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BACKGROUND Caudal epidural is practised in paediatric anaesthesia with the aim of providing postoperative analgesia. To use clonidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine through caudal space has been shown to improve analgesic efficacy of local anaesthetics. We wanted to evaluate postoperative caudal analgesia with 0.2% ropivacaine alone and its combination with clonidine. METHODS 120 children aged between two to eight years scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries were allocated randomly into two groups. Group RO received 0.2% ropivacaine 1 mL/Kg and Group RO C received 0.2% ropivacaine 1 mL/Kg with clonidine in a dose of 2 µg/Kg. Postoperative pain was assessed using the observational pain discomfort scale (OPS) for 24 hours and rescue analgesia was administered if this score reached 11 or more. RESULTS The duration of analgesia was longest in children receiving clonidine and ropivacaine together (380.71 minutes vs. 270 minutes group RO) and was found to be statistically significant; P ˂ 0.05. Significantly fewer doses of rescue medications were needed for subjects in group RO C. None of the subjects were treated for bradycardia or hypotension and no significant sedation was noted. No motor impairment was seen in either groups on awakening or during the next 24- hour period. CONCLUSIONS Caudal administration of ropivacaine with the addition of clonidine resulted in superior analgesia with longer duration with decreased demand for rescue analgesics.

La traduction juridique est-elle domaine du spécialiste, du linguiste ou existe-t-il un monde qui a pour raison d’être une fusion de ces deux disciplines dans le ‘jurilinguisme’ ? Je voudrais vous dire tout de suite que mon ordinateur, à base d’orthographe français, n’accepte pas ce mot. Pendant mon intervention, je serais obligée de vous parler de la matière que j’enseigne – l’anglais juridique – et de mon expérience, car je ne théorise pas, mais, depuis quinze ans, à l’école de droit à Vann...

La difficulté de la traduction juridique est une évidence. Que le traducteur soit linguiste ou juriste il devra affronter, au-delà du passage, inhérent à toute traduction, d’une langue de départ à une langue d’arrivée, le passage d’un système juridique à un autre. Alors que se forme l’Europe des Nations et que s’établissent des traités internationaux d’échanges commerciaux, à l’aube de la mondialisation, quelles solutions peut-on apporter à ces problèmes ? Des pays bilingues et bi-systémiques comme le Canada ont vu se développer la spécialité juridico-linguistique. La solution viendra-t-elle des jurilinguistes ?

BACKGROUND Forty children of ASA grade I, aged 1 to 8 years, both males and females undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia for procedures such as herniotomy and circumcision were included in the study. MATERIALSAND METHODS Children were allocated randomly into 2 groups. In order to get statistically significant results, a sample size of 20 was allotted to each groups. Group 1 children in this group received oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg as premedication and group 2 children received oral ketamine 5 mg/kg as premedication. Parenteral formulation of both the drugs was given to the children after mixing with honey. All children were observed and scores allotted by the investigator. Child’s emotional reaction and sedation status were noted on arrival in operation theatre on insertion of IV cannula and on acceptance of facemask. The children were separated from their parents 30 minutes after ingestion of the drug. Any side effect after ingestion of the drug until 4 hours in the postoperative period was looked for. Time of recovery from anaesthesia was noted. It was observed that both the drugs were well accepted by the children. RESULTS Sedation and anxiolysis was better in ketamine group during separation from parents at IV cannulation and facemask application. Both oral midazolam and oral ketamine are excellent agents for premedication in paediatric outpatient surgeries. Considering sedation and emotional scores during arrival in OT, IV cannulation and facemask application, oral ketamine is superior to oral midazolam. No significant adverse effects were found in both the groups. In the recovery room, the 2 groups did not differ significantly with respect to side effects like nausea, vomiting, emergence phenomenon and need for airway support. No haemodynamic instability was recorded. The time of discharge was not delayed in both the groups. CONCLUSION Considering sedation and emotional scores during arrival in OT, IV cannulation and facemask application, oral ketamine is superior to oral midazolam.