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Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Socrates contradicts himself when he claims that a good doctor must have the experience of having an unsound body and when he claims that a good judge must have a sound soul, for the unsound of body will not be treated and how a judge decides the case of a good person is a matter of indifference. These pages are really about the meaning of simplicity of soul, and arguing against Glaucon's claim, 'to be moved by self-advantage is the end which it is natural to pursue as good, until forcibly turned aside by law and custom to respect equality'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Even though the first book of the Republic ends with the claim that the definition of justice has not been determined, a careful analysis of the details of Socrates' arguments with Polemarchus and Thrasymachus yields a definition of justice. Polemarchus should have defended the understanding of justice as helping friends and harming enemies by saying that, because one can use one's knowledge either to help or to harm, a just person will choose to use his knowledge of an art either to help his friends or to harm his enemies. Socrates' art of wage-earning is not really an art at all, but merely amounts to having an ulterior motive for doing what one does. Socrates' true position will be seen to be that just people use their knowledge for the sake of helping people - not for the sake of acquiring some supposed benefit for themselves in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful precision agriculture requires an understanding of spatial variability of soil properties, crop growth, and their interactions. The objectives of this study were 1) to examine the spatial variability of soil properties, cotton lint yield, and fiber quality and 2) to evaluate the spatial variability within mapping units at a production-field scale. This research was conducted on an irrigated 49-ha cotton field in Texas from 1998 through 2000. Samples were collected from regular 1-ha grids, triangular, and random points. Results indicated that soil properties had stronger spatial dependence than did cotton lint yields and fiber quality. Soil properties, except nitrate (NO3-) nitrogen (N) and Olsen phosphorus (P), were strongly spatially dependent, whereas lint yield was moderately to strongly spatially dependent. Fiber quality was moderately spatially dependent. Spatial appearance of higher yield in drier years was associated with the distribution of soil properties favoring cotton growth, including lower pH and calcium (Ca) and higher P and sand content. There were differences in the means and spatial structure parameters of the selected measurements among the three soil mapping units, suggesting the need for careful sampling design to make reasonable estimation of soil properties under a nonstationary situation. Furthermore, the spatial variability of soil properties and cotton yield were intensified under limited water supply, implying that site-specific cotton management may be appropriate for cotton producers in the Texas high plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trapping results indicate that pepper maggot, Zonosemata electa (Say), flies occupy tree canopies adjacent to fields when not on host plants. Several in- and near-field trap positions were used to find a reliable monitoring system for adult pepper maggots. Traps baited with liquid ammonium hydroxide (Stills-style trap), hung in the canopy of trees on the edges of pepper fields, caught significantly more Z. electa flies than when positioned lower along the treeline or in the field. In a second experiment, significantly more pepper maggot flies were captured in sugar maples compared with choke cherry trees, which indicates a pest preference for certain nonhost habitats. The lowest trap height tested (2.1 m) failed to capture Z. electa flies in either tree species when the pest population level was low. These studies demonstrated that pepper maggot flies can be reliably detected with Stills-style traps positioned at approximately 6.4 m height within the canopy of sugar maple trees adjacent to pepper fields. Fruit oviposition scars also are useful site-specific indicators of pepper maggot presence/absence and may aid in determining if insecticide applications are necessary and in timing sprays.

The rate of follicular development in hens was assessed by measuring the increase in the diameter of follicles during 120 h before ovulation and the mass of follicles during 48 h before ovulation. The rate of follicular maturation was estimated by the ovulatory response of follicles to an injection of GnRH and the ability of follicles to produce progesterone in response to an injection of LH. Follicular diameter and follicular mass increased until ovulation, indicating that the follicle continues to sequester yolk material until ovulation occurs. The ovulatory response to GnRH and the production of progesterone in response to LH were negligible until 10 h after ovulation and then both aspects of follicular competence began to be functional. It was concluded that the size of the hen's ovum is not a primary factor regulating ovulability; rather, the acquisition of the ability to ovulate spontaneously is associated with the ability to produce progesterone in response to an LH stimulus. The ability to ovulate in response to GnRH was acquired more quickly in hens laying long sequences than in hens laying short sequences, indicating that the ovulatory response of the follicle can be used to assess the reproductive potential of laying hens.