Search

Internationalisation of the curriculum (IoC) is typically approached very differently across national, institutional and disciplinary contexts. This paper reports on research on internationalisation of the curriculum in Latin America and discusses its potential to provoke disruptive innovation in higher education internationalisation. Traditionally, approaches to internationalisation of the curriculum in Latin American universities have been focused almost solely on student mobility programs. The research reported in this paper was conducted by a project team from Brazil and Australia in 2021-2022. A qualitative methodology was used. Methods included a tri-lingual literature review of scholarly publications on curriculum internationalisation in English, Portuguese and Spanish and a modified e-Delphi methodology with a panel of experts comprising international higher education scholars and practitioners working in Latin America (and conducted in Spanish, Portuguese and English). The purpose of the research was to identify ways in which existing approaches to internationalising the curriculum in Latin America might be enhanced in order to provide more students with opportunities to develop international perspectives and intercultural knowledge and skills. The research found that there is significant potential to achieve this outcome if the process of internationalising the curriculum is approached as a long-term project involving complex collaborative boundary work.

The internationalization of higher education has changed over time due to government programs and incentives. In response to these demands, universities have sought to develop internationalization actions that encompass the entire university community. This article aims to analyze the internationalization strategies contained in the plans and policies of Brazilian higher education institutions (HEIs) that participate in the Institutional Internationalization Program -- CAPES PrInt Program. It is a qualitative study, conducted from documentary research, and data processing was carried out based on content analysis. Data analysis showed five priority areas: Teaching; Language Policies; Research; Outreach, Culture and Art and Management. Among internationalization strategies developed by HEIs in Brazil, no predominant internationalization model exists, but the coexistence between the different forms of internationalization characterizes the search for an identity that reflects the features of Brazilian higher education. The results reveal the direction that Brazilian HEIs are taking toward the institutionalization of internationalization and its contribution to the consolidation of the field of internationalization of higher education.

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição das internações hospitalares, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), de idosos residentes no Recife, por custo e tempo de permanência hospitalar, segundo sexo, idade e principais causas, de 1998 a 2005. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e transversal, com dados do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH), sendo analisadas as Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares (AIHs), destinadas aos idosos (60 anos e mais), no período investigado. Foram estudados: sexo; idade e diagnóstico primário (variáveis independentes) e tempo de permanência hospitalar e custo da internação (dependentes). Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão linear. Resultados: Foram descritas 137.546 internações hospitalares com valor total de R$ 101.019.926,20, em todo o período do estudo. Desse total, R$ 49.661.829,38 foram destinados para o sexo masculino (49,2%) e R$ 51.358.096,77, para o feminino (50,8%). A razão entre a proporção de recursos pagos às internações hospitalares e o tamanho proporcional da população aumenta gradativamente com a idade. O tempo e o custo médio de internação hospitalar decrescem com o aumento da idade. Do total gasto, 70,6% foram para as doenças do aparelho circulatório, transtornos mentais, doenças do aparelho respiratório, doenças do aparelho digestivo e neoplasias, com custo total de R$ 71.480.950,14. O tempo médio das internações foi maior para os transtornos mentais e comportamentais. Conclusão: O conhecimento do perfil de internações mostra-se importante para o planejamento e a avaliação das ações de saúde, o que reforça a necessidade de atividades de prevenção e promoção ao longo da vida.

Abstract Chronic pain is a pathological condition affecting about 30% of population. It represents a relevant social-health issue worldwide, and it is considered a significant source of human suffering and disability, strongly affecting patients’ quality of life. Despite several pharmacological strategies to guarantee an adequate pain management have been proposed over the years, opioids still represent one of the primary choices for treating moderate-to-severe pain in both cancer and non-cancer patients. However, chronic use of opioids often leads to numerous side effects, including respiratory depression, constipation, analgesic tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which can strongly limit their use. Given the fundamental role of opioid system in pain relief, this review provides a general overview about the main actors (endogenous opioid peptides and receptors) involved in its modulation. Furthermore, this review explores the action and the limitations of conventional clinically used opioids and describes the efficacy and safety profile of some promising analgesic compounds. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind both analgesic effects and adverse events could advance knowledge in this field, thus improving chronic pain treatment.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender como as propostas descritas nos documentos criado pela UNESCO, e os estudos realizados com egressos, se relacionam com os achados nas teses e dissertações sobre egressos da Educação Profissional Técnica. A metodologia teve início com uma revisão de literatura na BDTD/IBICT – Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (2024), com uma abordagem qualitativa. A pesquisa foi orientada pelos princípios do Estado do Conhecimento. A análise revela resultados importantes para a reconfiguração da Educação Profissional Técnica, tais como a urgência de investimentos nesse nível de ensino para o desenvolvimento do país e a importância das recomendações da UNESCO em ambos os documentos norteadores desse estudo.

Abstract Objective To establish recommendations through the consensus of a Latin American experts panel on the use of the flash glucose monitoring system (fCGM) in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarding the benefits and challenges of using the fCGM. Methods An executive committee of experts was created, comprised by a panel of fifteen physicians, including endocrinologists and internal medicine physicians, with expertise in management of adult patients with T2DM. The experts were from various countries: Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. The modified Delphi method was used, considering a consensus level of at least 80% of the participants. A seventeen-item instrument was developed to establish recommendations on the use of fCGM in patients with T2DM in Latin American. Results The number of glucose scans recommended per day with the fCGM for patients managed with oral antidiabetic drugs or basal insulin was a median of 6 scans per day, and for those managed with multiple insulin doses, a median of 10 scans per day was recommended. Additionally, a holistic and individualized management approach was recommended, taking into account new treatment directions and identifying patients who would benefit from the use of the fCGM. Conclusion Continuous use of the fCGM is recommended for people living with T2DM, regardless of their type of treatment. These metrics must be evaluated individually for each patient profile.

