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Une étude a été menée dans des conditions de terrain à Jimma (Melko) et Metu (Hurmu) pendant trois saisons agricoles de 2017 à 2019 pour évaluer les performances agronomiques de 10 accessions de graminées Napier (Pennisetum perperum) dans un sol acide. L’expérience a été réalisée selon un plan en blocs complets randomisés avec trois répétitions. Les génotypes testés ont montré une variation significative pour la plupart des caractères agronomiques mesurés, à l'exception de la hauteur de la plante, du nombre de talles par plante et du rapport feuille/tige (LSR). La localisation a montré une différence significative pour tous les caractères agronomiques mesurés. Les interactions génotype-environnement ont également montré des différences significatives pour le rendement en matière sèche (MS) et les caractères LSR. Les principaux effets de l’environnement et du génotype représentaient respectivement 52,17 % et 26,93 % de la variation globale de la matière sèche. L'interaction génotype-environnement explique 20,88 % de la variance du caractère de rendement en matière sèche. Les différences dans les rendements en matière sèche observées dans l'expérience étaient dues aux variations des accessions testées, des environnements, des effets d'interaction génotype-environnement, de l'acidité du sol et de la hauteur des plantes. Les génotypes comprenant 16791, 16743 et local/16984 présentaient un rendement en MS supérieur à la moyenne, un écart minimum par rapport à la droite de régression (S2di) et un coefficient de régression proche de un. Ces génotypes de Napier Grass sont considérés comme les plus souhaitables et les plus stables parmi les dix génotypes évalués, selon les modèles de régression d'Eberhart et Russell. Par conséquent, les accessions Napier 16791 et 16743 sont les meilleures options à développer pour la production et l'utilisation dans le sud-ouest de l'Éthiopie en raison de leur rendement en matière sèche plus élevé et de leurs performances de stabilité dans tous les environnements.

The study aimed to evaluate the yield performance and stability of 10 Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes. A completely randomized design with three replications was used to assess these genotypes. Genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) interaction and additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) biplot models were utilized for analysis. The combined results indicated a significant (p ≤ 0.05) impact on dry matter yield and other agronomic traits. Genotypes and environments contributed to 26.93% and 52.17% of the observed variation in dry matter yield, respectively. The GGE and AMMI biplot models identified promising genotypes based on mean dry matter yield and stability. G3, G1, and G10 genotypes were highlighted as stable with high dry matter yield across different environments compared to others, AMMI analysis also revealed that they had above-average dry matter yield, minimal deviation from the regression line (S2di), and a regression coefficient close to one, which indicated their desirability and stability. Among the 10 genotypes, these Napier grass genotypes were considered the most desirable and stable due to their characteristics. H18 had a longer vector and a small angle with average environmental axis (AEA), making it an ideal environment for selecting superior genotypes accurately. In conclusion, G3 and G1 were identified as ideal genotype candidates for broader utilization under similar environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bersama abyssinica Fresen is a plant that is used in folk medicine for the treatment of mastitis and other infectious diseases. Obiective: The antibacterial activity of methanol crude extract of plant was evaluated against three common bacterial pathogens, including Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Methods: The antibacterial activities and minimum inhibitory concentration of B. abyssinica crude extracts were evaluated using agar‐well diffusion and broth dilution methods according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Results: A significant difference in the antibacterial activity of crude extracts was observed among different levels of concentration against tested isolates. A higher mean inhibition zone diameter was recorded in E. coli (29.2 ± 1.5 mm), followed by S. aureus (27.8 ± 1.1 mm) and P. aeruginosa (18.0 ± 0.7 mm) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of crude plant extract at 100 mg/mL was comparable with that of a standard antibiotic (27.6 ± 2.6) against S. aureus and E. coli isolates. The findings indicated that bacterial growth inhibition increased as the concentration of the crude extracts increased. E. coli and S. aureus isolates showed significantly higher susceptibilities to crude extracts than P. aeruginosa at all concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates were 0.78 mg/mL, 1.56 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: All tested pathogenic bacterial species were susceptible to plant leaf extract and broad‐spectrum activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The study recommends further fractionation of the B. abyssinica plant that contributes to its antibacterial activity and understands the mode of action of this plant against bacteria and other microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small ruminant production plays a great role in the livelihood of smallholder farmers. But their production is constrained by pneumonic pasteurellosis. It is a high-priority issue at the national level. So, in this paper, relevant aspects of pneumonic pasteurellosis in small ruminants are reviewed. The disease is most frequent as air is the main route of transmission. They are characterized by high fever, coughing, dyspnoea and muco-purulent nasal discharge that commonly develops in immunocompromized hosts. Stressors being psychological and/or physical are associated with poor management practices. It is a multifactorial disease. But clinical infections are mainly caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Bibersteinia trehalosi and Pasteurella multocida. Eleven of the known 17 serotypes of M. haemolytica and B. trehalosi have so far been identified in Ethiopia. Virulence factors like cell capsules, fimbriae and endotoxin play a great role in disease development. The disease causes heavy losses that deserve control. However, the presence of multiple serotypes without crossprotection and the development of drug resistance complicated its control. Moreover, the causative agents are normal commensal of the upper respiratory tract which may cause infection in immunocompromized conditions. Therefore, proper management, sound diagnostic methods and the available serotypes should be considered in vaccine preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy farming faces a significant challenge of bacterial infections in dairy calves, which can have detrimental effects on their health and productivity. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most prevalent bacterial infections in dairy calves, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma bovis , and Haemophilus somnus . These pathogens can cause various clinical signs and symptoms, leading to diarrhea, respiratory distress, septicemia, and even mortality. Factors such as management practices, environmental conditions, and herd health influence the incidence and severity of the infections. Efficient management and prevention strategies include good colostrum and nutrient feeding, early detection, appropriate treatment, hygiene practices, and supportive care. Regular health monitoring and diagnostic tests facilitate early detection and intervention. The use of antibiotics should be judicious to prevent antimicrobial resistance and supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional support promotes recovery. Diagnostic methods, including immunological tests, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology, aid in the identification of specific pathogens. This review also explores recent advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bacterial infections in dairy calves, providing valuable insights for dairy farmers, veterinarians, and researchers. By synthesizing pertinent scientific literature, this review contributes to the development of effective strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of bacterial infections on the health, welfare, and productivity of young calves. Moreover, more research is required to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology and characterization of bacterial infections in dairy calves., Competing Interests: The authors have not revealed any possible conflicts of interest., (© 2024 Robi et al.)

Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum , and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis , and Eimeria spp ., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp . can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica , and Strongyloides papillosus . These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2023 Robi et al.)