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Leucania mopan Adams and McCabe new species Figs. 2 (imago), 15 (valvae), 16 (endophallus), 35 (bursa copulatrix) Material examined. Dissections examined (5♁♁, 2♀♀). Type material: Holotype male. BELIZE: Cayo: Mountain Pine Ridge, 1000’ Falls, 17.060529,- 88. 848458, 623m, 26–30 May 1990, L.C. Dow, dissection TLM♁6326 (deposited in NYSM). Paratypes. (28♁♁, 8♀♀) BELIZE: Cayo: Mountain Pine Ridge, 1000’ Falls, 17.060529,- 88. 848458, 623m, 15 May 1990, L.C. Dow, 1♁, dissection MSA♁3406, 22–24 May 1990, L.C. Dow 10♁♁, 3♀♀, dissections MSA♁2408, MSA ♀ 2409, 26-30 May 1990, L.C. Dow, 3♁♁, 2♀♀, 13–16 Jun 1990, L.C. Dow, 1♁, 2-3 Jul 1990, L.C. Dow, 1♀, dissection TLM ♀ 6329 (NYSM); Granite Cairn, 17.043169, -88.864088, 702m, 15 Jun 1990, M.S. Adams, 1♁, 1 Jul 1990 L.C. Dow, 3♁♁ (NYSM); no specific locality, 16.956938, -88.979678, 625m, M.S. Adams 6♁♁, 1♀ (NYSM); Stann Creek, Cockscomb Basin Sanctuary, Jaguar Reserve, 16.780801, -88.458902, 71m, 10–12 May 1990, M.S. Adams, 1♁, 1♀, 4-9 Jun 1990, L.C. Dow, 1♁, 18–19 Jun 1990, M.S. Adams, 1♁, dissection TLM♁6317 (NYSM). GUATEMALA: Alto Verapez, Chejel, 15.283333, -90.050000, 287m, 1♁, dissection MSA US♁180 (USNM). Diagnosis. The Belizean endemic L. mopan bears a close resemblance to its sibling species, the widespread Central American L. albifasciata (Hampson, 1905) (Fig. 1), from which the habitus differs in having a generally paler rufous forewing. The hind wing of both sexes of L. mopan are infuscated with brown scales contrasting with the pure white hind wing of L. albifasciata. Both species have basal abdominal eversible tubular structures and a lappet (Fig. 13) (an inflatable flap on the outside of the valva). The ornamentation of the everted endophallus separates L. mopan from L. albifasciata (Fig. 14). Both species have a small cluster of short, stout cornuti at the proximal end of the endophallus, which is a simple straight tube bent medially at a right angle, at which point there are three long cornuti. Beyond this point, on L. mopan, the endophallus is unadorned except for an array of four or five retrorse cornuti proximal to the primary gonopore. In contrast, L. albifasciata has the endophallus adorned by a single, long row of cornuti, which continues to the primary gonopore. The appendix bursae of L. mopan is straight (Fig. 35) whereas that of L. albifasciata has.a sharp angle at midpoint (Fig. 36). Description. (Fig. 2) Wingspan 35–38 mm. Head, palpi, frons, and thorax pale rufous. Tegulae and patagia pale rufous with dusting of black scales. No scale tufts on male fore- and mid-tibiae. Abdomen paler ventrally with dusting of black scales. Forewing pale rufous with dusting of black scales. White-scaled cubital vein bisects forewing and broadens at distal end of cell where it curves around inferior distal margin of reniform (represented by black dot). Cubital vein a narrow white line subtended by dark shade along its entire length. Forewing with faint darker stripe adjacent to white-scaled second anal vein. Postmedial (p.m.) line a curving row of small black dots on veins. Pale oblique fascia subtended by dark wedge from vein M3 to wing apex. Forewing with row of fine black terminal points. Fringe dark. Hind wing off-white, infuscated with dark scales on veins and along costal margin. A field of black specks on sub-costal margin of underside of both fore and hind wing. Basal abdominal eversible tubular structures present. Male genitalia. (Figs. 15 & 16). Uncus slightly dilated, terminating in well-defined, claw-like tip; tegumen and vinculum unmodified; valva broad with few non-deciduous setae on margin and with an inflatable flap (lappet) on outside of valva; cucullus distinctively short and broad with non-deciduous setae on its outer margin; pore plate present at valvulus (base of cucullus); ampulla short and thin; editum conspicuous below ampulla; digitus short and sharp pointed; clasper an elongate, acutely curved projection, extending almost to shoulder of valva margin; claval area of sacculus smooth and unmodified; phallus a simple straight tube. Everted endophallus with small cluster of short, stout cornuti at proximal section followed by a simple straight tube bent medially at a right angle, three long cornuti near bend; distal portion of endophallus mostly unadorned except for an array of four or five retrorse cornuti at the primary gonopore. Female genitalia. (Fig. 35) Ductus bursae extending from ostium bursae as a straight tube until an angle at junction with appendix bursae. Appendix bursae sclerotized and extending beyond ductus bursae. Corpus bursae sac-like and thin-walled, arising at juncture of ductus bursae and appendix bursae. Global Distribution. Belize (type locality), Guatemala. Etymology. The specific epithet mopan is in recognition of the dialect of the Yucatanian Branch of the Mayan language. Food plant. