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The ever-evolving global landscape of communication, driven by Information Technology advancements, underscores the importance of emotion detection in natural language processing. However, challenges persist in interpreting emotions within linguistically diverse contexts, notably in low-resource languages like Bengali, compounded by the emergence of Banglish. To address this gap, we present “Bengali & Banglish,” an extensive dataset comprising 80,098 labelled samples across six emotion classes. Our dataset fills a void in fine-grained emotion classification for Bengali and pioneers in emotion detection in Banglish. We achieve significant performance metrics through meticulous annotation and rigorous evaluation, including a weighted F1 score of 71.30% for Bengali and 64.59% for Banglish using BanglaBERT. Also, our dataset facilitates Bengali-to-Banglish Machine Translation, contributing to the advancement of language processing models. Furthermore, our dataset demonstrates a high Cohen's Kappa score of 93.5%, affirming the reliability and consistency of our annotations. This research underscores the importance of linguistic diversity in NLP and provides a valuable resource for enhancing Emotion Detection capabilities in Bengali and Banglish across digital platforms.

Context: Assessing knee osteoarthritis (OA) radiologically is a well-recognised investigation technique. Range of motion (ROM) measurement gives an idea about the functional status of the joint. Body mass index (BMI) increment is one of the risk factors of worsening knee OA. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate OA radiologically and to search the status of BMI, ROM and Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) score of osteoarthritic knee patients and find their interrelations. Settings: This study was conducted at the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh. Designs: This was a cross-sectional study. Methodology: Purposive selection of 66 primary OA knees was done. Compartmental distribution of osteoarthritic knee was determined. Radiographics were determined by KL score system. BMI was calculated conventionally. Maximum flexion, extension and total excursion were measured by a universal goniometer. Results: Fifty per cent of participants had tricompartmental OA. Patients with maximum KL score 2 had significantly more total excursion (127.44 ± 2.89) compared to maximum KL score 3 (121.51 ± 3.14) and 4 (110.00 ± 3.58). Subjects with normal BMI had significantly more total excursion (125.00 ± 4.21) compared to overweight (121.03 ± 6.84) and obese patients (122.54 ± 4.31) (P = 0.044). 60.9% of subjects with normal BMI had significantly more maximum KL score 2 compared to overweight (33.3%) and obese patients (7.7%). A positive correlation was present between BMI and maximal KL score (r = 0.345, P = 0.005). A significant strong negative correlation was found between maximal KL score and total excursion (r = −0.825, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Different percentages of unicompartmental, bicompartmental and tricompartmental knee OA were found. Osteoarthritic patients with higher BMI had lower ROM and increased KL radiographic scores.

Font style recognition plays a vital role in the field of computer vision, particularly in document and pattern analysis, and image processing. In the industry context, this recognition of font styles holds immense importance for professionals such as graphic designers, front-end developers, and UI-UX developers. In recent times, font style recognition using Computer Vision has made significant progress, especially in English. Very few works have been done for other languages as well. However, the existing models are computationally costly, time-consuming, and not diversified. In this work, we propose a state-of-the-art model to recognize Bangla fonts from images using a quantized Convolutional Autoencoder (Q-CAE) approach. The compressed model takes around 58 KB of memory only which makes it suitable for not only high-end but also low-end computational edge devices. We have also created a synthetic data set consisting of 10 distinct Bangla font styles and a total of 60,000 images for conducting this study as no dedicated dataset is available publicly. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method can perform better than existing methods, gaining an overall accuracy of 99.95% without quantization and 99.85% after quantization.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating malignancy with intricate genetic underpinnings and a complex etiology. Emerging evidence suggests the presence of lynch syndrome (LS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) associated susceptibility to PC. This study presents integrated computational and systems biology approaches to identify the genetic risk factors underlying the association between PC, LS, and T2D. Patient data for these three diseases have been collected from NCBI and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by the GREIN web platform. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and signaling pathway networks were analyzed through STRING and DAVID databases, respectively. Autodock Vina has been used for prospective analysis of ligand-protein interaction. About 60 unique common DEGs were identified by statistical analysis. In addition to the utilization of five distinct algorithms within the Cytoscape framework, we have reported three potential target candidates: TNF, CXCL1, and TNFSF10. In particular, the immune and inflammatory response, the chemokine-mediated signaling pathway, rheumatoid arthritis, and IL-17 signaling pathways emerged as prominently enriched pathways. Furthermore, the interaction of 162 phytochemicals from Nigella sativa was assessed with the identified hub proteins. Among these, thujopsene emerged as a notable ligand candidate, demonstrating the most favorable binding energy against the TNF (−9.6 kca/mol TNFSF10 (−8.5 kcal/mol), and CXCL1 (−9.1 kcal/mol) proteins. Besides, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and drug-likeness properties of the thujopsene ligand showed an acceptable range for selection of a drug candidate. Collectively, these findings shed light on the intricate interplay of genes, pathways, and potential therapeutic compounds, providing a basis for further exploration and validation in the context of relevant diseases.

