que más información recopila. Quizás un gran hallazgo dentro de este campo de estudio fue la estrecha relación entre variables motivacionales con la funcionalidad de los pacientes. Sin embargo, la diversidad de terminologías motivacionales abordadas, los diferentes instrumentos de evaluación y las nuevas tecnologías pueden estar enturbiando una óptima comprensión del deterioro motivacional y la mejora funcional de los pacientes con esquizofrenia. El proyecto propuesto pretende revisar los estudios llevados a cabo hasta la fecha sobre la motivación en esquizofrenia. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios dirigidos a evaluar la motivación de pacientes con esquizofrenia, con el fin de describir y analizar la tipología instrumental y terminológica empleada a lo largo de las últimas décadas. La siguiente fase pretende profundizar sobre la relación entre motivación y funcionalidad de los pacientes a través de un meta-análisis, incluyendo además y comparándola con la asociación entre funcionalidad y variables neurocognitivas. Estudios originales localizados en bases de datos como Medline y Web of Science seleccionados de acuerdo a criterios relacionados con los trastornos psicóticos, motivación y funcionalidad en esquizofrenia. A través de los diferentes estudios se analizaron datos descriptivos sobre la muestra y características de los estudios, así como variables moderadoras para los análisis meta-analíticos. Los resultados revelaron un incremento significativo del estudio de la motivación en esquizofrenia, especialmente desde los años noventa, con anhedonia como el principal término estudiado. Además, los cuestionarios fueron identificados como el instrumento preferido para evaluar la motivación en pacientes con esquizofrenia. Así mismo, los metanálisis demostraron que tanto la motivación como la neurocognición estaban fuertemente asociadas con el funcionamiento de los pacientes, siendo las correlaciones entre motivación y funcionalidad más fuertes. Sin embargo, más de tres cuartas partes de la varianza del resultado quedan inexplicadas por los factores moderadores examinados. Se observaron algunas diferencias en la asociación entre funcionalidad y algunos términos empleados para definir la motivación. El presente trabajo se presenta como una monografía con dos estudios de gran utilidad para complementar y sobretodo actualizar e integrar los conocimientos disponibles hasta la fecha sobre esquizofrenia y motivación, así como conocer mejor la relación entre motivación y funcionalidad. Las metódicas revisiones del presente proyecto permitirán reorientar las opiniones y juicios de muchos expertos en el área, así como orientar futuros estudios. Así mismo, contribuirá a la mejora de la práctica clínica de profesionales en la evaluación, intervención y tratamiento de la motivación para la mejora de la funcionalidad en esquizofrenia., [eng] Many different studies reflect the considerable research effort that has been put into analysing the importance of motivation in patients with mental disorders. Schizophrenia is one of the most widely covered disorders in the literature and therefore offers the largest body of information. Perhaps one of the most important findings in this field of study is the close relationship between motivational variables and patient functionality. However, the diversity of descriptive terms for motivation encountered in the literature, the variety of assessment tools and the emergence of new technologies could be hindering the complete understanding of motivational decline and functional improvement in patients with schizophrenia. The research proposed in this thesis aims to review all of the studies carried out to date on motivation in schizophrenia. First, a systematic review is conducted of studies that evaluate motivation in schizophrenia patients, to identify and analyse the types of tools and the terminology that have been used in the history of this research area. The second phase involves a meta-analysis to look more closely at the relationship between motivation and functionality, which is compared with the association between functionality and a series of neurocognitive variables. Original studies listed in databases such as Medline and Web of Science were selected based on criteria related to psychotic disorders, motivation and functionality in schizophrenia. Descriptive data on the samples and characteristics of each study were analysed, and the respective moderator variables were used for meta-analyses. Results revelated a significant growth trend in literature production, especially since nineties, with anhedonia the main term studied. In addition, questionaires were identified as the prefererred instrument to assess motivation in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, meta-analysis showed that both motivation and neurocognition assessments were strongly associated with functioning, with correlations between motivation and functional outcomes being stronger. However, more than three-quarters of the variance in outcome remained unexplained by the moderating factors examined. Some differences between some terms used to describe motivation were differently associated with functionality. The monografy with studies reported here is extremely valuable as a means of adding to and, above all, updating and integrating the body of information available in the literature on schizophrenia and motivation, as well as gaining clearer insight into the relationship between motivation and functionality. The methodical reviews presented in this thesis will enable many experts in the field to reappraise their views and judgements, as well as marking a path for future studies. The knowledge gained through this work will also help professionals to improve clinical practice in the evaluation, intervention and treatment of motivational difficulties, thus raising levels of functionality among schizophrenia patients.