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Remarks. Leucania mopan appears to be a narrow endemic to the pre-montane [650–700m] pine savanna of the Mountain Pine Ridge of Belize and Guatemala. This small (less than 3000 km 2) ecoregion is recognized by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered (Dinerstein, et al., 1995). The principal physical factors of this habitat include xeric, acidic, nutrient-poor soil and periodic low intensity burns (Johnson & Chaffey, 1973). The predominant tree is the endemic variety of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis (Sénéciauze) W.H. Barrett & Golfari). Other characteristic plants include: Crescentia cujete L.(Calabash tree), Quercus spp., Curatella americana L. (Chaparro), Byrsonima crassifolia H.B.K. (Manteco), and Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc. (Paurotis palm) (Corrales, et al., 2015; Hampshire, 1988; Laughlin, 2002). The canopy is open with many low shrubs and open savanna areas with grasses, sedges and a variety of herbs., Published as part of Mccabe, Timothy L. & Adams, Morton S., 2023, Five new species of the genus Leucania Ochsenheimer in Central America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), pp. 250-266 in Zootaxa 5256 (3) on pages 251-252, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7751414, {"references":["Hampson, G. F. (1905) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London, 634 + xvi pp., pls. 78 - 95.","Johnson, M. S. & Chaffey, D. R. (1973) A forest inventory of part of the Mountain Pine Ridge, Belize, Land Resource Study. No. 13. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Overseas Development Administration, Surrey, 120 pp.","Hampshire, R. J. (1988) Belize. In: Campbell, D. G. & Hammond, H. P. (Eds.), Floristic inventory of tropical countries. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, pp. 288 - 289.","Laughlin, D. C. (2002) Flora of the pine savanna at Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, Belize. Caribbean Journal of Science, 38 (1 - 2), 151 - 155."]}

Leucania championi Adams and McCabe new species Figs. 10 (imago), 31 (valvae), 32 (endophallus), 44 (bursa copulatrix) Leucania humidicola (not Guenée, 1852: 90). Troubridge, 2020: Fig. 102 [Misidentification]. Leucania februalis (not Hill, 1924: 186, Fig.17). Troubridge, 2020: Fig. 101 [Misidentification]. Mythimna solita (not Walker, 1856: 99). Hayes, 1975, page 168–169, Fig. 43. [Misidentification]. Material examined. Dissections examined (7♁♁, 9♀♀). Type material: Holotype male. GUATEMALA: Fuentes Georginas, 14.748972, -91.480310, 2455m, 13–16 Feb 2007, 1♁, T. McCabe, dissection TLM♁6056 (deposited in NYSM); Paratypes. (21♁♁, 14♀♀). MEXICO: Chiapas; Tapilula, 21 May, 1969, A. Matuura, 1♁, dissection MSA♁CNC11 (CNC); Durango; Pueblo Nuevo, 10 km W El Salto, 02 Aug 1969, J.E.H. Martin, 1♀, dissection MSA ♀ 3907 (CNC); Chiapas: San Cristóbal, 13 May 1969. J.E.H. Martin, 1♀, (CNC); Oaxaca: Sola de Vega, Llano Verde, 16.5652,- 973639, 825m, 07 Jul 1977, J.E. Rawlins, 2♁♁, 1♀, dissection MSA ♀ 251 (CMNH); 55 km N Putia, 1♁ (CMNH); 15 Aug 1986, 1♁(CMHH), Tlaxiaco, 3 mi N Tlaxiaco, 17.312765, -97.681532, 2438m, H. Romack, 1♀, dissection TLM ♀ 6065 (TLM); Ixtia, Guelatao de Juárez, 18 Aug 1969, L.A. Kelton, 1♁ (CMNH); Puebla: Puebla, no specific locality, 20 Jun 1920, C.C. Hoffmann, 1♁ (CMNH); Michoacan: Chupicuara, 13 Jul 1977, J.E. Rawlins, 1♁ (CMNH); San Luis Petosi, Querótaro, 24–25 Jul 1982, J.E. Rawlins, 1♁ (CMNH); Baja California Sur: La Paz, Guaycura Hotel, 05 Dec 1961, 1♁ (CMNH); Sierra Madre Oriental: nr. Bajan, 26.569722,- 101.221389, 960m, 16 Jul 1992, T. McCabe, 1♁ (TLM); Cuatrocienagos, Dunes, 26.843333, -102.183889, 16 Jul 1992, T. McCabe, 1♁, dissection TLM♁5280 (TLM). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, Santa Rosa National Park, 11.01602, -85.38053, 380m, 10–12 Jul 1979, D. Janzen, 3♁♁, 1♀, dissections MSA♁297, MSA ♀ 296; 9-12 Aug 1977, 1♁, 1♀ dissections MSA ♁301, MSA ♀ 302; 14 Jan 1978, 1♀, dissection MSA ♀ 298, (NYSM), Guanacaste, 11.01602, -85.38053, 380m, 1♁ 07-SRNP-102951, D. Janzen, dissection TLM ♁6028 (USNM), 1♀, 07-SRNP-104287, dissection TLM ♀ 6029 (USNM); no locality or date specified, Cooper, 1♁ (CMNH). GUATEMALA: [Quetzaltenango]: Fuentes Georginas, 14.748972, -91.480310, 2455m, 13–16 Feb 2007, 1♁, T. McCabe; Fuentes Georginas, 8 km SE Zunil, 14.748972, -91.479722, 2313m, 14–15 Feb 2007, M.S. Adams, 1♁ (NYSM); 26 Feb 2007, 1♀ (TLM); [Suchitepéquez: Paulul], Los Tarrales Natural Reserve, 14.522925, -91.136243, 1400m, 22 Jul 2009, T. McCabe 2♀ (TLM), 1♀ 11 Feb 2007 (TLM), 22 July 2009, 1♀ dissection TLM ♀ 6479; NICARAGUA: Matagalpa, Fuente Pura, 12 km N Matagalpa, 8–9 Jan 1994, E. van den Berghe, 1♁ (CMNH); Selva Nigra, 29 Dec 1993, E. van den Berghe, 1♀ (CMNH); ECUADOR: Imbabura, Valle de la Chota, 16 km W Ambuqui, 17 Nov 1987, R. Davidson, 1♀, dissection MSA ♀ 3903 (CMNH); VENEZEULA: Aragua: Maracay, 5–11 Jul 1981, B. LaLanne-Cassou, 1♁, dissection MSA♁2027 (NYSM). Diagnosis. Solely on the basis of habitus, it is probably impossible to distinguish L. championi from L. humidicola Guenée, 1852 (Fig. 11) consistently. The forewing of L. championi is usually not as bright and contrasting as L. humidicola but otherwise similar. Males of both species have distinctive heavily tufted fore- and mid-tibia. The range of L. championi extends from Mexico to northwestern South America, and potentially overlaps L. humidicola in northern Mexico. The genitalia of both sexes are distinctive. In L. championi the extended basal sclerite of the clasper is attenuated into a sharp point, which reaches beyond the margin of the valva. In L. humidicola this structure is shorter and bluntly upturned to the mid-margin (Fig. 29). In L. championi the everted endophallus initially is a simple tube but has an unadorned pyramid-shaped diverticulum at approximately one-third of its length from base, followed by a single row of robust retrorse cornuti, which extends to the gonopore. In L. humidicola the everted endophallus (Fig. 30) is distinguished by a long narrow diverticulum, which arises near the base and ends in a long pointed cornutus. In both L. championi and L. humidicola (Fig. 43) the appendix bursae arises near the ostium bursae, however the ductus bursae in L. championi is a short straight tube ending in a sac-like corpus bursae whereas in L. humidicola this structure is long and ends in a twisted loop before entering the corpus bursae. Description. (Fig. 10) Wingspan 35–38 mm. Male palpi with dark scales, female palpi tan without dark scales; frons light tan. Thorax tan with three patagia bands, first band with brown scales, middle band less distinct, posterior band with distinct black-tipped scales; tegula and thorax tan; scale tufts on male fore- and mid-tibiae. Forewing ground light brown; cubital vein white scaled with brown shade for entire length; reniform reduced to a black dot at end of cell; p.m. line indicated by dots at veins, strongest at veins M1 and Cu2; veins white; terminal dots present. Hind wing of male pearly white, the female hind wing white, infuscated near margin. Ventral forewing light tan, darker in subcostal area. Ventral hind wing pearly white, costal margin tan. Abdomen light tan, shaggy; male basal abdominal eversible tubular structures present. Sexes similar, except female hind wing slightly darker near margin. Male genitalia. (Figs. 31 & 32) Uncus, tegumen, and vinculum unmodified; cucullus short and rounded with a single row of fine non-deciduous setae in sockets on the lateral margin of both cucullus and valva; a large pore plate present at valvulus; ampulla thick and hook-like; digitus short and thick; editum inconspicuous; top of clasper sharp and hooked, whereas the basal sclerite produced into a long, straight, attenuated, sharp-pointed projection reaching or exceeding margin of valva; claval area of the sacculus with a slight prominence. Phallus long, thin and straight; everted endophallus with a short, pointed diverticulum at one-third length from base followed by a row of stout, retrorse cornuti, which extends to the gonopore. Female genitalia. (Fig. 44) Ductus bursae basally short and thick. Sclerotized appendix bursae branching to left and becoming sac-like, ending in ductus seminalis; ductus bursae continuing beyond the origin of the appendix bursae with a short, straight portion before entering thin walled, sac-like corpus bursae. Global distribution. Mexico, Guatemala (type locality), Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador including Galápagos Islands (vide Hayes, 1975, as Mythimna solita). Food plant. Seaside Dropseed Sporobolus virginicus (Linnaeus) Kunth was reported as food plant of L. championi (as M. solita) on the Galápagos Islands (vide Hayes, 1975). Seaside Dropseed is a perennial tussock grass of coastal marshes, dunes, and beaches of tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. Larva. Hayes (1975) described the larva as follows: “Head gray with brown reticulation. Body reddish brown with darker markings and diffuse white lines.” Etymology. The specific epithet “championi ” honors George Charles Champion FLS (b.1851–d.1927) who collected specimens in Guatemala in 1879 for the “Biologia Centrali-Americana” (Selander & Vaurie, 1962). Today we are faced with increasingly limited access to collecting at a time of precipitous declines in biodiversity. We wish to call attention to the often overlooked contribution of collectors who document our natural heritage. Remarks. We have not verified L. humidicola from Mexico, however as it occurs in California and Texas it undoubtedly also occurs in Mexico. We recognize two new junior synonyms of L. humidicola: Leucania februalis Hill, 1924, New Synonym, and Leucania elephas Troubridge, 2020, New Synonym. Leucania championi has been misidentified as L. humidicola in a recent publication (Troubridge, 2020). We reiterate the necessity of examination of types of all available names. The practice of wantonly ignoring primary types and junior synonyms leads to the generation of more synonyms hindering biodiversity research. Guatemala specimens of L. championi with Janzen codes 07-SRNP-102951 and 07-SRNP-10487 were sequenced in BOLD under the name Leucania februalis., Published as part of Mccabe, Timothy L. & Adams, Morton S., 2023, Five new species of the genus Leucania Ochsenheimer in Central America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), pp. 250-266 in Zootaxa 5256 (3) on pages 258-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7751414, {"references":["Troubridge, J. T. (2020) A new genus and 37 new noctuid species from peninsular Florida and the Keys (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Insecta Mundi, 0789, 1 - 56. http: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 4585782","Walker, F. (1856) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 9. Edward Newman, London, 252 pp.","Hayes, A. H. (1975) The larger moths of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, Series 4, 33 (7), 145 - 208.","Selander, R. B. & Vaurie, P. (1962) A gazetteer to accompany the Insecta volumes of the Biologia Centrali-Americana, American Museum Novitates, No. 2099, 1 - 70."]}

Leucania sororia McCabe & Adams, new species Figs. 8 (imago), 23 (valvae), 24 (endophallus), 40 (bursa copulatrix) Material examined. Dissections examined (3♁♁, 3♀♀). Type material: Holotype female. MEXICO, Oaxaca, 7 mi. S. Miahuitlan, 19 August 1992, 7,000’, H. Romack, dissection TLM ♀ 6308 (deposited in NYSM). Paratypes. (4♁♁, 3♀♀). MEXICO: Durango, 10 mi. W. of El Salto, 18 June 1964, J.E.H. Martin, 9000’, 4♁♁, 2♀♀, dissections TLM ♀ 6440, TLM ♁6436, MSA♁CNC1, MSA ♀ CNC2 (CNC); Oaxaca, 5 mi. S. Tlaxiaco, 5 August 1992, 7,000’, 1♁, H. Romack, dissection TLM♁6067 [NYSM]. Diagnosis. Leucania sororia bears a close resemblance in both habitus and genitalia to L. colorada (Fig. 7). Leucania sororia is gray-brown versus the red-brown of L. colorada. Another reliable diagnostic character is the configuration of the appendix bursae. The upward bent tip of the appendix bursae in L. sororia is much shorter and smaller than in L. colorada (Fig. 39). In the male genitalia, the digitus and clasper run parallel in L. sororia but are splayed apart in L. colorada (Fig. 21). Leucania sororia may be confused with L. oaxacana and L. complicata (see diagnosis of L. colorada). Based solely on habitus, L. oaxacana is not reliably separated from L. sororia. Leucania oaxacana has the white of the cubital vein thickened beneath the reniform whereas L. sororia typically has no thickening of the white at this location. The forewing color and pattern of L. sororia is also close to that of L. imperfecta Smith, 1894 (Fig. 9), but L. imperfecta has much lighter hind wings. Description. Wingspan 34–36 mm. Head, palpi, frons, thorax, patagia, tegula, and forewing gray-brown. No scale tufts on male fore- and mid-tibiae. Forewing with cubital vein clearly marked with white scales from base to reniform where it thickens (expands). Reniform above and adjacent to white-scaled cubital vein. White scales present below or rarely beyond the reniform. White scaling of cubital vein not thickened near reniform. Post-median line a curving row of small black dots on veins. Hind wings pale at base with brown marginal