The world is currently facing significant challenges in reducing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through scientific methods, primarily by sequestering the CO2 in the soil. Biochar is a kind of charcoal that is primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Due to its aromatic content, biochar can persist in the environment for an extended period and absorb greenhouse gases (GHG). Each year, biochar effectively captures an estimated amount of CO2 ranging from 1 to 35 gigatons (GtCO2) and 78 to 477 GtCO2 over this century. Biochar helps mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in the soil for extended periods and consequently reducing GHG emissions. This enhances soil fertility, water retention capacity, and nutrient circulation, which promote higher crop yields. Biochar's by-products of biochar can be harvested and used as a renewable energy source. Besides, biochar integration can be effective in waste management strategies that mitigate the challenges of organic waste disposal. Biochar is also an efficient water purification element that favors climate action. Through the application of biochar alteration can be employed to establish carbon credits, and its methods can effectively reduce carbon emissions to an acceptable level. Biochar's unique properties, wide-spread applicability, cost-effectiveness, and trustworthy development prospects demonstrate great potential towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This review discusses the properties, diverse applications, and social and technical impacts of biochar in the global carbon cycle towards sustainable development goals.

The peel part of the two varieties (native and hybrid) of pumpkin are nutritionally enrich, so to make it economically viable it could be an important component in food and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, this study focus on to assess the various biological activities of two varieties of pumpkin peel. To evaluate the phytochemical potentiality of the peel of two varieties of pumpkin as a wide-ranging bioactivity profiling, in vitro anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-hemolytic activity and in vitro antioxidant activity along with total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The peel of the native variety showed more phenolic contents than that of hybrid one and the values of the phenolic contents of the native and hybrid varieties were 74.76 ± 1.7 and 68.76 ± 0.87 mg GAEs/g respectively. In contrast, the peel of the hybrid variety showed more flavonoid content compared to native one and the values of the flavonoid contents of the native and hybrid varieties were 34.11 ± 0.13 and3 6.66 ± 1.29 mg QEs/g respectively. The two varieties exhibited concentration-dependent moderate antioxidant activity along with intermediate inhibitory activity against two enzymes. These activities were in order: native peel > hybrid peel. In the case of in vitro anti-hemolytic activity, both extracts showed intermediate erythrocyte membrane stabilization activities in order: hybrid peel > native peel. This research presented some supporting evidence for analyzing the comparative biological activities, and the findings could be helpful in enhancing a better understanding of these varieties as well as other pumpkin species. Finally, in this study, the bioactive compounds in the pumpkin peel may validate their enormous potential as a source of bio-based preservatives, an emergent component of functional food in food industries and in pharmaceutical industries as therapeutic agents that may enhance consumers’ health and promote a circular economy.