Treball fi de màster de l’especialitat de Ciències naturals. Màster de Formació del professorat d'Educació Secundària i Batxillerat UPF-UOC Tutora: Mar Carrió Mentora: Virginia Camps La indagación en las clases de ciencias ha sido defendida en numerosas ocasiones como una metodología con un gran potencial capaz de promover la construcción activa del conocimiento en el aula desde una perspectiva competencial y motivadora. Salvando las distancias entre la actividad científica y la ciencia escolar, el alumno adoptaría el rol de científico, no tanto incorporando los conceptos como la capacidad de llegar a ellos a través de la formulación y el contraste de hipótesis. Este trabajo de fin de máster explora las ventajas que puede suponer en este contexto el uso de modelos manipulativos en cuanto a motivación y aprendizaje. Por un lado, todos hemos vivido la diferencia entre una clase puramente transmisiva y otra en la que tenemos que hacer algo. Por otro, disponer de un objeto tangible mediante el cual explorar una hipótesis puede establecer un puente de unión entre el estudiante y un concepto abstracto que de otra manera no existiría. Para comprobar estas hipótesis, se diseñaron hasta ocho actividades manipulativas que entrarían dentro del esquema POE (predecir, observar, explicar). Estas actividades se intercalaron a lo largo de la unidad didáctica impartida en el periodo de prácticas en dos sesiones. De esta manera se pudieron recoger una serie de datos que sirvieron para comprobar el impacto positivo postulado de este tipo de actividades sobre la motivación y el aprendizaje de los alumnos. A partir de la información recogida y de la bibliografía relacionada, se discuten las ventajas de estas metodologías y las consideraciones necesarias para su diseño y realización efectivos. Las conclusiones se aplican en la formulación de una pequeña propuesta de mejora de una de las actividades POE diseñadas.

Background Little is known about the relation between satisfaction, commitment and motivation among employees with mild intellectual disabilities. The present research analyses the moderated effect of commitment on the relation between satisfaction of employees with intellectual disabilities and their motivation. Method Employees with legally recognized intellectual disabilities, following the Spanish law, answered a questionnaire. The present authors examined bivariate relations across all variables in the model. Subsequently, a moderator model was tested, using the Johnson–Neyman and the pick-a-point approximation. Result There was a direct effect between employees' satisfaction and motivation (b = 2.4621; p

