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This study was conducted to evaluate an education program based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for salt intake in individuals at risk of hypertension. This randomized controlled trial was conducted from February 2017 to December 2017 in Shahediyeh, Yazd Province, Iran. For this purpose, 140 people were selected and assigned to two groups of 70 each, namely, intervention and control. Data were gathered by a self-administered TPB based questionnaire, and also 24-h urinary sodium and potassium levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. The intervention group received TPB based on a training package, while the control group received no intervention. Post-test was administered 2 months after completion of the intervention. Independent and paired t-tests, ?2 and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for data analysis. All mean scores on TPB constructs increased significantly except motivation to comply and power of control for intervention group. Average salt intake decreased in intervention group compared with the control group (-4.73 g/day 0.73 versus -0.24 g/day 0.94, P < 0.001), but systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly in intervention group compared with control group. TPB can be implemented along with other approaches in educational programs to reduce salt intake. Code: IRCT201701108803N3.

"nBackground and Aim: It is necessary to assess health status for designing and programming about oral health behaviors. In this study the Effectiveness of Health Promotion Model in Predicting oral health among the Students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar was examined. "nMaterials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study. A random (stratified) sample of 250 university students in Islamic Azad university of Sabzevar, participated in the study. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest based on health promotion model. Reliability and validity of the instruments were examined by a panel of experts and cronbach alpha (N=30,α=0.65-0.81) respectively. The data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 Statistical Software using Spearman Coefficient, Path analysis based on regression and ANOVA. "nResults: The mean of oral health behaviors among students was moderate (19.17±3.91 out of total 36).Statistically significant differences were found in oral health behaviors and the model variables by parent education (P

Introduction: stress is an effective factor on peoples practice and can threat the health of people and teaching is an stress full job in the world. Anxiety is a diseases or a psychological symptom of the stress. Researches show a direct association between stress and anxiety. Teacher's anxiety can effects the teaching quality and Barricade a continues communication between teacher and student during teaching. Some part of anxiety conducive factors is job related factors and some are related to their personality. As in the literature, only the anxiety status of teachers. Methods: the quasi-experimental study was carried out on 100 persons of teachers of 8 high schools of Meybod districts which were selected randomly. Data collection tool was questionnaire including demographic section and spilberger situational and personality anxiety scale. Intervention program included 5 educational sessions of stress management which handled by a psychiatrist. A pre-test was carried out before intervention and the post-test carried out two month after intervention. Data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA by SPSS 16. Results: the mean of personality anxiety score among teachers were 38/74±7/33 before intervention and 38/53±6/56 after intervention and the mean score of situational anxiety was 40/65±7/10 before intervention and 38/87±6/90 after intervention. The intervention program was not statistically significant in reducing the personality anxiety of the teachers (p=0/70) but it significantly decreased the situational anxiety among them (p=0/019). As the percent of people with moderate situational anxiety decreased from 34/4 to 28/7. Moreover, the effect of educational program on the situational and personality anxiety according to age, gender, education level and teaching history was not different. Conclusion: regarding the high level of anxiety among teachers and necessity of doing interventional program, planned stress management educations are successful in reducing anxiety. That programs which are presented to persons step by step, provide a cognition of the environment and it's stressful factors to individuals and finally reduces the stress and then the anxiety level. Determining the efficacy of the programs on personality anxiety requires studies with longer follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the risk is higher among women who have close relatives with breast cancer. So the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and barriers to mammography in close relatives of breast cancer patients in sirjan. Methods: The study population consisted of 65 women, all close relatives (First-degree relatives including sister, mother and daughter and Second-degree relatives, including aunts and uncles) of breast cancer patients in the city of Sirjan by the year 1387 to the year 1391. Data were collected by the perceived barriers section of champion's Health Belief Model Scales (CHBMS) and were analyzed by spss19 Software, using chi-square, independent T and Kendall' W tests. Results: of participants, 86.1% were first-degree relatives (sister, mother and daughter) and 13.8% of them were second-degree relatives (aunts and uncles) of women with breast cancer and most of them were under 50 years of age. Despite the fact that, 88.9 % were housewife, 84.6% had an insurance coverage and 75.4 % had less than 10 km away mammography center, only 15.4 % of them had a mammogram. There was no significant difference