Deep learning methods in artificial intelligence are used for brain tumor diagnosis as they handle a huge amount of data. Compared to computerized tomography (CT), Ultrasound, and X-ray imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is effectively used for machine vision-based brain tumor diagnosis. However, due to the complex nature of the brain, brain tumor diagnosis is always challenging. This research aims to study the effectiveness of deep transfer learning architectures in brain tumor diagnosis. This paper applies four transfer learning architectures- InceptionV3, VGG19, DenseNet121, and MobileNet. We used a dataset with data from three benchmark databases of figshare, SARTAJ, and Br35H to validate the models. These databases have four classes: pituitary, no tumor, meningioma, and glioma. Image augmentation is applied to make the classes balanced. Experimental results demonstrate that the MobileNet outperforms competing methods by exhibiting an accuracy of 99.60%.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition of hyperandrogenism, chronic ovulation, and polycystic ovaries in females during the reproduction and maturation of the ovum. Although PCOS has been associated with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity (OBE), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), Causal connection and molecular features are still unknown. Purpose: Therefore, we investigated the shared common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathways, and networks of associated proteins in PCOS and metabolic diseases with therapeutic intervention. Methods: We have used a bioinformatics pipeline to analyze transcriptome data for the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity (OBE), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in female patients. Then we employed gene-disease association network, gene ontology (GO) and signaling pathway analysis, selection of hub genes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, molecular docking, and gold benchmarking approach to screen potential hub proteins. Result: We discovered 2225 DEGs in PCOS patients relative to healthy controls and 34, 91, and 205 significant DEGs with T2D, Obesity, and CVD, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis revealed several significant shared and metabolic pathways from signaling pathway analysis. Furthermore, we identified ten potential hub proteins from PPI analysis that may serve as a therapeutic intervention in the future. Finally, we targeted one significant hub protein, IGF2R (PDB ID: 2V5O), out of ten hub proteins based on the Maximal clique centrality (MCC) algorithm and literature review for molecular docking study. Enzastaurin (−12.5), Kaempferol (−9.1), Quercetin (−9.0), and Coumestrol (−8.9) kcal/mol showed higher binding affinity in the molecular docking approach than 19 drug compounds. We have also found that the selected four compounds displayed favorable ADMET properties compared to the native ligand. Conclusion: Our in-silico research findings identified a shared molecular etiology between PCOS and metabolic diseases that may suggest new therapeutic targets and warrants future experimental validation of the key targets.

Traumatic brain injury carries a high risk of neurological disability and fatality. The extent of the injury to the neuronal tissue following a head impact defines the primary injury. The acceleration energy delivered at the time of impact provokes this injury. There are numerous secondary responses to the injury that mostly intensify the primary injury. When a head impact causes a contusion, the hemorrhagic injury frequently progresses over the first few hours after impact, either growing or developing new, non-contiguous hemorrhagic lesions, a condition known as the hemorrhagic progression of a contusion.

Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread among pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and lead to potentially adverse effects for mother and baby. In Bangladesh, maternal malnutrition remains a severe problem, with high rates of anemia (49.6% of pregnant women and 47.8% of lactating women are anemic) and other nutritional deficiencies. A Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study was conducted to assess Bangladeshi pregnant women’s perceptions and related behaviors, as well as awareness and knowledge among pharmacists and healthcare professionals concerning prenatal multivitamin supplements. This was done in both rural and urban areas across Bangladesh. A total of 732 quantitative interviews were conducted (330 with providers and 402 with pregnant women, with an equal split between urban and rural areas for both sets of audiences; 200 women were users of prenatal multivitamin supplements, while 202 women were aware non-users). The study identified a few findings that can guide further research or market-based interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies. These include most pregnant women not knowing the right time to start multivitamin supplements (56.0%, [n = 225], stating that a woman should start taking supplements ‘after the first trimester’), not knowing their benefits, and how they help both the mother and baby–only 29.5% [n = 59] stated that they believed the supplements helped their baby to grow well). Further, barriers to taking the supplements include women believing a nutritious diet is a substitute (88.7% [n = 293]), and a perceived lack of support from other family members (21.8%, [n = 72]). This suggests that there is a need for further awareness-raising among all pregnant women, their family members, and providers.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are tangled lesions that may digress the blood flow particularly the high flow ones and microsurgical resection is challenging. The natural history of AVM is not completely understood and its management is controversial. Microsurgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformation is a challenging procedure, particularly for high-flow type. Embolization, microsurgery, or radiotherapy are treatment options. Preoperative planning to control the feeders, arachnoid dissection around the AVM for identification and control of all arterial feeders around the AVM surfaces, lastly control of draining vein is the principal of microsurgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the AVM completely to eliminate the risk of bleeding avoiding neurological deterioration. In this paper, we reviewed a case of high-flow cerebral AVM in recurrent bleeding with successful microsurgical resection.The patient in this case report significantly improved his neurological condition and demonstrated a good quality of life during long-term follow-up. The results of this study showed that the microsurgical removal of AVMs represents an efficient treatment with good clinical outcomes. In the future, more investigations of the factors that lead to AVM rupture are required for the advancement of effective medical procedures.