Abstract Intramuscular fat (IMF) and backfat thickness (BFT) are critical economic traits impacting meat quality. However, the genetic variants controlling these traits need to be better understood. To advance knowledge in this area, we integrated RNA-seq and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genomic and transcriptomic data to generate a linkage disequilibrium filtered panel of 553,581 variants. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis revealed 36,916 cis-eQTLs and 14,408 trans-eQTLs. Association analysis resulted in three eQTLs associated with BFT and 24 with IMF. Functional enrichment analysis of genes regulated by these 27 eQTLs revealed noteworthy pathways that can play a fundamental role in lipid metabolism and fat deposition, such as immune response, cytoskeleton remodeling, iron transport, and phospholipid metabolism. We next used ATAC-Seq assay to identify and overlap eQTL and open chromatin regions. Six eQTLs were in regulatory regions, four in predicted insulators and possible CCCTC-binding factor DNA binding sites, one in an active enhancer region, and the last in a low signal region. Our results provided novel insights into the transcriptional regulation of IMF and BFT, unraveling putative regulatory variants.

BackgroundHeterogeneous mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic are documented in the general population. Such heterogeneity has not been systematically assessed in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). To identify distinct patterns of the pandemic impact and their predictors in ASD/NDD youth, we focused on pandemic-related changes in symptoms and access to services.MethodsUsing a naturalistic observational design, we assessed parent responses on the Coronavirus Health and Impact Survey Initiative (CRISIS) Adapted For Autism and Related neurodevelopmental conditions (AFAR). Cross-sectional AFAR data were aggregated across 14 European and North American sites yielding a clinically well-characterized sample of N = 1275 individuals with ASD/NDD (age = 11.0 ± 3.6 years; n females = 277). To identify subgroups with differential outcomes, we applied hierarchical clustering across eleven variables measuring changes in symptoms and access to services. Then, random forest classification assessed the importance of socio-demographics, pre-pandemic service rates, clinical severity of ASD-associated symptoms, and COVID-19 pandemic experiences/environments in predicting the outcome subgroups.ResultsClustering revealed four subgroups. One subgroup-broad symptom worsening only (20%)-included youth with worsening across a range of symptoms but with service disruptions similar to the average of the aggregate sample. The other three subgroups were, relatively, clinically stable but differed in service access: primarily modified services (23%), primarily lost services (6%), and average services/symptom changes (53%). Distinct combinations of a set of pre-pandemic services, pandemic environment (e.g., COVID-19 new cases, restrictions), experiences (e.g., COVID-19 Worries), and age predicted each outcome subgroup.LimitationsNotable limitations of the study are its cross-sectional nature and focus on the first six months of the pandemic.ConclusionsConcomitantly assessing variation in changes of symptoms and service access during the first phase of the pandemic revealed differential outcome profiles in ASD/NDD youth. Subgroups were characterized by distinct prediction patterns across a set of pre- and pandemic-related experiences/contexts. Results may inform recovery efforts and preparedness in future crises; they also underscore the critical value of international data-sharing and collaborations to address the needs of those most vulnerable in times of crisis.

This work, performed in the framework of the H2020 EU project “DESOLINATION”, analyses the coupling between CSP plants using transcritical power cycles with CO2-mixtures and an innovative thermal desalination technique based on Forward Osmosis. Calculations are presented for a large scale CSP plant with central tower receiver and direct storage with solar salts in Dubai, adopting the mixtures CO2+SO2 and CO2+C6F6 in the power cycles. The heat rejected from the cycle condenser is recovered directly by the FO plant, where the draw solute is heated up from 40 °C to 76 °C, to allow for the regeneration of the draw solution used in the forward osmosis membrane. The thermo-responsive polymer adopted is PAGB2000, already considered in literature as a promising option. Results show a very effective synergy between the electricity and the freshwater production: high yearly solar to electric efficiencies are possible (around 19%), with a low freshwater specific thermal consumption (around 100 kWhth/m3). The proposed desalination method is more effective than a conventional MED system (with + 50% of yearly freshwater produced), while a larger solar field (+ 28% in surface area) is necessary for a PV+RO plant to produce annually both the energy and freshwater produced by the CSP+FO plants.

This work summarizes the methodology developed within the H2020 EU project SCARABEUS for the analysis of innovative CO2-based mixtures used as working fluid in transcritical cycles for CSP applications. By adding a specific quantity of carefully selected dopant to CO2 it is possible to reach a high mixture critical temperature, suitable for air cooled cycles at very high minimum temperature in hot environments with high efficiencies. Along the methodology, some results related to the design of the turbine and the heat exchangers for the innovative mixtures are presented, including a focus on the system integration between the power block and the solar plant: as such, these results can be considered as interesting research outcomes to widen the knowledge on innovative solutions for efficient power cycles. The new power cycles are foreseen to drastically increase the profitability and cut the specific cost of CSP systems with respect to the state-of-the-art

Resumo: No contexto da educação, a afetividade é parte integrante no que se refere à formação humana. Considera-se como premissa a possibilidade de recuperação do significado de afetividade, que exerce um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento integral da pessoa. O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer a compreensão da afetividade na perspectiva de Dietrich von Hildebrand no âmbito da filosofia da educação. A metodologia utilizada é a interpretação hermenêutica segundo Ricoeur. O texto está dividido em três seções principais, nas quais é analisada a ideia de afetividade na filosofia e suas implicações para a educação: 1) Ideias concernentes à afetividade no âmbito da filosofia da educação; 2) O papel da afetividade na educação integral; e 3) Natureza e conceito de afetividade: implicações éticas para a educação. Propõe-se a recuperação do conceito de afetividade na formação humana e sua função integradora em conexão com as dimensões da razão e da vontade. Argumenta-se que a afetividade se relaciona aos elementos básicos do ser humano. Conclui-se que a afetividade precisa ser compreendida e trabalhada no contexto da educação, na medida em que é uma dimensão fundamental na vida do ser humano, pois sem ela não seria possível a cognição, e a inteligência funcionaria de modo deficiente.