Treball fi de màster de l’especialitat de Ciències naturals. Màster de Formació del professorat d'Educació Secundària i Batxillerat UPF-UOC Tutora: Mª Eulàlia Duran Barrachina Mentor: Joan Ramírez Serrano (CFPA - Centre de Formació de Persones Adultes - Les Corts, Barcelona) “Sempre he estat el dolent de la classe”, “Jo mai he entès res i mai ho entendré”... són exemples d’afirmacions contundents que podríem trobar en una aula d’un Centre de Formació de Persones Adultes. Així doncs, a partir de la pregunta de “Com influeix l’autoconcepte en la motivació i aprenentatge de les persones adultes en les classes de ciències?” ens plantegem si, com a docents, a través d’una intervenció educativa basada en el treball en grup i per contextos, s’experimenta una millora de l’autoconcepte i motivació envers l’aprenentatge. Els resultats obtinguts ens permeten afirmar que l’autoconcepte inicial dels alumnes adults tendeix a ser negatiu, sobretot per les experiències educatives anteriors i la manca d’autoestima; també que el fet de diversificar activitats i contextualitzar l’aprenentatge augmenta la seva motivació; i finalment que tot i que hi hagi una tendència correlativa motivació-autoconcepte, aquesta no es dóna sempre, de manera que si bé l’autoconcepte negatiu sí que va lligat a una falta de motivació, l’autoconcepte positiu no es tradueix necessàriament a una alta motivació, donada l’alta complexitat d’aquesta dimensió. “Siempre he sido el malo de la clase", "Yo nunca he entendido nada y nunca lo entenderé"... son ejemplos de afirmaciones contundentes que podríamos escuchar en un aula de un Centro de Formación de Personas Adultas. Así pues, a partir de la pregunta de "¿Cómo influye el autoconcepto en la motivación y aprendizaje de las personas adultas en las clases de ciencias?", nos planteamos si, como docentes, a través de una intervención educativa basada en el trabajo en grupo y por contextos, se percibe una mejora del autoconcepto y motivación por aprender. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten afirmar que el autoconcepto inicial de los alumnos adultos tiende a ser negativo, sobre todo por las experiencias educativas anteriores y la falta de autoestima; también que el hecho de diversificar actividades y contextualizar el aprendizaje aumenta su motivación; y finalmente que aunque haya una tendencia correlativa motivación-autoconcepto, ésta no se da siempre, de modo que si bien el autoconcepto negativo sí va ligado a una falta de motivación, el autoconcepto positivo no se traduce necesariamente en una alta motivación, dada la alta complejidad de esta dimensión.

Several lines of evidence support that food overconsumption may be related to the role of the endogenous opioid system in the control of food palatability. The opioid system, and particularly the delta opioid receptor (DOR), plays a crucial role in the regulation of food rewarding properties. In our study, we used operant conditioning maintained by chocolate-flavoured pellets to investigate the role of DOR in the motivation for palatable food and the structural plasticity changes promoted by this behaviour. For this purpose, we evaluated the specific role of this receptor in the behavioural and neuroplastic changes induced by palatable food in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HCP) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in constitutive knockout (KO) mice deficient in DOR. Mutant mice and their wild-type littermates were trained to obtain chocolate-flavoured pellets on fixed ratio 1 (FR1), FR5 and progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. No significant differences between genotypes were revealed on operant behaviour acquisition in FR1. DOR knockout mice displayed lower number of active lever-presses than wild-type mice on FR5, and a similar decrease was revealed in DOR KO mice in the breaking point during the PR. This operant training to obtain palatable food increased dendritic spine density in the PFC, HCP and NAc shell of wild-type, but these plasticity changes were abolished in DOR KO mice. Our results support the hypothesis that DOR regulates the reinforcing effects and motivation for palatable food through neuroplastic changes in specific brain reward areas. This work was supported by the DG Research of the European Commission FP7 (#HEALTH-F2 2013-602891), the Spanish ‘RETICS-Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (#RD12/0028/0023), the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ (#SAF2011-29864), the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad’ (#SAF-2014-59648P), the ‘Plan nacional sobre drogas’ (#PNSD-2013-5068) and the Catalan Government ‘AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya’ (#2009SGR00731 and #2014-SGR-1547). The FEDER funds support is also acknowledged. S.M. was supported by FI predoctoral fellowship of the Catalan Government; S.M-N. was supported by CAPES fellowship of the Brazilian Government (Programa Ciência Sem Froteiras). We thank Elysia James for invaluable technical assistance in the structural plasticity study

