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2. Geohazard features of the north-western Sicily and Pantelleria

Author

Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Calarco, Marilena, Agate, Mauro, Albano, Ludovico, Bosman, Alessandro, Di Grigoli, Giuseppe, Gargano, Francesco, Lo Presti, Valeria, Martorelli, Eleonora, Pennino, Valentina, Sposato, Andrea, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Anzelmo, Giusy, Bonfardeci, Alessandro, Casalbore, Daniele, Ciaccio, Gaspare, Conte, Aida Maria, Ingrassia, Michela, Innangi, Sara, Interbartolo, Francesco, Lai, Erika, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Luzzu, Carlo, Orrù, Paolo Emanuele, Pepe, Fabrizio, Pierdomenico, Martina, Romagnoli, Claudia, Spatola, Daniele, Chiocci, Francesco L., Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Calarco, Marilena, Agate, Mauro, Albano, Ludovico, Bosman, Alessandro, Di Grigoli, Giuseppe, Gargano, Francesco, Lo Presti, Valeria, Martorelli, Eleonora, Pennino, Valentina, Sposato, Andrea, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Anzelmo, Giusy, Bonfardeci, Alessandro, Casalbore, Daniele, Ciaccio, Gaspare, Conte, Aida Maria, Ingrassia, Michela, Innangi, Sara, Interbartolo, Francesco, Lai, Erika, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Luzzu, Carlo, Orrù, Paolo Emanuele, Pepe, Fabrizio, Pierdomenico, Martina, Romagnoli, Claudia, Spatola, Daniele, and Chiocci, Francesco L.

Abstract

We present maps of geohazard features identified across north-western Sicily and Pantelleria in the framework of the Magic project (MArine Geohazard along Italian Coasts), which involved Italian marine geological researchers in 2007-2013. These seafloor features were recognized using high-resolution bathymetry data and rely on the morphological expression of the seafloor and shallow sub-surface processes. The north-western Sicily is a complex continental margin, affected by morphodynamic, depositional, and tectonic processes. The Egadi offshore is controlled by fault escarpments and alternating retreating and progradational processes. Ustica and Pantelleria submerged edifices show the effect of volcanic activity. The Ustica seafloor is interested in volcanic, tectonic, and gravitational instability processes, while the Pantelleria offshore underwent erosive-depositional processes and the effect of bottom currents. Two levels of interpretation are represented: the physiographic domain at a scale of 1:250.000 and the morphological units and morpho-bathymetric elements at a 1:100.000 scale

Published
2024

3. Hinterland-Verging Thrusting in the Northern Sicily Continental Margin: Evidences for a Late Collisional Stage of the Sicilian Fold and Thrust Belt?

Author

Sulli, Attilio, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Agate, Mauro, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Pisello, Anna Laura, Editorial Board Member, Hawkes, Dean, Editorial Board Member, Bougdah, Hocine, Editorial Board Member, Rosso, Federica, Editorial Board Member, Abdalla, Hassan, Editorial Board Member, Boemi, Sofia-Natalia, Editorial Board Member, Mohareb, Nabil, Editorial Board Member, Mesbah Elkaffas, Saleh, Editorial Board Member, Bozonnet, Emmanuel, Editorial Board Member, Pignatta, Gloria, Editorial Board Member, Mahgoub, Yasser, Editorial Board Member, De Bonis, Luciano, Editorial Board Member, Kostopoulou, Stella, Editorial Board Member, Pradhan, Biswajeet, Editorial Board Member, Abdul Mannan, Md., Editorial Board Member, Alalouch, Chaham, Editorial Board Member, O. Gawad, Iman, Editorial Board Member, Amer, Mourad, Series Editor, Rossetti, Federico, editor, Blanc, Ana Crespo, editor, Riguzzi, Federica, editor, Leroux, Estelle, editor, Pavlopoulos, Kosmas, editor, Bellier, Olivier, editor, and Kapsimalis, Vasilios, editor

Published
2019
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7. How to Predict the Efficacy of Free-Product DNAPL Pool Extraction Using 3D High-Precision Numerical Simulations: An Interdisciplinary Test Study in South-Western Sicily (Italy).