infuscation. Abdomen concolorous with hind wing margin. Ventral surface of hind wings duller and terminal dots more distinct than on dorsum. Eversible tubular structures present on ventrolateral aspect of male second abdominal segment. Male genitalia. (Figs. 23 & 24) Uncus with distal end spear-shaped and spiny, slightly thickened distally, and attenuated, but lacking a narrow claw-like tip. Tegumen and vinculum unmodified. Valva broad with inflatable flap (lappet) on the outside. Lappet, when fully inflated, extends well beyond valva margin. Cucullus short and broad with a row of numerous non-deciduous setae on outer margin. Pore plate well-developed. Ampulla short and thin. Editum conspicuous. Digitus short, sharp pointed, and typically parallel to clasper (see right valva in Fig. 23). Clasper an elongated projection extending almost to valva margin and terminating in upturned knob with acute point. Claval area of the sacculus wide, producing flat-topped bulge. Phallus a simple straight tube. Everted endophallus with finger-like diverticulum at one-third of its length from base, a patch of a few spines at base of diverticulum, another similar patch of spines between the diverticulum and the phallus. Distal half of endophallus with a long, somewhat irregular, double row of spines, proximal spines much longer than the others. Female genitalia. (Fig. 40) Ductus bursae extends from ostium bursae as a straight tube, sharply bent at appendix bursae. Corpus bursae arising following a narrow constriction, spherical, membranous. Striate appendix bursae folding back upon itself, overlapping ductus bursae for most of its length before terminating in a long, upturned prominence. Global distribution. Mexico (type locality). Etymology. The epithet “sororia” (soror Latin for sister) refers to the relationship to L. colorada. Food plant. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Remarks. Leucania sororia and L. colorada are sympatric and synchronic at high elevations in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Leucania oaxacana Schaus, 1898 (syntype illustrated by Poole, 2022) occurs in Mexico and Central America and is easily confused with two of the newly described species (L. sororia and L. colorada) and with L. complicata. We have also examined L. complicata Strecker, 1898, Restored Status, from northern Mexico and southwestern USA (photograph of type examined). Previously treated as a synonym of L. oaxacana (Franclemont & Todd, 1983). Leucania complicata was misidentified as L. oaxacana by Poole (accessed 16 June 2022). Leucania complicata is a member of an informal “oaxacana group” that includes: Leucania oaxacana, L. albifasciata, L. colorada, L. sororia, L. mopan, and L. merga. Leucania imperfecta Smith, 1894, is sympatric with L. complicata in southwestern USA and northern Mexico and may be confused with species of the “ oaxacana ” group., Published as part of Mccabe, Timothy L. & Adams, Morton S., 2023, Five new species of the genus Leucania Ochsenheimer in Central America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), pp. 250-266 in Zootaxa 5256 (3) on pages 256-258, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7751414, {"references":["Smith, J. B. (1894) Descriptions of new genera and species of Noctuidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 21, 39 - 88, 6 pls.","Schaus, W. (1898) New species of Noctuidae from tropical America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 6, 107 - 120.","Poole, R. W. (2022) Encyclopedia of Life, Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: genus Leucania. http: // www. nearctica. com (accessed 16 June 2022)","Strecker, F. H. H. (1898) Lepidoptera, Rhopoloceres, and Heteroceres. Indigenous and exotic. Supplement 1. Pa Owen's steam book and job printing office, Reading, 12 pp.","Franclemont, J. G. & Todd, E. L. (1983) Noctuidae. In Hodges, R. W., et al., Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico. E. W. Classey, Ltd., Faringdon, pp. 284."]}