in the mean score of perceived barriers to mammography among women who did (25.93) and those who did not (26.33) a mammogram. The only significant difference in mean score of perceived barriers was seen in the proportion of participant with breast cancer patients (p= 0/01). While the cost of mammography with a mean order of 7.85, fear of finding breast cancer with a mean order of 6.72 and mammography painfulness with a mean order of 5.97 were the greatest perceived barriers to mammography. Conclusion: As high cost of mammography is one of the most important perceived barriers requires that health services system, reduce mammography cost through provision of services in public centers and using more insurance coverage. Also, health professionals, should explain that the cost of a mammogram is minimal compared to the cost of treatment and encourage mammography in women at high risk. In addition, the fear of finding breast cancer and pain during mammography requires health professionals' efforts to develop health promotion programs for breast cancer and benefits of mammography and outlines its steps that can minimize the fear and then increase regular use of screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: oral and dental health is part of general health and is a determining factor for improvement of quality of life. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the relationship of oral health literacy and oral hygiene self-efficacy with self-reported oral and dental health in students. Methods: This was a cross sectional correlational study. Based on kukaran formula for sample size calculation and using categorical random sampling method, 281 students of Ardakan University were selected to participate in this study. Data was collected by oral health literacy questionnaire, oral hygiene self-efficacy, and self-reported dental and oral health scale. Pearson's correlation test and stepwise regression analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results: Both two dimensions numeracy (r = 47; p< 0.01) and reading comprehension (r = 56; p< 0.01) of oral health and both two dimensions brush self-efficacy (r =60; p< 0.01) and floss selfefficacy (r = 45; p < 0.01) were significantly correlated with self-reported oral and dental health in students. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that floss self-efficacy (R = 59), reading comprehension (R = 71), numeracy (R = 73), and brush self-efficacy (R = 74) predicted the oral and dental health. In general, all these variables predicted 55% of oral and dental health variance (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Oral health literacy and oral hygiene self-efficacy have a key role in the prediction of oral and dental health and given that through enough education we can improve the oral health literacy skills or oral health self-efficacy to improve the oral and dental health of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin cancer is the most common cancer among occupational cancers which Sunlight is the most important cause. Farmers due to continuous contact with sunlight are at risk for this cancer. Protective behaviors are one of the most important measures in preventing skin cancer. The aim of this study was to determine sun protective behaviors and some of its related factors among Kazeroon farmers. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done on 300 farmers who were selected by cluster sampling from 8 villages in Kazeroon. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable reliability and validity. A questionnaire including demographic data as well as questions about measures for farmers' performance about using sun protective behaviors, causes for Lack of this behavior and information source of skin cancer and its prevention methods. These questions were completed by interviews with farmers and were analyzed using SPSS18. Results: In this study, sun-protective behaviors in farmers was higher than average. The most frequent sun protective behavior was "wearing clothes that cover more of the body" while wearing "sunscreen" was reported as the less frequent. The most important reason for not doing sun protective behaviors among farmers was the "expensiveness of protective devices". Results showed a significant relationship between age, sex, education, income, family history of sunburn with protective behaviors (p<0.05).History of sunburn increase possibility of sun-protective behaviors to 2.048 times Conclusions: In this study showing of sun protective behaviors in farmers has been considered moderate. It is notable that behaviors are based on knowledge and attitudes so designing educational programs regarding these findings can promote sun protective behaviors and reduce the risk of skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cancer is the third cause of mortality in Iran, killing more than 30000 persons annually. The Motivation Theory is a useful approach for predicting and planning intervention programs to change behaviors related to cancer prevention and early detection. Considering the absence of a valid and reliable protection motivation theory questionnaire for cancer early detection in Iran, this study was conducted to design such a questionnaire and assess its psychometric properties in Yazd Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was designed based on similar questionnaires currently in use and its validity and reliability were determined. The reliability coefficients were calculated by Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficients. To determine the validity of the scale, two methods were used, namely, face validity and content validity. Confirmation factor analysis was used to determine factorial validity using Amous 21 software. Results: The CVR for all items of the questionnaire, CVI, ICC and internal consistency of the questionnaire were found to be 1, 0.97-1.0, 0.71-0.98, and 0.65-0.93, respectively. The confirmation factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire fitted the Iranian population. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the questionnaire constructs varied between 0.71-0.98 and 0.65- 0.93 Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the Persian version of PMT scale for cancer early detection are acceptable and suitable, so it can be used in similar research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are among 46% of deaths in Iran. Changing lifestyle is very important for the disease control. If the patients perceive the benefits of preventive behaviours, the barriers to those behaviours will decline and the probability of engaging in the behaviours will increase. This study carried out to determine perceived benefits and barriers of preventive behaviours of relapsed myocardial infraction. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 patients with a history of myocardial infraction referred to Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center during 2007. A questionnaire was used for data collection which measured perceived benefits of, barriers to preventive behaviours of myocardial infraction relapse and status of those behaviours. Data was analyzed using SPSS-13 and Pearson coefficient and regression tests. Results: Subjects earned a mean score of 30.24 (out of 36) in perceived benefits and 22.07 (out of 68) in perceived barriers and 24.48 (out of 37) in preventive behaviours. Preventive behaviours was positively correlated with net benefit and negatively with perceived barriers. Conclusion: This study showed that in spit of suitable level of perceived benefits of myocardial infraction, but still the perceived barriers are significant enough and therefor removal of barriers to such behaviour are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Self-care activity is a key factor in managing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in order to reduce disability caused by the disease. Predisposing factors including knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy are introduced as determinants of self-care behaviors in the forth phase of PRECEDE model, i.e., ecological and educational assessment. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the predisposing factors and self-care behaviors in patients with RA in Yazd, Iran. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sampling was used to recruit 181 outpatients with RA referred to a rheumatology clinic in Yazd, Iran. Data were collected by conducting interviews with the participants using a survey questionnaire included knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy, as predisposing factors; and self-care behaviors items. Reliability and validity of the instruments were examined and approved. The statistical tests included bivariate correlations, Mann-Whitney U test, and linear regression. Results: Knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores were 71.7%, 66.9%, and 47.5%, respectively. The total predisposing factors score was 62.3%. There was a significant positive correlation between the self-care behaviors with attitude and self-efficacy. However, there was no significant correlation between the patients' knowledge and self-care behaviors. Totally, the measures explained 39.3% of total self-care behaviors variance within which the self-efficacy was the strongest predictor (β=0.41). Conclusion: Regarding the high power of predisposing factors, especially self-efficacy, in predicting self-care behaviors; and the low scores of self-efficacy, health promotion planners should pay more attention to predisposing factors of self-care behaviors especially the self-efficacy in designing health promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Based on WHO reports, there are about 100-150 million people with asthma around the world and the number is increasing. Asthma is a prevalent disease and permanent selfmanagement is needed in order to control the symptoms and maintain the normal action of the lungs and a normal level of activity. The Green's Model of Health Education Planning provides a systematic process for planning, implementation and evaluation of population health promotion programs and is used in a broad range of issues in health promotion, including self-management in asthma. This study was carried out with the aim of determining predictors of self-management behaviors in patients with asthma in Yazd, Iran, based on the above-mentioned model. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional study convenience sampling was employed to recruit 94 outpatients with asthma from among those referring to Shaheed-Sadooghi Clinic in Yazd, Iran. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on the Green's Model constructs, consisting of predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors and self-management behaviors. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed prior to data collection. Results: The subjects acquired 49.5%, 68.6%, 67.3%, and 61.2 % of the earnable scores for selfmanagement behavior, predisposing factors, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors, respectively. Predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling variables had positive correlations with self-management behaviors (p<0.01) and accounted for 34.6% of the self-management variance. Predisposing factors were the strongest predictor (β = 0.480). Conclusion: It is concluded that the Green's Model of Health Education Planning can be used in developing countries, such as Iran, as a framework for planning intervention programs in an attempt to improve the self-management behaviors of patients with asthma. Designing and implementing educational programs aiming at promoting self-management behaviors in asthmatic patients with emphasis on predisposing factor enhancement is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal cancer, as one of the most unknown cancers, is largely preventable through lifestyle modifications. In this