Author

Feo, Alessandra, Medico, Federica Lo, Rizzo, Pietro, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Pinardi, Riccardo, Rotigliano, Edoardo, and Celico, Fulvio

Subjects
DENSE nonaqueous phase liquids, COMPUTER simulation, INTERDISCIPLINARY education
Abstract

Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are known to be denser than water and immiscible with other fluids. Once released into the environment, they migrate downward through the variably saturated zone, causing severe damage. For this reason, it is essential to properly develop a rapid response strategy, including predictions of contaminant migration trajectories from numerical simulations modeling. This paper presents a series of simulations of free-product DNAPL extraction by means of a purpose-designed pumping well. The objective is to minimize the environmental impact caused by DNAPL release in the subsurface, estimating the recoverable free-product DNAPL, depending on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer medium, and estimating the leaving residual DNAPL that could act as a long-term pollution source. Coupling the numerical simulations to the bacterial community characterization (through biomolecular analyses), it was verified that (i) the DNAPL recovery (mainly PCE at the study site) through a pumping well would be almost complete and (ii) the application of other remediation techniques (such as bioremediation) would not be necessary to remove the pollution source because (iii) a natural attenuation process is provided by the autochthonous bacterial community, which is characterized by genera (such as Dechloromonas, Rhodoferax, and Desulfurivibrio) that have metabolic pathways capable of favoring the degradation of chlorinated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Antonioli, Fabrizio, primary, Furlani, Stefano, additional, Montagna, Paolo, additional, Stocchi, Paolo, additional, Calcagnile, Lucio, additional, Quarta, Gianluca, additional, Cecchinel, Jonathan, additional, Lo Presti, Valeria, additional, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, additional, Foresta Martin, Franco, additional, Pons-Branchu, Edwige, additional, and Vaccher, Valeria, additional

Published
2021
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10. Growth and geomorphic evolution of the Ustica volcanic complex at the Africa-Europe plate margin (Tyrrhenian Sea)

Author

Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Spatola, Daniele, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Agate, Mauro, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Gargano, Francesco, Pepe, Fabrizio, Ciaccio, Gaspare, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Spatola, Daniele, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Agate, Mauro, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Gargano, Francesco, Pepe, Fabrizio, and Ciaccio, Gaspare

Abstract

We present here for the first time a morpho-structural study of the submarine sector of the Ustica volcanic edifice, located in the south-western Tyrrhenian Sea, considered as an inactive volcanic system, middle Pleistocene in age. The main aim of this research study is to unravel the submarine dynamics along the slope sectors of the Ustica volcano, in order to provide new insights on one of the most tectonically active regions of the Central Mediterranean during the Quaternary. We analysed and interpreted an integrated seismo-acoustic data set consisting of multibeam swath-bathymetry, sub bottom profiles, single-channel seismic reflection records, all of them acquired during the last two decades. The seismostratigraphic analysis indicates that the Ustica volcano is composed by a sequence of lava flows and pyroclastic products, whose geometry can be interpreted as the consequence of combined upward growing and northward shifting of the volcanic centers. The mapped geomorphological elements distributed along the submerged slopes were classified based on their specific morphogenetic process. The achieved results reveal that volcanic, tectonic, oceanographic and gravity processes interacted in shaping the complex current physiography of the volcanic edifice, which is characterized by extremely uneven submarine flanks. The northern region is characterized by the widespread occurrence of well-preserved cones, probably linked to the last submarine volcanic activity of the area. Along the eastern sector, elongate gullies and linear furrows locally incise the shelf break and develop downward producing slope failures. Furrows and gullies represent the main conduits for flushing sediments through various types of flows and mass wasting, from the shallow sectors to the bathyal plain. Along the southern and eastern region slope failures processes carve almost totally of the shelf edge and mainly propagate through retrograding collapses. Further on, the southern region is mainly