Este artículo aborda las concepciones, modelos y desafíos de la Internacionalización de la Educación Superior y sus interfaces con las instituciones de educación superior, proponiendo reflexiones que contribuyan con una educación superior intercultural y de calidad, comprometida con la sociedad. La metodología es cualitativa y, en este siglo, tiene como base la producción científica en libros y artículos de investigadores de diferentes países cuando abordan el tema de la internacionalización de la educación superior y perspectivas que favorezcan su comprensión y la adopción de mejores prácticas y procesos para volverla realidad en la universidad. A lo largo de la historia de la educación superior, la internacionalización fue ampliando sus abordajes a partir de los avances de la sociedad y sus oportunidades. Actualmente, el concepto se ha ampliado, abarcando la enseñanza, la investigación, la extensión y la innovación, y llevando consigo un conjunto de estrategias, en complementariedad, que favorecen su implementación en todas las áreas de la educación superior. Esas estrategias se extienden más allá de la internacionalización transfronteriza e incluyen la internacionalización del currículo y la internacionalización en casa. En este siglo, con el desarrollo de las tecnologías, las estrategias se han expandido y la interconectividad se ha hecho presente en la consubstanciación de redes colaborativas. La internacionalización favorece el desarrollo de competencias interculturales, asegurando más calidad para la educación superior. Los conceptos y abordajes de la internacionalización de la educación superior se presentan en este artículo y se articulan con las perspectivas y desafíos de la educación superior, considerando las características de la sociedad globalizada, con sus oportunidades y fragilidades.

Goal: This research aimed to simulate a ship-from-store operation process from an omnichannel retailer. Based on this we proposed a conceptual model orchestrated through a 4PL. Through the results evaluated by performance indicators in the simulation, computational results of using the approach in a real case can be added to decision-making and the literature. Design / Methodology / Approach: This paper comprises the collection of sales and logistics data from a retailer for developing a computer simulation using R programming language, so that the ship-from-store strategy is evaluated. Data from an omnichannel retailer supported the development of two scenarios: the first represent retailer's current praxis; in the second, the logistics orchestration model is applied. The analysis considers two performance indicators: freight price and freight time. Results: The results demonstrate that after adopting the ship-from-store strategy the omnichannel retailer can reduce the freight price by up to 60%. Regarding the delivery time, a reduction of up to 8 days is envisioned. These reductions positively impact the customer experience in the online channel, increasing its attractiveness. Limitations of the investigation: The limitations of the research are based on a logistics orchestration model for a retailer that is omnichannel and has several stores within its national territory with stock. This stock is sufficient to implement a ship-from-store process in this retailer. Practical implications: This retailer, by applying the method, is able to achieve better customer rewards. In the same way, it manages to make the online channel more attractive at the lowest cost and in the shortest time. This retailer is also able to use new technological resources through a 4PL. This serves as a technological tool for the logistics orchestration operation. Originality / Value: An original computer simulation for a 4PL digital platform orchestrating the ship-from-store strategy in omnichannel retailing is presented.

El período de transición se define como un proceso activo, planificado y multidisciplinario que abarca distintas necesidades médicas, psicosociales y educativas de la población adolescente con el objetivo de prevenir complicaciones y favorecer la adherencia al tratamiento. El objetivo primordial es entrenar a las adolescencias con diabetes mellitus (DM) para que adquieran la autonomía e independencia necesarias para un adecuado control de su enfermedad. Estas aptitudes no se alcanzan en la mayoría de las personas antes de los 16-18 años. Los programas de educación terapéutica en personas con DM1 en la etapa de la adolescencia tienen por objetivos facilitar el proceso de transición, lograr la autonomía y el empoderamiento con el fin de prevenir riesgos de complicaciones agudas como la cetoacidosis, la depresión y la interacción de la medicación con sustancias como el alcohol, entre otros. La adolescencia es una etapa biológica y social en la cual se producen cambios significativos, a los que se le agrega el paso del equipo de cuidados en salud pediátrico al del adulto. Esta etapa es considerada un momento de grandes desafíos en el cuidado de la DM que debe planificarse y que requiere de la preparación del paciente y su familia. De esta manera, los posibles riesgos podrían superarse unificando criterios entre los servicios pediátricos y los de los adultos. Estas recomendaciones brindan herramientas que sirvan a los profesionales especializados en DM a realizar programas de educación en la transición para reducir el abandono del tratamiento y las complicaciones asociadas en pacientes adolescentes con DM1 durante la transición de equipos pediátricos a equipos de adultos. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de las publicaciones en el tema de los últimos 5 años y se seleccionaron las más relevantes. Los distintos artículos sugieren que la transición de la atención pediátrica a la de adultos debe comprender un cronograma de detección de complicaciones, apoyo psicológico, actividades de pares con tiempo acordados, y desaconsejan una transferencia repentina e imprevista. Esto incluye la realización de programas de educación que acompañen esta etapa de vulnerabilidad.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como as estratégias de cooperação acadêmica estabelecidas pelas universidades que participam do programa CAPES PrInt podem contribuir para a consolidação da Internacionalização da Educação Superior no Brasil. A análise dos resultados mostra que as redes de cooperação com os países do Norte Global têm maior prevalência; no entanto, já se constata uma nova configuração com ênfase para a regionalização a partir de redes entre países da América Latina, o que favorece a disseminação do conhecimento não hegemônico e reafirma a importância do trabalho coletivo e solidário para o fortalecimento tanto da pesquisa quanto da internacionalização no Brasil, contribuindo, desse modo, para a diminuição da assimetria deste processo no país.