Abstract Background Nationally representative data on burden of musculoskeletal conditions (MSK) in Bangladesh are not available. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MSK conditions and related disabilities in the adult population of Bangladesh. Methods A total of 2000 individuals aged 18 years or older were targeted from 20 primary sampling units (urban and rural) of all former seven divisions of Bangladesh in 2015. Structured interviews were done using the modified Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders questionnaire to detect positive respondents. Standard criteria were used for diagnosing MSK conditions by rheumatology residents. In case of uncertainty, opinion was taken from senior rheumatologists. A Bangla version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire was used to determine disability. Results A total of 1843 (92.1%) participated. Among them, 892 men and 951 women participated from rural (n = 716) and urban (n = 1127) areas. Their mean age was 40.5 (standard deviation 14.7) years. Almost a third did not have any formal schooling. Overall, 30.4% (95% confidence interval, 28.3–32.5) had MSK conditions. Low back pain (18.6%, 16.9–20.5), knee osteoarthritis (7.3%, 6.1–8.5) and soft tissue rheumatism 3.8% (2.9–4.7) were the three top-ranking MSK conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis (1.6%, 1.0–2.1), spondyloarthritis (1.2%, 7–1.8) and adhesive capsulitis (1.4%, 0.9–1.9) were relatively uncommon. Among those who had MSK conditions, 24.8% (21.3–28.6) had some degree of disability. Of them, 24.4% (21.0–28.1) had history of work loss during last 12 months. Conclusions The high burden of MSK conditions and related disabilities in Bangladesh warrants greater attention of the health system. Further studies are needed to estimate the impact of this group of conditions particularly addressing related disabilities and loss of work.

COVID-19 has become an alarming pandemic for our earth. Worldwide, healthcare workers including neurosurgeons are facing challenges in prioritizing neurosurgical patients. Here we have tried to draw attention to the effective management of patients with limited resources. Prioritizing surgical cases in emergencies, overseeing triage framework for neurosurgeries, rebuilding of the inpatient service, should be of utmost priority. Neurosurgeons should point in the amendment as far as a good life for everybody, while still prioritizing equity in the distribution of services.

The occlusion of a cerebral artery by a thrombus accounts for about 80% of strokes. Reperfusion can save hypoperfused brain tissue from early cerebral blood flow restoration (CBF), thus limiting neurological impairment. The most successful treatments for stroke care have proven to be reperfusion techniques. One of the key drawbacks of these treatment methods is that early ischemic brain tissue reperfusion can lead to adverse effects, including blood-brain barrier breakdown, which can lead to cerebral oedema, haemorrhage of the brain, or both. Haemorrhages are especially devastating after reperfusion and are associated with exceptionally high morbidity and mortality. Fear of haemorrhage-related reperfusion greatly restricts the use of stroke therapies. Reperfusion injury, a mechanism that further damages brain cells, the ischemic arterial wall, and the microvasculature, is due to the deleterious effects of early restoration of cerebral blood flow following stroke. It seems clear that the brain will benefit from therapies to restore CBF to an ischemic region. The brain's reliance on normal CBF levels is underlined by the sensitivity of the brain to relatively short ischaemic cycles. Experimental and clinical data, however, suggests that tissue damage can be aggravated by organ reperfusion. [1] Studies have failed to prove that infarct size is increased by reperfusion. Reperfusion can aggravate the formation of oedema and lead to abnormal blood flow patterns and microvascular lesions within the reperfused areas.