Leucania colorada McCabe & Adams new species Figs. 7 (imago), 21 (valvae), 22 (endophallus), 39 (bursa copulatrix) Material examined. Dissections examined (2♁♁, 2♀♀). Type material: Holotype female. MEXICO: 3 mi. N. Tlaxiaco, Tierra Azul, 7 August 1992, H. Romack, 7500’, dissection TLM ♀ 6362 (deposited in NYSM). Paratypes. (3♁♁, 1♀) MEXICO, Oaxaca: 5 mi. S. Tlaxiaco, Tierra Azul, 7 August 1992, H. Romack, 7000’, 3♁♁, dissections TLM♁6260 and TLM♁6361; 7 mi. S. Miahuitlan, 19 August 1992, H. Romack, 7000’, 1♀, dissection TLM ♀ 6276 (NYSM). Diagnosis. Leucania colorada bears a close resemblance to L. sororia. Leucania colorada is red-brown versus the gray-brown of L. sororia. The white scaling on the cubital vein typically does not curve around the reniform in L. colorada, as it does in L. sororia. The valvae are similar, but the tip of the clasper in L. colorada is blunt and bent ventrally, whereas in L. sororia there is a pointed tip that is bent dorsally (Figs. 21 vs. 23). In habitus, L. colorada is like L. complicata Strecker, 1898 (Figs. 5 & 6) and L. oaxacana Schaus, 1898 (Fig. 3). The endophalli of L. colorada and L. sororia have elongate fingerlike diverticula lacking in L. oaxacana (Fig. 34) and L. complicata (Fig. 28). Leucania complicata lacks the white scaling on the cubital vein; it also has a unique spur at the apex of the phallus (Fig. 28). Leucania oaxacana has a much smaller costal lobe of the sacculus (Fig. 33). Leucania colorada has an appendix bursae that is barely upturned at its tip whereas L. sororia (Fig. 40) has an appendix bursae that is longer and doubles back on itself. Description. (Fig. 7) Wingspan 32–36 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, patagia, tegula, and forewings reddish-brown. No scale tufts on male fore- and mid-tibiae. Forewing cubital vein clearly marked with white scales from base to reniform, after which vein thickens distally. White scales on cubital vein typically not extending above bottom of reniform. Post-medial line a curving row of small black dots on veins. Hind wing pale at base with brown infuscation towards margin. Abdomen concolorous with hind wing margins. Ventral surface of both fore and hind wing duller than dorsal surface and terminal dots more distinct. Pair of eversible tubular structures present on ventrolateral aspect of male second abdominal segment. Male genitalia. (Figs. 21 & 22) Uncus with spear-shaped spiny terminus, only slightly thickened and attenuated distally, lacks a narrow claw-like tip. Tegumen and vinculum unmodified. Lappet inflates beyond the margin of valva; cucullus short and broad with row of non-deciduous setae on outer margin; valvular pore plate large; ampulla short and thin, editum conspicuous below ampulla, digitus short, sharp-pointed, and widely splayed in respect to clasper; clasper an elongated projection extending almost to valva margin and terminating in a blunt knob. Claval area of sacculus wide, producing a flat-topped bulge. Phallus a simple straight tube. Everted endophallus with a basal patch of spines followed by a finger-like diverticulum at about one-third of its length, at base of diverticulum a similar patch of a few spines. A long, somewhat irregular double row of spines covering distal half of endophallus, most proximal of these spines much longer than the others. Female genitalia. (Fig. 39) Ductus bursae extending from ostium bursae as a straight tube before sharp turn into appendix bursae. At base of the turn a spherical, membranous, corpus bursae arises after a narrow constriction. Appendix bursae striated, folded back upon itself and splayed in relation to ductus bursae. A small portion of the appendix bursae overlaps the ductus bursae in ventral view, terminating in a short, upturned prominence. Global Distribution. Mexico (type locality). Etymology. The specific epithet colorada refers to the muddy reddish color of the moth. Food plant. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Remarks. Leucania colorada and L. sororia can be sympatric and synchronic at high elevation in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. A female was chosen as holotype as the tip of the appendix bursa is the most diagnostic feature., Published as part of Mccabe, Timothy L. & Adams, Morton S., 2023, Five new species of the genus Leucania Ochsenheimer in Central America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), pp. 250-266 in Zootaxa 5256 (3) on page 255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7751414, {"references":["Strecker, F. H. H. (1898) Lepidoptera, Rhopoloceres, and Heteroceres. Indigenous and exotic. Supplement 1. Pa Owen's steam book and job printing office, Reading, 12 pp.","Schaus, W. (1898) New species of Noctuidae from tropical America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 6, 107 - 120."]}