En el presente artículo se analiza la predicción del rendimiento y de sus fluctuaciones en el ámbito del baloncesto. Con la dinámica de los criterios como marco teórico, se analizaron los resultados de 34 jugadores semi-profesionales durante una temporada deportiva. Los modelos predictivos se realizaron con la formulación de máxima entropía generalizada, utilizando como predictores la personalidad según el modelo de los Big Five, la experiencia, y la motivación intrínseca y como criterio se tomó la eficacia, con medidas objetivas. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: (1) la importancia de los predictores varía a lo largo de la temporada, (2) el principal predictor de las fluctuaciones es el factor de personalidad “apertura a la experiencia”, si bien todas las variables salvo el factor “responsabilidad” participan en el modelo predictivo y (3) la experiencia muestra una menor capacidad predictiva que los otros predictores. Finalmente, se hacen recomendaciones acerca de la elección de predictores en los procesos de selección de jugadores de baloncesto.

Treball fi de màster de l’especialitat de Ciències naturals. Màster de Formació del professorat d'Educació Secundària UPF-UOC Tutora: Mar Carrió Llach El present TFM intenta establir una relació entre l’ús de la metodologia d’ABP amb l’augment de la motivació dels alumnes catalogats com a disruptius i del seu aprenentatge. S’ha realitzat l’estudi amb 10 alumnes catalogats com a disruptius d’aula oberta d’un institut de màxima complexitat. La metodologia emprada en format ABP ha estat la creació d’un joc de taula per treballar l’aparell digestiu i la nutrició./nS’ha analitzat l’opinió dels alumnes, les observacions de la investigadora, les produccions dels alumnes, i les impressions de la mentora. Els resultats obtinguts conclouen que seguint un ABP, els alumnes han augmentat la seva motivació i han aconseguit assolir un aprenentatge competencial, a més, han millorat força el seu comportament i les relacions entre companys. Tot i així, l’estudi té limitacions respecte la quantitat d’alumnes analitzats, el context on s’ha dut a terme i la reduïda ràtio docent-alumne. En el presente TFM se intenta establecer una relación entre el uso de la metodología de ABP con el aumento de la motivación de los alumnos disruptivos y su aprendizaje. Se ha realizado el estudio con 10 alumnos catalogados como disruptivos de aula abierta de un instituto de máxima complejidad. La metodología usada en formato de ABP ha sido la creación de un juego de mesa para trabajar el aparato digestivo y la nutrición. Se ha analizado la opinión de los alumnos, las observaciones de la investigadora, las producciones de los alumnos, y las impresiones de la mentora. Los resultados concluyen que siguiendo un ABP, los alumnos han aumentado su motivación y han conseguido lograr un aprendizaje competencial, además de mejorar su comportamiento y las relaciones entre iguales. El estudio tiene limitaciones respecto la cantidad de alumnos analizados, el contexto donde se lleva a cabo y la reducida ratio docente-alumno.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2015/2016 A high degree of behavioral activation and work output are observed in motivated behaviors. Mesolimbic DA plays an important role in the regulation of this activational component of motivation. Anergia and fatigue are common symptoms observed in some psychiatric disorders such as depression. Efavirenz (EFV) is an antiretroviral drug prescribed for HIV-infected patients. This drug has adverse effects on the CNS, and it produces depressive-like behavior. EFV has demonstrated to bind to the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT-2) that can lead to DA depletion. Bupropion is an antidepressant that acts as a DA uptake blocker effective for the treatment of motivational impairments observed in depressed patients as well as reverting motivational impairments induced by DA interferences in animals. In animal models, behavioral activation can be studied using voluntary running wheels (RW) and tasks offering choices between high effort options leading to highly valued reinforces vs. low effort/low reward options are used to study effort-based decision making. In the present study we assess the effect of EFV on behavioral activation as well as the effect of bupropion to revert EFVinduced motivational impairments.Adult CD1 male mice received EFV (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, IP), or EFV (5 mg/kg)-Bupropion (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, IP), and were tested in a RW and in a T-maze with barrier in the high-density of food arm. Control mice chose to jump the barrier and consume more sucrose pellets. However, EFV biased animals towards the loweffort/low-reward option in the T-maze, and dose-dependently reduced voluntary RW activity. The suppressing effect of EFV on voluntary RW was reversed by the antidepressant bupropion. EFV induces motivational symptoms in rodents such as anergia and this effect can be reversed by bupropion. This action may be of interest for the better understanding of the depressive symptoms observed in HIV patients exposed to EFV.