COVID-19 pandemic is now a great headache for the world population. Respiratory symptoms are the main presentation of COVID-19. However, musculoskeletal pain, headache, loss of taste and smell sense, and neurological manifestations may occur. Identification of patterns of musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and physical health status in COVID-19 is crucial. In this cross sectional study, a total 380 individuals with COVID-19 were recruited from the population following selection criteria. Pain varied widely in hip, neck, leg and calf muscles, back and spine, shoulder, arms and hand, and other parts of the body among the respondents. Inconstant, among respondents of younger age group (aged ≤50 year), 37.59% had moderate pain, 6.77% had severe pain, 13.91% had mild pain, and 41.17% had no pain. On the other hand, among older respondents (aged >50 year) 47.37% had moderate pain, 25.44% had severe pain, 13.15% had mild pain, and 14.03% had no pain. The differences between two groups was statistically significant (p

Earlier research has mostly focused on the impacts of stocking density on fish growth, yield, and survival rate; however, knowledge of the effects of stocking larger-sized fish, particularly Nile Tilapia, is lacking. This type of research is critically important for increasing food security, achieving sustainable goals, and facing the challenges of climate change in the near future. Therefore, we investigated the effects of initial stocking body sizes of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on water quality, growth performance, and economic yield in tropical riverine cages for 120 days in two culture cycles. Nile Tilapia of three different body sizes (34.06 ± 0.22 g, 10.98 ± 0.09 g, and 5.47 ± 0.04 for the first cycle and 33.85 ± 0.01 g, 11.07 ± 0.05 g, and 5.38 ± 0.06 g for the second cycle, indicated as T1, T2, and T3) were stocked in the culture treatments where unique stocking density and feed rations were maintained. The results revealed that water quality parameters did not differ significantly (p > 0.5) and were within a suitable range for Nile Tilapia culture. Treatments with larger-sized fish demonstrated a higher growth performance. The stocking fish size of 34.14–34.71 g was found to be the best among the three treatments regarding growth performance and economic return. As a result, except for T1 and T2 at a rural site and T1 at a semi-urban site, all of the treatments had negative allometry (b < 3.0), indicating that larger-sized fish and the rural site of the river are more suitable for cage culture. The rural site was found to be more suitable, possibly due to less variation of water parameters, more natural foods, and less pollution. The cages with larger-sized fish stocked had a higher net present value (NPV); internal rate of return (IRR); benefit–cost ratio (BCR); and rate on return (ROI), indicating that cage culture with larger-sized fish stocked is economically viable in the riverine system. Therefore, stocking the larger-sized fish (T1) and rural site are more suitable for cage culture.

An important tool to evaluate the influence of these public transit investments on transit ridership is the application of statistical models. Drawing on stop-level boarding and alighting data for the Greater Orlando region, the current study estimates spatial panel models that accommodate for the impact of spatial and temporal observed and unobserved factors on transit ridership. Specifically, two spatial models, Spatial Error Model and Spatial Lag Model, are estimated for boarding and alighting separately by employing several exogenous variables including stop-level attributes, transportation and transit infrastructure variables, built environment and land use attributes, and sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables in the vicinity of the stop along with spatial and spatiotemporal lagged variables. The model estimation results are further augmented by a validation exercise. These models are expected to provide feedback to agencies on the benefits of public transit investments while also providing lessons to improve the investment process.