Published
2021

11. Geo-hazards of the San Vito peninsula offshore (southwestern Tyrrhenian Sea)

Author

Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Agate, Mauro, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Sulli, Attilio, Agate, Mauro, Zizzo, Elisabetta, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, and Lo Iacono, Claudio

Abstract

In this paper we present geomorphological hazard mapping of the San Vito Peninsula offshore (Sicilian margin of Tyrrhenian Sea), characterised by a very narrow continental shelf and a very dipping, tectonically active continental slope, no far from a seismogenic belt. The data set consists of morpho-bathymetric models achieved by means of multibeam survey and scattered high resolution seismic profiles. The morpho-bathymetric study highlighted some potential sites of geomorphological hazards, the most representative of which are: (i) two canyons developing from the upper slope off San Vito Cape down to the Erice basin; (ii) a dense network of small incisions across the upper slope; (iii) a very active landslide, developed onland and extending in the continental shelf close to the Scopello village. The geomorphological features that can generate submarine hazard are represented by: unstable sediment packages into canyon heads or along the upper slope; submarine canyons with regressive erosion; coastal landslides

Published
2021

12. Interference between shallow and deep-seated structures in the Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Italy

Author

Avellone, Giuseppe, Barchi, Massimiliano R., Catalano, Raimondo, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, and Sulli, Attilio

Subjects
Italy -- Natural history, Folds (Geology) -- Analysis, Tectonics (Geology) -- Analysis, Thrust faults (Geology) -- Analysis, Earth sciences
Abstract

The fold and thrust belt in western Sicily is characterized by the presence and interference of shallow and deep-seated compressional structures, which were generated and developed at different structural levels. The shallow structures consist of imbricated thrusts and asymmetric folds, with a typical wavelength of 2 km, involving relatively thin deep-water units. These units are superimposed on thick platform carbonate units, along a wide and originally almost flat floor thrust. The axial trend of the folds is variable, as multiphase folding often occurred, producing a characteristic interference pattern, reflecting continuous variations of the apparent transport direction during the emplacement (i.e. rotation of the allochthonous thrust sheets). The deep-seated structures consist of large, double-verging pop-up structures, with a typical wavelength of 5-10 km, involving thicker platform carbonate successions. The deep-seated structures are characterized by large folds, with vertical to overturned limbs, caused by high-angle, transpressive ramps that reactivated previous (i.e. Mesozoic) synsedimentary normal or transtensional faults. The floor thrust of the shallow structures was passively deformed by the subsequent growth of the underlying, younger deep-seated structures. Large clockwise rotations of the tectonic units occurred during the compressional deformation, and the amount of rotation is apparently related to the timing and amount of the tectonic transport. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492008-163

Published
2010

15. Timing of the emergence of the Europe–Sicily bridge (40–17 cal ka BP) and its implications for the spread of modern humans

Author

Antonioli, Fabrizio, primary, Lo Presti, Valeria, additional, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, additional, Bonfiglio, Laura, additional, Mannino, Marcello A., additional, Palombo, Maria Rita, additional, Sannino, Gianmaria, additional, Ferranti, Luigi, additional, Furlani, Stefano, additional, Lambeck, Kurt, additional, Canese, Simonepietro, additional, Catalano, Raimondo, additional, Chiocci, Francesco Latino, additional, Mangano, Gabriella, additional, Scicchitano, Giovanni, additional, and Tonielli, Renato, additional

Published
2014
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16. Timing of the emergence of the Europe–Sicily bridge (40–17 cal ka BP) and its implications for the spread of modern humans

Author

Antonioli, Fabrizio, Lo Presti, Valeria, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Bonfiglio, Laura, Mannino, Marcello A., Palombo, Maria Rita, Sannino, Gianmaria, Ferranti, Luigi, Furlani, Stefano, Lambeck, Kurt, Canese, Simonepietro, Catalano, Raimondo, Chiocci, Francesco Latino, Mangano, Gabriella, Scicchitano, Giovanni, and Tonielli, Renato