We consider a competitive labor market with moral hazard and adverse selection where firms employ teams of two workers. There exist two types of workers: selfish workers and motivated workers. Selfish workers only respond to monetary incentives. Motivated workers not only respond to monetary incentives but their behavior is also driven by intrinsic motivation. However, if a firm chooses an output-based reward system, their intrinsic motivation is undermined. We obtain that self-selection into contracts separating workers based on their motivation is feasible, provided that the crowding out effect is powerful enough. More importantly, all firms have expected positive profits. Our model produces in this case heterogeneity at the firm level.

Brain dopamine, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, has been implicated in activational aspects of motivation and effort-related processes. Accumbens dopamine depletions reduce the tendency of rats to work for food, and alter effort-related decision making, but leave aspects of food motivation such as appetite intact. Recent evidence indicates that the purine neuromodulator adenosine, largely through actions on adenosine A2Areceptors, also participates in regulating effort-related processes. Adenosine A2Aantagonists can reverse the effects of dopamine D2antagonists on effort-related choice, and intra-accumbens injections of adenosine A2Aagonists produce effects that are similar to those induced by accumbens dopamine depletion or antagonism. These studies have implications for the understanding and treatment of energy-related disorders such as anergia and fatigue in psychiatry and neurology.

El risc forma part de la nostra vida, la qual cosa ens obliga constantment a valorar-lo i gestionar-lo, encara que sovint ho fem de manera preconscient. En tota situació de risc es poden produir guanys i pèrdues, en funció de com el gestionin les persones implicades. Curiosament, o potser per això darrer, un dels factors que activen amb més intensitat els circuits cerebrals de la motivació és, precisament, la sensació de risc. Sense una percepció subjectiva de risc, la motivació que sentim per qualsevol cosa és molt menor. El procés polític i nacional en què estem immersos és, sens dubte, un paradigma de tot això. ¿Hi ha, però, diferències generals entre les diferents cultures en la manera d'assumir i gestionar el risc? Un treball acabat de publicar a la revista Cognition indica que la manera que tenen les diferents civilitzacions de valorar l'audàcia dels seus membres condiciona la forma com resolen les situacions de risc, amb enfrontaments o alternativament a través del diàleg, i també el grau de risc que estan disposats a assumir.

Objetivo: determinar la efectividad a corto plazo de una intervención basada en la entrevista motivacional (EM). en la reducción del índice de placa bacteriana en niños de entre 7 y 12 años (segunda infancia), en comparación con el modelo informativo tradicional (MIT). Métodos y diseño: con este objetivo fue realizado un ensayo clínico aleatorizado a doble ciego, con 30 pacientes y dos grupos activos de intervención. Al inicio del estudio se examinaron todos los participantes en relación con el índice de placa bacteriana (O'Leary) y. posteriormente, fueron asignados de fomia aleatoria al grupo experimental (una sola sesión EM) y al gnipo control (una sola sesión MIT). ambas con una duración aproximada de 15 minutos. A excepción de esta sesión, todos los participantes siguieron el mismo protocolo de tratamiento. Resultados: a los 3 meses postintervención, la placa bacteriana determinada por el índice de O'Leary disminuyó en ambos grupos (76. l frente a 69.8^f). con una diferencia altamente significativa para p < O.OOl (F = 16.83; p = 0.000). La reducción fue mayor en el grupo experimental (- 14.8 frente a -10.1 del grupo control), pero no hubo significación estadística con una p > 0,05 (t = 0,78; p = 0,441). Conclusiones: desde una perspectiva a corto plazo, una sesión breve de EM logró reducir los índices de placa bacteriana en pacientes infantiles, pero no demostró ser más eficaz que el MIT.