study, a theory-based intervention will be designed and evaluated on the knowledge and perceptions of relatives of patients with cancer to improve their self-care., Methods: This research will be carried out in two phases in Golestan province, located in north of Iran. A researcher-made questionnaire will be designed based on the extended parallel process model using a detailed literature review and the panel of experts' opinions. This questionnaire will aim to investigate the levels of knowledge, perception, and practice of respondents regarding esophageal cancer. Later, a comprehensive program will be designed over esophageal cancer self-care based on the information collected from the questionnaire, the information obtained from detailed literature review, and the experts' opinions. The second phase of the study will include implementation of an educational intervention with pretest-posttest design using the intervention and control groups to measure the effectiveness of this educational program on the knowledge, perception, and practice of the patients' relatives., Discussion: The findings will provide valuable evidences regarding the efficacy of the educational intervention and will help the participants to improve their self-care behaviours. Consequently, policy-makers and planners can use the results to set appropriate policies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Introduction: Theory-based education tailored to target behaviour and group can be effective in promoting physical activity., Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive power of Protection Motivation Theory on intent and behaviour of Physical Activity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes., Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 250 patients in Rafsanjan, Iran. To examine the scores of protection motivation theory structures, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The level of physical activity was also measured by the International Short - form Physical Activity Inventory. Its validity and reliability were also approved. Data were analysed by statistical tests including correlation coefficient, chi-square, logistic regression and linear regression., Results: The results revealed that there was a significant correlation between all the protection motivation theory constructs and the intention to do physical activity. The results showed that the Theory structures were able to predict 60% of the variance of physical activity intention. The results of logistic regression demonstrated that increase in the score of physical activity intent and self - efficacy increased the chance of higher level of physical activity by 3.4 and 1.5 times, respectively OR = (3.39, 1.54)., Conclusion: Considering the ability of protection motivation theory structures to explain the physical activity behaviour, interventional designs are suggested based on the structures of this theory, especially to improve self -efficacy as the most powerful factor in predicting physical activity intention and behaviour.

Background: The aim of the study was to determine predictors of refraining from hookah smoking among high-school students in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran based on Prototype/Willingness model., Methods: This cross- sectional with analytic approach was performed on 240 high-school students selected by a cluster random sampling. The data of demographic and Prototype-Willingness Model constructs were acquired via a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were analyzed by mean, frequency, correlation, liner and logistic regression statistical tests., Results: Statistically significant determinants of the intention to refrain from hookah smoking were subjective norms, willingness, and attitude. Regression model indicated that the three items together explained 46.9% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. Attitude and subjective norms predicted 36.0% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. There was a significant relationship between the participants' negative prototype about the hookah smokers and the willingness to avoid from hookah smoking (P=0.002). Also willingness predicted non-smoking hookah better than the intention (P<0.001)., Conclusion: Deigning intervention to increase negative prototype about the hookah smokers and reducing situations and conditions which facilitate hookah smoking, such as easy access to tobacco products in the cafés, beaches can be useful results among adolescents to hookah smoking prevention.

Background: Adequate self-care in diabetes causes quality of life promotion and decreases the number of inpatient cases. The health locus of control theory is used to assess adherence to diabetes regimen in some studies in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of diabetes locus of control in a sample of diabetic patients in Iran and investigation of it's relationship to adherence to diabetes regimen., Methods: This analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. The Iranian versions of Diabetes Locus of Control scale and Diabetes Selfcare Activities scale were used for data collection., Results: Men were more internal locus of control and women were more chance locus of control. The attributions of external locus of control increased by age, while the internal locus of control increased by education level and chance locus of control decreased by education level. A positive association between internal locus of control and adherence to diabetes regimen was found and there was a negative association between chance locus of control and adherence to diabetes regimen., Conclusion: Findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving internal locus of control may improve adherence to diabetes regimen but different diabetic patients have different attribution styles and interventional programs to enhance diabetes self-care will be more successful if patient's locus of control is addressed.