A 37-year-old Bangladeshi woman presented with low back and several joints pain and swelling for months together; there was significant morning stiffness for more than two hours. Repeated abortions, dry eye, hair fall, photosensitivity, and oral ulcer were the additional complaints. Clinical examination unveiled asymmetrical peripheral and both sacroiliac joint tenderness, positive modified Schober’s test, and limited chest expansion. Schirmer’s test was positive. The history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) among 1st-degree relatives was also significant. Biochemical analysis revealed pancytopenia, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and mild microscopic proteinuria. The patient was seropositive for rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP), antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-Sm antibody, anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A and B (anti-SSA/SSB), antiphospholipid (aPL-IgG/IgM), and HLA B27; however, serum complement (C3 and C4) levels were normal. Basal cortisol level measured elevated. Besides, X-ray and MRI of lumbosacral spines demonstrated sacroiliitis. There was radiological cardiomegaly, echocardiography unveiled atrial regurgitation, and ascending aorta aneurysm. Based on the abovementioned information, RA, AS, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been diagnosed. Moreover, the patient developed Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), antiphospholipid lipid syndrome (APS), Cushing syndrome, ascending aorta aneurysm, and atrial regurgitation. Her disease activity score for RA (DAS28), DAS for AS (ASDAS), SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) scores were 3.46, 2.36, 23, and 5, respectively. The patient received hydroxychloroquine (200 mg daily), pulsed cyclophosphamide, prednisolone (20 mg in the morning), and naproxen 500 mg (twice daily). To our best knowledge, this is the first report documenting RA, AS, and SLE with secondary SS and APS.

Background. COVID-19 has become an alarming pandemic for our earth. It has created panic not only in China but also in developing countries like Bangladesh. Bangladesh has adequate confinements to constrain the spread of the infection and in this circumstance, overall healthcare workers including neurosurgeons are confronting a ton of difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to depict the proficiency of Global neurosurgery in this COVID-19 time. Method. Global neurosurgery offers the chance of fusing the best proof-based guidelines of care. This paper demonstrated that, in low to middle-income countries, Global medical procedure has been received to address the issues of residents who lack critical surgical care. Results. Inappropriate and insufficient asset allotment has been a significant obstacle for the health system for decently giving security to the patients. The fundamental training process has been genuinely hampered in the current circumstance. Worldwide health activities have set to an alternate centre and Global neurosurgery as an assurance is slowed down. Conclusion. This paper recommended that Global neurosurgical activities need to come forward and increase the workforce to emphasize surgical service.

Background: Pituitary surgery is the most common surgery used to remove pituitary tumours. The use of mini doppler in surgical removal of an endonasal pituitary tumour has shown good short-term clinical outcomes and few complications in patients. Cavernous sinus invasion limits the surgical excision and still a challenge of gross total resection. Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the outcome of surgical removal of an endonasal pituitary tumour using mini doppler. Method: A total of 12 patients were studied retrospectively from 2012 to 2018 in a single institution (Private hospital) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The male and female ratio was 7:5. Results: 92% of cases of the total number of patients had satisfactory removal/ neurological improvement/hormonal improvement. Among 12 cases, 8 cases had transient diabetes insipidus and one patient had CSF leak. Conclusion: The intraoperative Doppler is a useful tool to localize the carotids, which provides safer resection of endonasal pituitary tumours. Thus, it is very safe and effective for laterosellar resection of recurrent pituitary tumours and for cavernous sinus invasions.

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by various sources has become a major worry all over the world. Pollutants can enter the human body through the food chain from aquatic and soil habitats. These pollutants can cause various chronic diseases in humans and mortality if they collect in the body over an extended period. Although the phytoremediation technique cannot completely remove harmful materials, it is an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and natural process that has no negative effects on the environment. The main types of phytoremediation, their mechanisms, and strategies to raise the remediation rate and the use of genetically altered plants, phytoremediation plant prospects, economics, and usable plants are reviewed in this review. Several factors influence the phytoremediation process, including types of contaminants, pollutant characteristics, and plant species selection, climate considerations, flooding and aging, the effect of salt, soil parameters, and redox potential. Phytoremediation’s environmental and economic efficiency, use, and relevance are depicted in our work. Multiple recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies are also mentioned in this review.