AimMany adolescents with T1D experience a decline in metabolic control due to erratic eating habits and subpar adherence to treatment regimens. The objective of our retrospective observational study was to assess the effect of the Tandem Control IQ (CIQ) advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system on a cohort of adolescents with suboptimal glucose control.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 20 non-adherent patients with T1D, who were inconsistently using Multiple Daily Injections (MDIs) and flash glucose monitoring and were subsequently started and on CIQ. Glucometrics and the Glucose Risk Index were assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months of CIQ use.ResultsThe study included 20 adolescents with T1D (HbA1c: 10.0% ± 1.7). Time in range (TIR) increased from 27.1% ± 13.7 at baseline to 68.6% ± 14.2 at 2 weeks, 66.6% ± 10.7 at 1 month, and 60.4% ± 13.3 at 6 months of CIQ use. Time above range (TAR) >250 mg/dL decreased from 46.1% ± 23.8 to 9.9% ± 9.5 at 2 weeks, 10.8% ± 6.1 at 1 month, and 15.5% ± 10.5 at 6 months of AHCL use. Mean glucose levels improved from 251 mg/dL ± 68.9 to 175mg/dL ± 25.5 after 6 months of CIQ use. The Glucose Risk Index (GRI) also significantly reduced from 102 to 48 at 6 months of CIQ. HbA1c also improved from 10.0% ± 1.7 at baseline to 7.0% ± 0.7 after 6 months. Two patients experienced a single episode of mild diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).ConclusionsAHCL systems provide a significant, rapid, and safe improvement in glucose control. This marks a pivotal advancement in technology that primarily benefited those who were already compliant.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar reflexiones sobre el proceso de Internacionalización en la Educación Básica a la luz de las influencias de la UNESCO. Se caracteriza por ser un trabajo cualitativo y documental, en el que se realiza un análisis reflexivo, con el fin de establecer marcos conceptuales de la Internacionalización en la Educación Básica. Estos hitos se construyeron a partir de la interrelación entre la Internacionalización en la Educación Básica y la Educación para la Ciudadanía Mundial y el Desarrollo Sostenible, a partir de reflexiones sobre la preservación de la identidad nacional, la interculturalidad y la identificación de la presencia de procesos de Internacionalización en la Educación Básica. Los resultados indican que, al ampliar a todos los estudiantes la oportunidad de una formación que favorezca las perspectivas internacionales e interculturales en los currículos de Educación Básica, la Internacionalización puede servir como un medio para promover valores comunes y un mayor entendimiento entre diferentes pueblos y culturas y contribuir a la sostenibilidad, desarrollo mundial, marcado por la convivencia democrática, el respeto, la solidaridad y la cooperación para una ciudadanía socialmente responsable.

Abstract Recurrence of meningiomas is unpredictable by current invasive methods based on surgically removed specimens. Identification of patients likely to recur using noninvasive approaches could inform treatment strategy, whether intervention or monitoring. In this study, we analyze the DNA methylation levels in blood (serum and plasma) and tissue samples from 155 meningioma patients, compared to other central nervous system tumor and non-tumor entities. We discover DNA methylation markers unique to meningiomas and use artificial intelligence to create accurate and universal models for identifying and predicting meningioma recurrence, using either blood or tissue samples. Here we show that liquid biopsy is a potential noninvasive and reliable tool for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in meningioma patients. This approach can improve personalized management strategies for these patients.

Este artigo visa a analisar os instrumentos jurídicos mobilizados para investimentos chineses em economias de renda média, grupo este ainda pouco analisado na literatura do Direito Internacional Econômico. Para desenvolver a análise, escolhemos a maior operação de investimentos chineses no Brasil: a aquisição da Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (“CPFL”) pela chinesa State Grid, no setor de energia elétrica. Esta análise avalia a estruturação desses investimentos, a partir de três níveis de análise: o macronível, relativo à coordenação bilateral Brasil-China; o mesonível, que considera a estrutura regulatória nacional; e o micronível, relativo à estrutura da governança corporativa na operação. As duas principais questões que orientam a análise são: quais instrumentos jurídicos sustentam essas interações econômicas? Quais deles podem ser qualificados como disruptivos do padrão normativo do direito internacional econômico? Concluímos que, em comparação com grandes e pequenas economias, os investimentos chineses têm sido muito menos disruptivos para economias de renda média, como a brasileira, devido (i) aos instrumentos jurídicos empregados para regular as relações econômicas internacionais; (ii) a um ambiente econômico e jurídico anterior mente exposto a investimentos estrangeiros diretos em setores estratégicos; e (iii) à não observação de interferência direta, também conhecida como “administração nos bastidores” (shadow administration), do Partido Comunista Chinês nas operações diárias da empresa investida.

Although the Food and Drug Administration has authorized the marketing of “heat-not-burn” (HnB) electronic cigarettes as a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP), toxicological effects of HnB smoke exposure on the brain are still unexplored. Here, paramagnetic resonance of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of HnB-exposed rats shows a dramatic increase in reactive radical species (RRS) yield coupled with an inflammatory response mediated by NF-κB-target genes including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma expression. The PFC shows higher levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine, a marker of DNA oxidative damage, along with the activation of antioxidant machinery and DNA repair systems, including xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein complex and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1. HnB also induces the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP1A1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2E, particularly involved in the biotransformation of nicotine and several carcinogenic agents such as aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons here recorded in the HnB stick smoke. Taken together, these effects, from disruption of redox homeostasis, inflammation, PPAR manipulation along with enhanced bioactivation of neurotoxicants, and upregulation of cMYC protooncogene to impairment of primary cellular defense mechanisms, suggest a possible increased risk of brain cancer. Although the HnB device reduces the emission of tobacco toxicants, our findings indicate that its consumption may carry a risk of potential adverse health effects, especially in non-smokers so far. Further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term effects of these devices.