Abstract

The submerged sill in the Strait of Messina, which is located today at a minimum depth of 81 m below sea level (bsl), represents the only land connection between Sicily and mainland Italy (and thus Europe) during the last lowstand when the sea level locally stood at about 126 m bsl. Today, the sea crossing to Sicily, although it is less than 4 km at the narrowest point, faces hazardous sea conditions, made famous by the myth of Scylla and Charybdis. Through a multidisciplinary research project, we document the timing and mode of emergence of this land connection during the last 40 kyr. The integrated analysis takes into consideration morphobathymetric and lithological data, and relative sea-level change (both isostatic and tectonic), resulting in the hypothesis that a continental land bridge lasted for at least 500 years between 21.5 and 20 cal ka BP. The emergence may have occurred over an even longer time span if one allows for seafloor erosion by marine currents that have lowered the seabed since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Modelling of palaeotidal velocities shows that sea crossings when sea level was lower than present would have faced even stronger and more hazardous sea currents than today, supporting the hypothesis that earliest human entry into Sicily most probably took place on foot during the period when the sill emerged as dry land. This hypothesis is compared with an analysis of Pleistocene vertebrate faunas in Sicily and mainland Italy, including a new radiocarbon date on bone collagen of an Equus hydruntinusspecimen from Grotta di San Teodoro (23–21 cal ka BP), the dispersal abilities of the various animal species involved, particularly their swimming abilities, and the Palaeolithic archaeological record, all of which support the hypothesis of a relatively late land-based colonization of Sicily by Homo sapiens.

Published
2016
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17. Sicily's fold-thrust belt and slab roll-back: the SI.RI.PRO. seismic crustal transect.

Author

CATALANO, RAIMONDO, VALENTI, VERA, ALBANESE, CINZIA, ACCAINO, FLAVIO, SULLI, ATTILIO, TINIVELLA, UMBERTA, MORTICELLI, MAURIZIO GASPARO, ZANOLLA, CLAUDIO, and GIUSTINIANI, MICHELA

Subjects
THRUST belts (Geology), OROGENY, SLABS (Structural geology), SEISMOLOGY, GEOLOGICAL formations
Abstract

Sicily is a thick orogenic wedge formed by (1) the foreland (African) and its Sicilian orogen and (2) the thick-skinned, Calabrian-Peloritani wedge. The crust under central Sicily, from the Tyrrhenian margin to the coastline of the Sicily Channel, has been investigated by the multidisciplinary (SI.RI.PRO.) research project. The project dealt with the nature and thickness of the crust and depth and geometry of the Moho, which is essential in formulating subduction models and improving the knowledge of African and Tyrrhenian- European lithospheres. The results resolve features such as (1) the main orogenic wedge, (2) the very steep, NW-SE-trending regional monocline suggesting inflection of the foreland crust, (3) the deep Caltanissetta synform imaged, for the first time, to about 25 km, and (4) the top of the crystalline basement and the inferred crust-mantle boundary. The SI.RI.PRO. transect confirmed that the NNW-dipping, autochthonous Iblean platform of SE Sicily and its basement extends all the way into central Sicily. Further NW, towards the NNW end of the transect, a large uplift involves the Iblean platform and its underlying basement. The associated gravity anomaly is interpreted as the southern wedge edge of the Tyrrhenian mantle that splits the subducting Iblean-Pelagian (African) continental slab from an overlying synformal stack of allochthonous thrust sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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21. Thermal and structural modeling of the Scillato wedge-top basin source-tosink system: Insights into the Sicilian fold-and-thrust belt evolution (Italy).