Abstract Background Early detection and treatment of neuropathy in leprosy is important to prevent disabilities. A recent study showed that the Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Warm Detection Thresholds (WDT) tests can detect leprosy neuropathy the earliest. These two tests are not practical under field conditions, however, because they require climate-controlled rooms and highly trained staff and are expensive. We assessed the usefulness of alternative test methods and their sensitivity and specificity to detect neuropathy at an early stage. Methods Through a literature search we identified five alternative devices that appeared user-friendly, more affordable, portable and/or battery-operated: the Neuropad®, Vibratip™, NC-Stat®DPNCheck™, NeuroQuick and the Thermal Sensibility Tester (TST), assessing respectively sweat function, vibration sensation, nerve conduction, cold sensation and warm sensation. In leprosy patients in Bangladesh, the posterior tibial and sural nerves that tested normal for the monofilament test and voluntary muscle test were assessed with the NCS and WDT as reference standard tests. The alternative devices were then tested on 94 nerves with abnormal WDT and/or NCS results and on 94 unaffected nerves. Sensitivity and specificity were the main outcomes. Results The NeuroQuick and the TST showed very good sensitivity and specificity. On the sural nerve, the NeuroQuick had both a sensitivity and a specificity of 86%. The TST had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 82%. Both the NC-Stat®DPNCheck™ and Vibratip™ had a high specificity (88% and 100%), but a low sensitivity (16% and 0%). On the posterior tibial nerve, the NeuroQuick and the TST also showed good sensitivity, but the sensitivity was lower than for the sural nerve. The Neuropad® had a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 61%. Conclusions The NeuroQuick and TST are good candidates for further field-testing for reliability and reproducibility. The feasibility of production on a larger scale should be examined.

Accurate pre-harvest yield estimation of high value fruit tree crops provides a range of benefits to industry and growers. Currently, yield estimation in Avocado (Persea americana) and Mango (Mangifera indica) orchards is undertaken by a visual count of a limited number of trees. However, this method is labour intensive and can be highly inaccurate if the sampled trees are not representative of the spatial variability occurring across the orchard. This study evaluated the accuracies of high resolution WorldView (WV) 2 and 3 satellite imagery and targeted field sampling for the pre-harvest prediction of yield. A stratified sampling technique was applied in each block to measure relevant yield parameters from eighteen sample trees representing high, medium and low vigour zones (6 from each) based on classified normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) maps. For avocado crops, principal component analysis (PCA) and non-linear regression analysis were applied to 18 derived vegetation indices (VIs) to determine the index with the strongest relationship to the measured yield parameters. For mango, an integrated approach of geometric (tree crown area) and optical (spectral vegetation indices) data using artificial neural network (ANN) model produced more accurate predictions. The results demonstrate that accurate maps of yield variability and total orchard yield can be achieved from WV imagery and targeted sampling; whilst accurate maps of fruit size and the incidence of phytophthora can also be achieved in avocado. These outcomes offer improved forecasting than currently adopted practices and therefore offer great benefit to both the avocado and mango industries.

The aim of this study was to examine the optimum time of rehabilitation initiation after stroke in terms of disabilities, mobility and fall risk assessment. Data were collected prospectively at seven tertiary level health care centers in Bangladesh during the 36 months period from 2013 to 2016. All respondents were divided into four groups based on the initiation of rehabilitation as: a) 0-24 hours, b) 25-72 hours, c) 4-7 days and d) 8-60 days. Results show that significant improvement on stroke recovery, disabilities reduction, improvement in mobility restriction and reduction of fall risks in all the four groups but more improvement was observed in 0-24 hour’s group during follow-up after 3 and 12 weeks. On multinomial logistic regression analysis, the independent factors shows the mobility restriction and fall risk were more in the younger patients, male gender, married, hemorrhagic lesion and bilateral stroke.