Adverse early life experiences during postnatal development can evoke long-lasting neurobiological changes in stress systems, thereby affecting subsequent behaviors including propensity to develop alcohol use disorder. Here, we exposed genetically selected male and female Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) and Wistar rats to mild, repeated social deprivation from postnatal day 14 (PND14) to PND21 and investigated the effect of the early social isolation (ESI) on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) system and on the propensity to drink and seek alcohol in adulthood. We found that ESI resulted in higher levels of GR gene and protein expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in male but not female msP rats. In female Wistars, ESI resulted in significant downregulation of Nr3c1 mRNA levels and lower GR protein levels. In male and female msP rats, plasma corticosterone levels on PND35 were similar and unaffected by ESI. Wistar females exhibited higher levels of corticosterone compared with males, independently from ESI. In alcohol self-administration experiments we found that the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (0.0, 0.312, 0.625, and 1.25 mg/kg) increased alcohol self-administration in both rat lines, regardless of ESI. After extinction, 0.625 mg/kg yohimbine significantly reinstated alcohol seeking in female rats only. ESI enhanced reinstatement in female msP rats. Overall, the present results indicate that repeated social deprivation during the third week of postnatal life affects GR expression in a strain- and sex-dependent manner: such effect may contribute, at least partially, to the heightened sensitivity of female msP rats to the effects of yohimbine-induced alcohol seeking.

Social and emotional experiences differently shape individual’s neurodevelopment inducing substantial changes in neurobiological substrates and behavior, particularly when they occur early in life. In this scenario, the present study was aimed at (i) investigating the impact of early social environments on emotional reactivity of adolescent male and female rats and (ii) uncovering the underlying molecular features, focusing on the cortical endocannabinoid (eCB) and glucocorticoid systems. To this aim, we applied a protocol of environmental manipulation based on early postnatal socially enriched or impoverished conditions. Social enrichment was realized through communal nesting (CN). Conversely, an early social isolation (ESI) protocol was applied (post-natal days 14–21) to mimic an adverse early social environment. The two forms of social manipulation resulted in specific behavioral and molecular outcomes in both male and female rat offspring. Despite the combination of CN and ESI did not affect emotional reactivity in both sexes, the molecular results reveal that the preventive exposure to CN differently altered mRNA and protein expression of the main components of the glucocorticoid and eCB systems in male and female rats. In particular, adolescent females exposed to the combination of CN and ESI showed increased corticosterone levels, unaltered genomic glucocorticoid receptor, reduced cannabinoid receptor type-1 and fatty acid amide hydrolase protein levels, suggesting that the CN condition evokes different reorganization of these systems in males and females.

This article analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Brazilian context and highlights the impacts of internationalization of higher education in the country. Qualitative in nature, the article is characterized as an exploratory-descriptive research, carried out from a bibliographic and documentary examination. Analysis: it was revealed that Latin America and the Caribbean are parts of the global regions most affected by the pandemic that experienced severe negative aggravation in their economies. In particular, in Brazil, findings reveal that the repercussions of the crisis impacted the public resources for education through budget cuts, while the private institutions suffered from an increase in defaults and evasion. Internationalization as a transversal dimension of higher education also suffered from the effects of the pandemic, and in Brazil, information and communication technologies were used to maintain international and intercultural learning and academic cooperation. This made it possible to increase the number of students benefited and to print out an equitable perspective on internationalization of higher education. For the future, it will be necessary to consolidate strategies that include information and communication technologies and promote the strengthening of cooperation networks, with the development of policies that support a more symmetrical relationship in the South-South and South-North, even in unfavorable scenarios.

The objective of this article is to analyze the strategies adopted by Brazilian universities for the continuity of higher education internationalization actions during the pandemic of COVID-19. Taking as a guide the stages of development of the internationalization of higher education proposed by Brandenburg; de Wit; Jones; Leask & Drobner (2020), a new stage of development is proposed: the virtualization. The research results suggest that it will continue after the pandemic. In an empirical qualitative study, conducted with six Brazilian Higher Education Institutions well evaluated by the Times Higher Education 2020 ranking, it was identified that the Internationalization actions developed to contribute to a new sustainable model of internationalization in the country, based on virtualization of Internationalization at Home, and that meets the main objective of the internationalization of higher education: to provide opportunities for all students to develop international perspectives and intercultural competencies during their formative journey.

Tobacco use disorder represents a significant public health challenge due to its association with various diseases. Despite awareness efforts, smoking rates remain high, partly due to ineffective cessation methods and the spread of new electronic devices. This study investigated the impact of prolonged nicotine exposure via a heat-not-burn (HnB) device on selected genes and signaling proteins involved in inflammatory processes in the rat ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain regions associated with addiction to different drugs, including nicotine. The results showed a reduction in mRNA levels for PPARα and PPARγ, two nuclear receptors and anti-inflammatory transcription factors, along with the dysregulation of gene expression of the epigenetic modulator KDM6s, in both investigated brain areas. Moreover, decreased PTEN mRNA levels and higher AKT phosphorylation were detected in the VTA of HnB-exposed rats with respect to their control counterparts. Finally, significant alterations in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation were observed in both mesolimbic areas, with VTA decrease and NAc increase, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that HnB aerosol exposure disrupts intracellular pathways potentially involved in the development and maintenance of the neuroinflammatory state. Moreover, these data highlight that, similar to conventional cigarettes, HnB devices use affects specific signaling pathways shaping neuroinflammatory process in the VTA and NAc, thus triggering mechanisms that are currently considered as potentially relevant for the development of addictive behavior.

Halophyte species represent valuable reservoirs of natural antioxidants, and, among these, Salicornia europaea stands out as a promising edible plant. In this study, young and old S. europaea leaves were compared for the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity to assess changes in different growth phases; then, the potential protective effects against low-dose CCl4-induced toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) were investigated by administering an aqueous suspension of young leaves to rats daily for two weeks. Quantification of total and individual phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC) showed the highest values in young leaves compared to mature ones. Salicornia treatment mitigated CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative stress, reducing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels, and preserving the decrease in glutathione levels. Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed these results in the liver and evidenced free radicals increase prevention in the brain. Salicornia treatment also attenuated enzymatic disruptions in the liver’s drug metabolizing system and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, histopathological examination revealed reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Overall, this study highlights Salicornia’s potential as a source of bioactive compounds with effective hepatoprotective properties capable to prevent TAFLD.

Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial risco de mielotoxicidade gerada pelo benzeno nos trabalhadores dos postos de combustíveis da cidade de Cascavel-PR. Materiais e métodos: Após a aprovação do CEP-CAAE 58696522.0.0000.0109 da UNIPAR, foram convidados para pesquisa colaboradores de 40 postos de combustíveis situados na cidade de Cascavel-PR, que assinaram o TCLE. A pesquisa foi realizada sob questionário aos colaboradores registrados nos postos de combustíveis por um período mínimo de 6 meses, buscando compreender a atribuição da NR 20 que visa regularizar o uso de equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), sintomas correlatos, realização de treinamentos e exames periódicos. Resultados: Participaram 69 colaboradores de 27 postos. Notou-se a presença majoritária de trabalhadores do sexo masculino, correspondendo a 88,4% (n = 61) com idade entre 18 a 29 anos. Além disso, 97,1% (67) ocupavam o cargo de frentista. Quanto aos EPI mais utilizados encontram-se o calçado impermeável com 95,3% (61), as luvas ou creme de proteção para as mãos 67,2% (43) e o conjunto de segurança completo em 65,6% (42). Os trabalhadores que não utilizavam EPI 75% (3) justificam a indisponibilidade do equipamento no posto de combustível. Não foi observado preocupação dos mesmos por atuarem em um ambiente que contenha componentes tóxicos. O hemograma foi realizado a cada 6 meses em 71% dos colaboradores e nenhum estabelecimento avalia os metabólitos de benzeno na rotina do exame periódico. Quanto aos sintomas agudos da intoxicação pelo benzeno 78,3% (54) não relataram sintomatologia e 21,7% (15) relataram histórico de um ou mais sintomas como cefaleia, seguido de irritação nas mãos e mucosas além de insônia. A NR 20 proíbe uso das flanelas para higienização das mãos, entretanto, metade dos colaboradores ainda adotam este item. A maioria com 62,3% (43), nunca sofreu ou observou algum tipo de acidente de trabalho, os 37,7% (26) restantes sofreram acidente de contato do combustível. Discussão: A exposição ao benzeno acontece principalmente no momento do abastecimento dos veículos, pois o benzeno é um composto volátil e lipofílico e se espalha facilmente pelo organismo gerando uma intoxicação. De forma distinta aos resultados apresentados, o estudo realizado por Maciel et al. relatou que nenhum dos trabalhadores entrevistados utilizava EPIs, demostrando que os trabalhadores desta cidade se mostraram mais orientados e comprometidos com a segurança. Os mesmos sintomas de intoxicação aguda foram observados no estudo realizado por Monteiro e Marinho. Dosagens de metabólitos do benzeno ainda não é uma realidade factível, porém, para que o diagnóstico de intoxicação por benzeno seja estabelecido, é necessária uma junção das evidências clínicas e epidemiológicas do paciente. Conclusão: Apesar de grande parte dos trabalhadores estarem seguindo a NR 20, ocorreram relatos de sintomas agudos e acidentes envolvendo contato direto com o combustível. Deste modo, por mais que o risco do desenvolvimento da mielotoxicidade seja pequeno, ele ainda existe, sendo assim seria prudente a realização de biomarcadores como Ácido trans-mucônico para avaliação da intoxicação precoce, proporcionando um ambiente de trabalho com risco menor para o desenvolvimento e mielotoxicidade.

Goal: The main objective of this work is identifying product-service system logistics strategies present in e-commerce. In addition, this research aims to address two main research questions: (i) What are the product-service logistics strategies in e-commerce and how are the strategies applied? and (ii) What are the future research opportunities from the literature? Design / Methodology / Approach: This paper performs a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) method. Using this method, we established criteria for inclusion and exclusion of papers as well as better filters that, after applied during the literature review, we reached the final papers that will be included in the analysis. Results: The main opportunity for applying PSS in e-commerce is related to the migration of logistics services to platforms, in which asset sharing between partners is a potential implementation being tested by start-ups and technological companies. Concerning the results related to the association of PSS and e-commerce, this is still a lack in the literature since many papers are more theoretical and fail to assess the benefits of practical adoption. Limitations of the investigation: Research limitations of this research are according to the structure of the systematic literature review methodology. Practical implications: The results may provide guidance for e-commerce retailers that choose to implement PSS strategies associated with logistics in their sales channels. Originality / Value: This paper originality deals with the study of PSS strategies in e-commerce, since the combination of these approaches is still a research gap. Findings point out that e-commerce is still focused on physical products and the adoption of PSS strategies is not a common topic addressed in this context.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze temporal trends in mortality due to infectious respiratory disease in children under 12 years old in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2000 to 2020. Methods: this was an ecological study using data on infectious respiratory disease in children under 12 years old registered on the Mortality Information System; the variables studied were etiological agent, anatomical site of infection and sex; trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Results: of the 4,688 registered deaths, the etiological agent of the disease was unspecified for 84.5% of them, and 88% were due to lower respiratory tract infections; there was a decreasing trend in deaths and in the proportion of deaths due to unspecified etiologic agents; in 2020, there was an increase in deaths with viral etiology and systemic involvement. Conclusion: in addition to the change in the etiologic profile, there was a reduction in mortality due to infectious respiratory diseases in children, even considering 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Heterogeneous mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic are documented in the general population. Such heterogeneity has not been systematically assessed in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). To identify distinct patterns of the pandemic impact and their predictors in ASD/NDD youth, we focused on pandemic-related changes in symptoms and access to services. Methods Using a naturalistic observational design, we assessed parent responses on the Coronavirus Health and Impact Survey Initiative (CRISIS) Adapted For Autism and Related neurodevelopmental conditions (AFAR). Cross-sectional AFAR data were aggregated across 14 European and North American sites yielding a clinically well-characterized sample of N = 1275 individuals with ASD/NDD (age = 11.0 ± 3.6 years; n females = 277). To identify subgroups with differential outcomes, we applied hierarchical clustering across eleven variables measuring changes in symptoms and access to services. Then, random forest classification assessed the importance of socio-demographics, pre-pandemic service rates, clinical severity of ASD-associated symptoms, and COVID-19 pandemic experiences/environments in predicting the outcome subgroups. Results Clustering revealed four subgroups. One subgroup—broad symptom worsening only (20%)—included youth with worsening across a range of symptoms but with service disruptions similar to the average of the aggregate sample. The other three subgroups were, relatively, clinically stable but differed in service access: primarily modified services (23%), primarily lost services (6%), and average services/symptom changes (53%). Distinct combinations of a set of pre-pandemic services, pandemic environment (e.g., COVID-19 new cases, restrictions), experiences (e.g., COVID-19 Worries), and age predicted each outcome subgroup. Limitations Notable limitations of the study are its cross-sectional nature and focus on the first six months of the pandemic. Conclusions Concomitantly assessing variation in changes of symptoms and service access during the first phase of the pandemic revealed differential outcome profiles in ASD/NDD youth. Subgroups were characterized by distinct prediction patterns across a set of pre- and pandemic-related experiences/contexts. Results may inform recovery efforts and preparedness in future crises; they also underscore the critical value of international data-sharing and collaborations to address the needs of those most vulnerable in times of crisis.