Author

Balestra, Martina, Corrado, Sveva, Aldega, Luca, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Sulli, Attilio, Rudkiewicz, Jean-Luc, and Sassi, William

Subjects
*STRUCTURAL models, *GEOLOGICAL modeling, *VITRINITE, *CLAY minerals, *NEOGENE Period, *PROVENANCE (Geology), *THRUST belts (Geology)
Abstract

Temperature-dependent clay mineral assemblages, vitrinite reflectance, and onedimensional (1-D) thermal and three-dimensional (3-D) geological modeling of a Neogene wedge-top basin in the Sicilian fold-and-thrust belt and its pre-orogenic substratum allowed us to: (1) define the burial history of the sedimentary succession filling the wedge-top basin and its substratum, (2) reconstruct the wedge-top basin geometry, depocenter migration, and sediment provenance through time in the framework of a source-to-sink system, and (3) shed new light into the kinematic evolution of the Apennine-Maghrebian fold-and-thrust belt. The pre-orogenic substratum of the Scillato basin shows an increase in levels of thermal maturity as a function of stratigraphic age that is consistent with maximum burial to 3.5 km in deep diagenetic conditions. In detail, Ro% values range from 0.40% to 0.94%, and random ordered illite-smectite (I-S) first converts to short-range ordered structures and then evolves to long-range ordered structures at the base of the Imerese unit. The wedge-top basin fill experienced shallow burial (~2 km) and levels of thermal maturity in the immature stage of hydrocarbon generation and early diagenesis. Vitrinite reflectance and mixed-layer I-S values show two populations of authigenic and inherited phases. The indigenous population corresponds to macerals with Ro% values of 0.33%-0.45% and I-S with no preferred sequence in stacking of layers, whereas the reworked group corresponds to macerals with Ro% values of 0.42%-0.47% and shortrange ordered I-S with no correlation as a function of depth. Authigenic and reworked components of the Scillato basin fill allowed us to unravel sediment provenance during the Neogene, identifying two main source areas feeding the wedge-top basin (crystalline units of the European domain and sedimentary units of the African domain), and to detect an early phase of exhumation driven by low-angle extensional faults that predated Neogene compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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22. Tidal notches, coastal landforms and relative sea-level changes during the Late Quaternary at Ustica Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

Author

Stefano Furlani, Lucio Calcagnile, Gianmaria Sannino, Sandro de Vita, Pietro Chirco, Gianluca Quarta, Mauro Agate, Maurizio Gasparo Morticelli, Danilo Cavallaro, Sara Biolchi, Carmelo Monaco, Fabrizio Antonioli, Francesco Caldareri, Attilio Sulli, Franco Foresta Martin, Furlani, Stefano, Antonioli, Fabrizio, Cavallaro, Danilo, Chirco, Pietro, Caldareri, Francesco, Foresta Martin, Franco, Gasparo Morticelli, Maurizio, Monaco, Carmelo, Sulli, Attilio, Quarta, Gianluca, Biolchi, Sara, Sannino, Gianmaria, De Vita, Sandro, Calcagnile, Lucio, Agate, Mauro, Martin, Franco Foresta, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, de Vita, Sandro, Sannino, G., Antonioli, F., Furlani, S, Antonioli, F, Cavallaro, D, Chirco, P, Caldareri, F, Foresta Martin, F, Gasparo Morticelli, M, Monaco, C, Sulli, A, Quarta, G, Biolchi, S, Sannino, G, De Vita, S, Calcagnile, L, and Agate, M

Subjects
Mediterranean Sea, Sea caves, Tectonic uplift, Ustica, Volcanic geomorphology, Earth-Surface Processes, Pillow lava, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/04 - Geografia Fisica E Geomorfologia, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Paleontology, Mediterranean sea, Cave, law, Sea cave, Radiocarbon dating, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Volcanic geomorphology, Tectonic uplift, Sea caves, Ustica, Mediterranean Sea, Volcanic geomorphology Tectonic uplift, Volcanic rock, Oceanography, Quaternary, Geology
Abstract