Piriformis syndrome is an underdiagnosed extraspinal association of sciatica. Patients usually complain of deep seated gluteal pain. In severe cases the clinical features of piriformis syndrome are primarily due to spasm of the piriformis muscle and irritation of the underlying sciatic nerve but this mysterious clinical scenario is also described in lumbar spinal canal stenosis, leg length discrepancy, piriformis myofascial pain syndrome, following vaginal delivery, and anomalous piriformis muscle or sciatic nerve. In this paper, we describe piriformis and fibromyalgia syndrome in a 30-year-old young lady, an often missed diagnosis. We also focus on management of the piriformis syndrome.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people globally, causing widespread illness and functional limitations. Methods This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between COVID-19 symptoms and the functional status of COVID-19 survivors at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Bangladesh. A total of 244 COVID-19 survivors were enrolled in the study, and their symptoms and functional status were assessed using standardized questionnaires. The post-COVID-19 functional status scale (PCFS) was used to assess the entire range of functional outcomes. Results Among the participants 57.4% were male and 42.6% were female. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 44.6 ±14.7 years where 37.7% were from the 20-35 years age group. The mean duration of suffering from COVID-19 was 15.9 ±6.1 days where 61.5 % of the patients had a duration of suffering of 11-20 days. Out of the 244 patients, 40 patients had no functional limitation (grade 0 functional status in the PCFS scale) while 100 had negligible functional limitation and 14 had severe functional limitation. We found patients who were suffering from multi-symptoms were statistically significant with PCFS scale grade 4, whereas grade 1 was found to be statistically significant with only respiratory distress. There was a significant association between the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and post-COVID-19 functional status for patients who experienced symptoms for 14 days or more (p Conclusions Considering the negative impact of COVID-19 symptoms on functional status, comprehensive care and support are required for COVID-19 survivors.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people globally, causing widespread illness and functional limitations. Methods This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between COVID-19 symptoms and the functional status of COVID-19 survivors at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Bangladesh. A total of 244 COVID-19 survivors were enrolled in the study, and their symptoms and functional status were assessed using standardized questionnaires. The post-COVID-19 functional status scale (PCFS) was used to assess the entire range of functional outcomes. Results Among the participants 57.4% were male and 42.6% were female. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 44.6 ±14.7 years where 37.7% were from the 20-35 years age group. The mean duration of suffering from COVID-19 was 15.9 ±6.1 days where 61.5 % of the patients had a duration of suffering of 11-20 days. Out of the 244 patients, 40 patients had no functional limitation (grade 0 functional status in the PCFS scale) while 100 had negligible functional limitation and 14 had severe functional limitation. We found patients who were suffering from multi-symptoms were statistically significant with PCFS scale grade 4, whereas grade 1 was found to be statistically significant with only respiratory distress. There was a significant association between the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and post-COVID-19 functional status for patients who experienced symptoms for 14 days or more (p Conclusions Considering the negative impact of COVID-19 symptoms on functional status, comprehensive care and support are required for COVID-19 survivors.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people globally, causing widespread illness and functional limitations. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between COVID-19 symptoms and the functional status of COVID-19 survivors at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Bangladesh. A total of 244 COVID-19 survivors were enrolled in the study, and their symptoms and functional status were assessed using standardized questionnaires. The post-COVID-19 functional status scale (PCFS) was used to assess the entire range of functional outcomes. Results: Among the participants 57.4% were male and 42.6% were female. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 44.6 ±14.7 years where 37.7% were from the 20-35 years age group. The mean duration of suffering from COVID-19 was 15.9 ±6.1 days where 61.5 % of the patients had a duration of suffering of 11-20 days. Out of the 244 patients, 40 patients had no functional limitation (grade 0 functional status in the PCFS scale) while 100 had negligible functional limitation and 14 had severe functional limitation. We found patients who were suffering from multi-symptoms were statistically significant with PCFS scale grade 4, whereas grade 1 was found to be statistically significant with only respiratory distress. There was a significant association between the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and post-COVID-19 functional status for patients who experienced symptoms for 14 days or more (p Conclusions: Considering the negative impact of COVID-19 symptoms on functional status, comprehensive care and support are required for COVID-19 survivors.