En los últimos años el cambio de paradigma en la era digital ha rotado de la atención centrada en el médico y en la compliance del paciente utilizando un glucómetro y basado en el rol protagónico de la hemoglobina glicosilada, a un cuidado centrado en el empoderamiento de la persona con diabetes mellitus (DM) con varios dispositivos interoperables hacia el logro de un buen tiempo en rango. La tecnología como aporte al tratamiento de la DM demostró mejorar la calidad de vida e impactar en el control glucémico con disminución de las complicaciones agudas. En 1989 Fred Davis propuso el modelo de aceptación de tecnología (technology acceptance model, TAM) y sugirió que existe una serie de factores que influyen en la decisión de utilizar una tecnología. Entre estos factores, se destacan la utilidad percibida y la facilidad percibida, lo que genera la actitud de aceptación o discontinuación de la misma. Varias publicaciones demostraron que los desafíos en el logro de la adherencia a la tecnología son: el manejo de la imagen corporal (76% de las personas con DM1 sufre estigmatización por la enfermedad), la educación en el análisis de bajada de datos evaluando la sobrecarga, la infotoxicidad, la frustración y la confianza en el resultado, y el burnout de la data aportada que debe ser contrarrestada por el acceso a un programa educativo estructurado brindado por un equipo interdisciplinario. La adquisición de habilidades y destrezas abordan la complejidad de transformar los datos en información para el logro de la toma de decisiones. La adopción de estrategias innovadoras, como el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) o Apps, implica beneficios de costo-efectividad y optimiza la autogestión de la enfermedad, impacta en cambios del comportamiento, y mejora los resultados biológicos y los aspectos psicosociales transformándose en una herramienta aliada para fomentar hábitos saludables. El monitoreo continuo es un componente muy robusto de la educación terapéutica, y la adherencia puede evaluarse con el uso mayor al 70% del tiempo, número de lecturas (promedio ideal mayor a 10 por día) y realizar una lectura mínimo cada 8 h en el caso del intermitente. La tecnología bien indicada y gestada en la equidad puede ser una oportunidad de educar, motivar, impactar en el futuro y disminuir la carga de enfermedad.

Brain fog can be described as a constellation of new-onset neuropsychiatric sequelae in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 (long COVID). The symptoms include inattention, short-term memory loss, and reduced mental acuity, which may undermine cognition, concentration, and sleep. This cognitive impairment, persisting for weeks or months after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, can significantly impact on daily activities and the quality of life. An important role for the complement system (C) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has emerged since the beginning of pandemic outbreak. A number of pathophysiological characteristics including microangiopathy and myocarditis have been attributed to dysregulated C activation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), the first recognition subcomponent of the C lectin pathway, has been shown to bind to glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, genetic variants of MBL2 are suggested to have an association with severe COVID-19 manifestations requiring hospitalization. In the present study, we evaluated MBL activity (lectin pathway activation) and levels in the sera of a cohort of COVID-19 patients, presenting brain fog or only hyposmia/hypogeusia as persistent symptoms, and compared them with healthy volunteers. We found significantly lower levels of MBL and lectin pathway activity in the sera of patients experiencing brain fog as compared to recovered COVID-19 patients without brain fog. Our data indicate that long COVID-associated brain fog can be listed among the variegate manifestations of increased susceptibility to infections and diseases contributed by MBL deficiency.

Tobacco smoking remains one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDSs) are proposed as a tool for smoking cessation. In the last few years, a growing number of different types of ENDSs were launched onto the market. Despite the manufacturing differences, ENDSs can be classified as “liquid e-cigarettes” (e-cigs) equipped with an atomizer that vaporizes a liquid composed of vegetable glycerin (VG), polypropylene glycol (PG), and nicotine, with the possible addition of flavorings; otherwise, the “heated tobacco products” (HTPs) heat tobacco sticks through contact with an electronic heating metal element. The presence of some metals in the heating systems, as well as in solder joints, involves the possibility that heavy metal ions can move from these components to the liquid, or they can be adsorbed into the tobacco stick from the heating blade in the case of HTPs. Recent evidence has indicated the presence of heavy metals in the refill liquids and in the mainstream such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The present review discusses the toxicological aspects associated with the exposition of heavy metals by consumption from ENDSs, focusing on metal carcinogenesis risk.

Esse estudo, no contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável, analisa norteamentos para a formação de professores de organismos internacionais emblemáticos, a partir de 2015, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura e o Instituto Internacional para a Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, de abordagem qualitativa, e para o tratamento dos dados foi utilizada a análise textual discursiva. Os resultados apontam três eixos analíticos: políticas para a formação de professores; internacionalização na formação de professores e carreira e desenvolvimento profissional. As análises sinalizam que a cooperação é um eixo estruturante no que tange à formação docente. Há um rumo promissor no diálogo interdisciplinar e interinstitucional. Para isso, é preciso esforço individual e coletivo, em âmbito institucional, regional e global. Para a América Latina e Caribe, esse processo deve abarcar o desenvolvimento sustentável, baseado em uma relação entre iguais e na integração regional.