En este estudio se exploran los efectos de las operaciones motivadoras sobre la ocurrencia de la conducta autolesiva que presenta una mujer de 42 años con discapacidad intelectual. El análisis funcional muestra que la conducta se mantiene por refuerzo social positivo (atención y tangible) y por refuerzo automático. Se ha utilizado un diseño múltiple en la intervención con el fin de explorar los efectos de las presesiones (acceso y no acceso a atención) en la frecuencia con la que se manifiesta dicha conducta. Los resultados obtenidos en la intervención muestran cómo la operación motivadora actúa como operación de abolición reduciendo la frecuencia con la que sucede la conducta analizada. El estudio concluye enfatizando en el uso de estrategias preventivas para evitar las conductas problemáticas, así como en la necesidad de realizar una evaluación funcional para comprender la naturaleza de las conductas problemáticas y diseñar planes de intervención que ayuden a minimizarlas. This study explored the effects of motivating operations on the self-harming behaviour of a 42-year-old woman with intellectual disabilities. Functional analysis showed that her behaviour was maintained by positive social (attention and tangible) and automatic reinforcement. A multielement design was used to explore presession effects (access to attention and attention deprivation) on the frequency of the behaviour. The results showed that when access to attention was presented to the participant, the frequency of the behaviour decreased, suggesting the action of an abolishing operation. In conclusion, the use of preventive strategies to treat problem behaviours are emphasised, as well as the need for a functional assessment to understand the nature of these behaviours and to design intervention plans aimed at minimizing such behaviour.

Entrepreneurship is a driver of economic growth and development. This study highlights the importance of entrepreneurship in emerging countries and examines entrepreneurs' characteristics in these countries. In particular, the study explains what entrepreneurs should avoid to succeed in Latin America. An empirical study analyzes factors that relate to businesses and entrepreneurs in El Salvador, one of the Latin American countries with the lowest rates of business success. In the study, business factors consist of the use of formal and informal advisory services and the degree of innovation. Variables that relate to the entrepreneur are educational attainment and the demographic variables sex and age. Results from analysis of 2012 GEM data using csQCA methodology show that degree of innovation, professional advisory services, and educational attainment play key roles in business success.

¿Alguna vez ha tenido la sensación de que su trabajo avanza menos de lo que el esfuerzo que le dedica se merece? Si a usted le ocurre lo que a mí, le invito a compartir algunas ideas.