Five new species of the noctuid genus Leucania in Central America are described: L. mopan Adams and McCabe, sp. nov., L. merga Adams and McCabe, sp. nov., L. championi Adams and McCabe, sp. nov., L. colorada McCabe and Adams, sp. nov., L. sororia McCabe and Adams, sp. nov. The internal genitalia are key to resolving the taxonomy in this genus; in particular, the morphology of the male everted endophallus (vesica) and the female bursa copulatrix jointly resolve taxonomic confusion among cryptic species near L. albifasciata, L. oaxacana and L. humidicola. We recognize the valvular pore plate and the “poma” (bubble-like structure at base of valvae) as generic synapomorphies for Leucania. Lappets (inflatable pouches on the outer aspect of the valvae) are newly described. Descriptions and color illustrations of the imagos, male valvae, everted endophalli, and the female bursae copulatrix are provided for all newly described species and selected congeners to aid identification. Additional nomenclatorial actions are: Leucania complicata Strecker, 1898 rest. stat.; Leucania februalis Hill, 1924 syn. nov., a junior synonym of L. humidicola; Leucania elephas Troubridge 2020 syn. nov., a junior synonym of L. humidicola.

The genus Athyrma Hübner, [1823] 1816 is revised, with a generic re-description and transcriptions of original descriptions (with translations) of all described species provided. Sixteen Athyrma species are recognized in this paper. Nine species are new: A. brigittae Adams & McCabe sp. nov., A. tapichensis Adams & McCabe, sp. nov., A. urbanae Adams & McCabe, sp. nov., A. yasuni Adams & McCabe, sp. nov., A. ciboney McCabe & Adams, sp. nov., A. cryani McCabe & Adams, sp. nov., A. itatiaia McCabe & Adams, sp. nov., A. romacki McCabe & Adams, sp. nov., and A. svensoni McCabe & Adams, sp. nov. Taxonomic changes are as follows: Athyrma antica Schaus, 1912, syn. nov., a junior synonym of A. nodosa; A. cunesema Hampson, 1926, syn. nov., a junior synonym of A. cunesema; “Athyrma” cordigera Walker, 1869, comb. nov., syn. nov., a junior synonym of Celiptera levina Stoll, 1781. A lectotype is designated for A. adjutrix (Cramer, 1780). Neotypes are designated for four species: Athyrma nodosa Möschler, 1880, A. orbana Möschler, 1880, A. tuberosa (Felder and Rogenhofer, 1874), and A. ganglio Hübner, [1831] 1825. Athyrma ganglio Hübner, [1831] 1825, rest. stat. and A. dormitrix Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1852, rest. stat. are removed from synonymy and restored as valid species. Athyrma has been associated with the Eulepidotinae however is here tentatively assigned to Erebinae: Poaphilini because of its similarity to Mimophisma Hampson, 1926. Illustrations of male and female adult habitus, ultimate instar larva, dissections of male and female external and internal genitalia are provided. Athyrma misera Butler, 1879 is removed from Athyrma and placed in Ezra gen. nov. Nymbis resecta Dognin, 1912 is removed from its current placement in Athyrma and placed in Facies gen. nov. Checklists of all three genera are provided.

The primary objective of this study was to delineate classes of individuals based on depression trajectories from the antenatal period through 54-month postpartum and internal and external resources that are associated with low depression risk. Participants came from the Growing Up in New Zealand (GUiNZ) study (n = 5664), which is a pregnancy cohort study and is nationally representative of the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity of contemporary New Zealand births. Growth curve mixture modeling was used to identify distinct subgroups based on depression scores from the antenatal period through 54-month postpartum. Logistic regression models were run to investigate socioeconomic factors and internal and external resources that were associated with depression class membership. A two-class model, "low risk" and "high risk," resulted in the best model fit. Most of the sample (n = 5110, 90%) fell into the "low-risk" class defined by no-to-mild depression symptoms during pregnancy and decreasing depressive symptoms over time (bintercept = - .05, bslope = - .05). Approximately 10% of the sample fell into the "high-risk" class (n = 554, 10%) defined by mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms during pregnancy and increasing depressive symptomology over time (bintercept = .39, bslope = .57). More positive parenting-related attitudes, better pre-pregnancy self-reported health, informal social supports, and community belonging were significantly associated with greater odds of being in the "low-risk" class, after controlling for socioeconomic factors. These findings suggest that targeting internal and external resources for individuals across the perinatal and early childhood periods is important to mitigating maternal depression.