In this paper we present and discuss data concerning the morphostructural evolution at Ustica Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) during Late Quaternary. New insights on the relative sea-level changes of Ustica are coming from data collected during a geomorphological field survey around the island, together with the bathymetric analysis of the surrounding seabed and 14C datings on samples of speleothems, flowstones and marine shells found inside three selected sea caves. The survey was mainly accomplished on June 2015 through the first complete snorkel investigation off the about 18 km-long volcanic coast of the island, which allowed to precisely define location, relationship and morphometric features of coastal landforms associated with modern sea level. This study highlights the occurrence, for the first time in the Mediterranean, of tidal notches in correspondence of carbonate inclusions in volcanic rocks. The elevation of the modern tidal notch suggests that no significant vertical deformations occurred in the southeastern and eastern sectors of Ustica in the last 100 years. However, the presence of pillow lavas along the coast demonstrates that Ustica was affected by a regional uplift since the Late Quaternary, as also confirmed by MIS5.5 deposits located at about 30 m a.s.l., which suggests an average uplift rate of 0.23 mm/y. Radiocarbon dating of fossil barnacles collected inside the Grotta Segreta cave indicate an age of 1823 ± 104 cal. BP. The difference in height with respect to living barnacles in the same site suggests that their present elevation could be related to stick-slip coseismic deformations caused by the four earthquake sequences (two of which with Mw = 4.63 ± 0.46) that strongly struck the island between 1906 and 1924. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2017

23. The land bridge between Europe and Sicily over the past 40 kyrs: Timing of emersion and implications for the migration of Homo sapiens

Author

Antonioli, F., Lo Presti, V., Morticelli, M. G., Mannino, M. A., Lambeck, K., Ferranti, L., Bonfiglio, L., Mangano, G., Sannino, G. M., Furlani, S., Sulli, A., Palombo, M. R., Simonepietro Canese, Antonioli, Fabrizio, Lo Presti, Valeria, Morticelli, Maurizio Gasparo, Mannino, Marcello A., Lambeck, Kurt, Ferranti, Luigi, Bonfiglio, Laura, Mangano, Gabriella, Sannino, Gian Maria, Furlani, Stefano, Sulli, Attilio, Palombo, Maria Rita, Canese, Simone Pietro, ANTONIOLI, F, LO PRESTI, V, GASPARO MORTICELLI, M, MANNINO, MA, LAMBECK, K, FERRANTI, L, BONFIGLIO, L, MANGANO, G, SANNINO, GM, FURLANI, S, SULLI, A, PALOMBO, MR, CANESE, SM, Antonioli, F., Lo Presti, V., Morticelli, M. G., Mannino, M. A., Lambeck, K., Ferranti, L., Bonfiglio, L., Mangano, G., Sannino, G. M., Furlani, S., Sulli, A., Palombo, M. R., and Canese, S. P.

Subjects
continental bridge, Relative sea level change, strait of messina strait, relative sea level change, Settore GEO/02 - Geologia Stratigrafica E Sedimentologica, Continental bridge, Settore GEO/04 - Geografia Fisica E Geomorfologia, Strait of Messina strait, Geology, Strait of Messina strait, continental bridge, relative sea level change
Abstract

The submerged Sill in the Messina Strait, which is located at a depth of -81 m m.s.l., represents the only possibile connection between Calabria and Sicily during the last lowstand, when the sea level was at about -126 m m.s.l. This multidisciplinary research aim at documenting times and modes the bridge between Calabria and Sicily was emerged, during the last 40 ka BP. The analysis carried out on morphobathymetric, lithological and relative sea level change (both isostatic and tectonic) data allow to hypothesize the continental bridge emerged at least between 21.5 ka and 20 ka cal BP. Moreover, considering erosion processes due to very strong marine currents, it could be emerged for a longer time span. This hypothesis is supported by anthropological and mammalofauna data, together with 14C dating on Equus hydruntinus from San Teodoro Cave. © 2012 Società Geologica Italiana, Roma.

Published
2012

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