Purpose: This research seeks to broaden the study by investigating the interplay of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and demographic factor (gender and organizational tenure) on the motivation and employee performance relationship.Design/methodology/approach: Multiple linear regression was used to test the relationship between motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and employee performance among (n=368) lecturers in Malaysia. To test the mediating effect of OCB, path analysis was employed. Furthermore, the demographic factors (gender and organizational tenure) was tested using the moderated multiple regression analysis.Findings: Significant differences in explaining the variance of employee performance was found between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. In addition, OCB was found perfectly mediating the relationship of extrinsic motivation and employee performance, however, OCB was found partially mediating the relationship between intrinsic motivation and employee performance. Furthermore, gender and organizational tenure do not show any moderate results in the relationship between OCB and employee performance.Research limitations: Study limitations (e.g. cross-sectional research design and biasness) and future opportunities are outlined.Practical implications: Argues that the suitable type of motivation in explaining the variances of employee performance. Also, identifies the important of OCB between the motivation and employee performance relationship, thus gender and organizational tenure were not significant to OCB and employee performance relationship.Social implications: HR can help an organization to succeed, provided that the suitable motivations are adopted to monitor lecturer performance and helping behavior. In addition, HR should not emphasize too much of gender and organizational tenure to justify the lecturer performance as the findings show insignificant relationship.Originality/value: This paper identifies and discusses the types of motivation that explain higher variance of employee performance and how OCB play role as mediator in the motivation and employee performance relationship. In addition, the moderating effect of gender and organizational tenure were also discussed. This is the first attempt to include all the variables in the same theoretical framework.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2013/2014 Este estudio se plantea con el objetivo de conocer al inmigrante español en Polonia que ha tenido que emigrar por necesidad o voluntad, analizar las diferencias en percepción de apoyo social comunitario entre inmigrantes españoles y nativos de Polonia y determinar la relación del apoyo social comunitario con la satisfacción vital en inmigrantes españoles en Polonia, y así, poder llevar a cabo proyectos de mejora. Nuestro estudio contó con una muestra de 30 inmigrantes españoles que llevaran trabajando en Polonia más de un año y 30 polacos. Se les pasó un cuestionario anónimo, la escala de apoyo comunitario percibido de Gracia y Herrero (2006) y la escala de satisfacción vital de Diener, Emmons, Larsen y Griffin (1985). Una vez recogidos los datos de la muestra, se analizaron con el programa estadístico SPSS 22.0. Los resultados confirman que la percepción de apoyo comunitario está relacionada positivamente con en el ajuste psicológico de los polacos pero no de los inmigrantes españoles en Polonia, a pesar de lo esperado. Estas diferencias según procedencia podrían explicarse por diferencias culturales. El conocer políticas para mejorar el bienestar de los inmigrantes de nuestro país, supondrá un progreso y un crecimiento tanto de la población como de la migración. This study is set in order to meet the Spanish immigrant in Poland who had to migrate out of necessity or desire, analyzing the differences in perception of community social support among Spanish immigrants and native of Poland and determining the relationship of community social support and life satisfaction of Spanish immigrant in Poland, and thus able to carry out improvement projects. Our study involved a sample of 30 Spanish immigrants who worked in Poland take over a year and 30 poles. We spend an anonymous questionnaire, the scale of the perceived community support of Gracia and Herrero (2006) and life satisfaction scale from Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin (1985). When the data was collected, it was analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. The results confirm that the perception of community support is positively related to psychological adjustment of the polish but not of Spanish immigrants in Poland, despite expected. These differences could be explained by cultural differences. Knowing policies to improve the welfare of immigrants in our country will progress and growth in both population and migration.

BACKGROUND: smoking. The purpose of the study was to use Conversational Analysis to enhance understanding of the process in Motivational Interviewing sessions carried out by primary care doctors and nurses to motivate their patients to quit smoking. The present study is a substudy of the Systematic Intervention on Smoking Habits in Primary Health Care Project (Spanish acronym: ISTAPS). interview sessions were conducted with two of the nine) in the ISTAPS study who were current smokers and scored fewer than 5 points on the Richmond test that measures motivation to quit smoking were videotaped and transcribed. A total of 11 interviews conducted by five primary health care professionals in Barcelona, Spain, were analysed. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to develop an analytical guide for coding transcriptions. Conversation Analysis allowed detailed study of the exchange of words during the interaction. on readiness to change, and summary. The interaction was constructed during an office visit, where interactional dilemmas arise and can be resolved in various ways. Some actions by professionals (use of reiterations, declarations, open-ended questions) helped to construct a framework of shared relationship; others inhibited this relationship (focusing on risks of smoking, clinging to the protocol, and prematurely emphasizing change). Some professionals tended to resolve interactional dilemmas (e.g., resistance) through a confrontational or directive style. Interactions that did not follow Motivational Interviewing principles predominated in seven of the interviews analysed. increases when a health professional encounters individuals with low motivation for change, and interactional dilemmas may occur that make it difficult to follow Motivational Interview principles. Incorporating different forms of expression during the Motivational Interviewing could help to build patient-centred health care relationships and, for patients with low motivation to stop smoking, offer an opportunity to reflect on tobacco use during the office visit. The study findings could be included in professional training to improve the quality of motivational interviewing. DDEUIT