PURPOSE The recommended duration of adjuvant fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin chemotherapy for patients with stage III colon cancer is based on tumor classification into clinically low-risk (T1-3 N1) and high-risk (T4 or N2) groups. We determined whether Immunoscore can enhance prognostication within these risk groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with stage III colon carcinomas (N = 600) were randomly selected from the infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin arm of adjuvant trial NCCTG N0147 (Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology). Tumors were evaluated for Immunoscore that quantifies CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell densities in the tumor center and invasive margin by digital image analysis. Disease-free survival (DFS) by Immunoscore was analyzed using a multivariable Cox regression model in each risk group with adjustment for covariates including KRAS, BRAF V600E, and mismatch repair status. RESULTS Of 559 cancers with Immunoscore data, 299 (53.5%) were classified as clinically low-risk (T1-3 N1) and 260 (46.5%) as clinically high-risk (T4 and/or N2). Among patients with low-risk tumors, those with Immunoscore-Low versus Immunoscore-High tumors had significantly worse 5-year DFS rates (77.5% v 91.8%; hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.79; P = .037). Among patients with high-risk tumors, those with Immunoscore-Low versus Immunoscore-High tumors also had significantly worse DFS (55.3% v 70.3%; hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.47; P = .013). Tumors that were low-risk/Immunoscore-Low had similar outcomes as did tumors that were high-risk/Immunoscore-High ( P = .174). Prognostication was significantly improved in multivariable models where Immunoscore was added to clinical risk parameters and limited biomarkers (likelihood ratio test P = .0003). CONCLUSION Immunoscore can refine patient prognosis beyond clinical risk group classification, suggesting its potential utility for adjuvant decision making.

OBJECTIVE: Differences in type 2 diabetes phenotype by age are described, but it is not known whether these differences are seen in a more uniformly defined adult population at a common early stage of care. We sought to characterize age-related clinical and metabolic characteristics of adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy, prior to treatment intensification. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), participants were enrolled who had type 2 diabetes duration

IMPORTANCE: People conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART) make up an increasing proportion of the world's population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of ART conception with offspring growth and adiposity from infancy to early adulthood in a large multicohort study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used a prespecified coordinated analysis across 26 European, Asia-Pacific, and North American population-based cohort studies that included people born between 1984 and 2018, with mean ages at assessment of growth and adiposity outcomes from 0.6 months to 27.4 years. Data were analyzed between November 2019 and February 2022. EXPOSURES: Conception by ART (mostly in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and embryo transfer) vs natural conception (NC; without any medically assisted reproduction). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcomes were length / height, weight, and body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Each cohort was analyzed separately with adjustment for maternal BMI, age, smoking, education, parity, and ethnicity and offspring sex and age. Results were combined in random effects meta-analysis for 13 age groups. RESULTS: Up to 158 066 offspring (4329 conceived by ART) were included in each age-group meta-analysis, with between 47.6% to 60.6% females in each cohort. Compared with offspring who were NC, offspring conceived via ART were shorter, lighter, and thinner from infancy to early adolescence, with differences largest at the youngest ages and attenuating with older child age. For example, adjusted mean differences in offspring weight were -0.27 (95% CI, -0.39 to -0.16) SD units at age younger than 3 months, -0.16 (95% CI, -0.22 to -0.09) SD units at age 17 to 23 months, -0.07 (95% CI, -0.10 to -0.04) SD units at age 6 to 9 years, and -0.02 (95% CI, -0.15 to 0.12) SD units at age 14 to 17 years. Smaller offspring size was limited to individuals conceived by fresh but not frozen embryo transfer compared with those who were NC (eg, difference in weight at age 4 to 5 years was -0.14 [95% CI, -0.20 to -0.07] SD units for fresh embryo transfer vs NC and 0.00 [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.15] SD units for frozen embryo transfer vs NC). More marked differences were seen for body fat measurements, and there was imprecise evidence that offspring conceived by ART developed greater adiposity by early adulthood (eg, ART vs NC difference in fat mass index at age older than 17 years: 0.23 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.50] SD units). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that people conceiving or conceived by ART can be reassured that differences in early growth and adiposity are small and no longer evident by late adolescence.