O presente trabalho objetiva mapear a produção científica em periódicos nacionais, acerca da aplicação de modelos probabilísticos para a previsão de resultados de partidas de futebol. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, com buscas realizadas no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES e por meio da metodologia Snowball, totalizando um corpus de apenas oito artigos com 19 autores relacionados. O tratamento dos dados foi dividido em: i) Análise dos dados bibliográficos, contemplando os periódicos onde os artigos foram publicados, anos de publicações e informações dos autores; ii) Análise das Referências bibliográficas, considerando os tipos de publicação, a distribuição temporal e os trabalhos e autores mais recorrentemente citados; iii) Análise de Rede Sociais das citações realizadas, produzida com o software UCINET integrado ao NetDraw. Apesar do baixo número de artigos encontrados, observa-se um relativo aumento no interesse por essa linha de pesquisa nos últimos anos. Assim, foi possível descrever os principais agentes da comunidade científica, suas áreas de formações e vinculações profissionais, bem como as relações formalmente estabelecidas entre os mesmos. Evidenciou-se, também, a distribuição regional desses autores em nosso país, contribuindo para um melhor conhecimento da área. Além dos dados elaborados nas análises, aponta-se para as inúmeras possibilidades de avanço e fortalecimento desse recorte de pesquisa e para sua potencialidade quanto à divulgação científica e às diversas possíveis práticas educacionais em diálogo com o futebol e com o esporte de maneira geral.

Social inclusion policy in higher education--also referenced as affirmative action, reservations, schedules, or antidiscrimination--has been used widely to promote equity and access for minority and historically discriminated subgroups who wish to participate in tertiary education. Inclusion is often protected de jure through a country's constitution. Even so, the effects of the legislation vary according to the context within which it was instituted. This article offers a comparative review of the historical and legal evolution of social inclusion in higher education in Brazil, India, South Africa, and the United States and the educational outcomes created by systems of social inclusion around the world. The development and impacts of these policies are discussed within the frameworks of social inclusion and critical legal studies to suggest that social inclusion policy links higher education to its place.

Soybean seed classification is a relevant and time-consuming process for Brazilian agribusiness cooperatives. This activity can generate queues and waiting times that directly affect logistics costs. This is the reason why it is so important to properly allocate resources, considering the most relevant factors that can influence their performance. This paper aims to present an approach to predicting the average lead time and waiting queue time for the soybean seed classification process, which supports the decision regarding the number of workers and machines to be deployed in the process. The originality of the paper relies on the applied approach, which combines discrete event simulation with machine learning algorithms in a real-world applied case. The approach comprises three steps: data collection to structure the simulation scenarios; simulation runs to generate artificial historical data; and machine learning applications to predict lead and queuing times. As a result, various scenarios using the data generated by machine learning were simulated, making it possible to choose the one that generated the best trade-off between performance, investments, and operational costs. The approach can be adapted to support the solution of different logistic-related decision-making problems that combine human and equipment resources.

Introduction: Childhood cancer is a small proportion of all cancers but is still a major public health problem. Objective: To describe the 5-year incidence and mortality rates and net survival of childhood cancer in Uruguay. Method: Data on all malignant tumors diagnosed in children aged 0-14 were included for the period 2011-2015, obtained from the National Pediatric Registry of Cancer and from the Ministry of Health Mortality Registry, classified according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3). Information on the total population was obtained from national census records. Follow up was made until December 2020. Results: The standardized incidence rate was 128/million children per year. The distribution of the disease was similar to developed countries. The overall mortality rate was 28.2/million, with a net overall survival of 79.6% for the total population. Conclusion: Childhood cancer incidence in Uruguay is similar to developed countries. Progress in diagnosis and care have improved survival immensely, but efforts must continue to keep this trend and ameliorate the outcomes.

This essay offers a geocritical reading of Boccaccio’s Genealogie deorum gentilium for its unique combination of poetry and geography. The Genealogy features the poet’s journey through the Mediterranean Sea, and in particular through the Archipelago, the Aegean Sea, to describe places where the myths of the pagan gods and their progeny unfolded, with the end goal of establishing the veracity of poetry. In so doing, he adopts an empirical approach to the search of the truth of the myths, thereby making a cartography of the poetry, a unique humanistic space in which he rescues the relics of a shipwrecked past by mapping spaces and places of civilization.

Este artigo investiga as práticas discursivas de apoiadores do presidente Bolsonaro no Twitter durante a CPI da Pandemia. A análise é fundamentada teoricamente por Chouliaraki e Fairclough (1999) e Fairclough (2003), em diálogo com discussões interdisciplinares sobre o debate político nas mídias sociais (CESARINO, 2020; KHOSRAVINIK, 2017a, 2017b). O estudo é qualitativo, realizado através das hashtags #RenanVagabundo e #CPIdoCirco. Identificamos diferentes práticas discursivas que foram agrupadas em duas categorias: a deslegitimação da CPI através da representação negativa dos senadores e uma representação do processo da CPI enquanto uma tentativa de autopromoção de opositores do presidente.

Nas últimas décadas, observou-se um esforço investigativo sobre a Educação Superior, a produção do conhecimento e a internacionalização. Esse estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar os líderes de grupos de pesquisa, num dos estados da região centro-oeste brasileira, em duas instituições públicas. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, analisou-se a área da educação, chamando a atenção para os impactos de sua formação e atuação no desenvolvimento dessas instituições. As considerações indicam que a transição de um conceito de internacionalização, como mobilidade presencial para a mobilidade virtual, deve se consolidar no período pós-pandêmico. A internacionalização em casa se relaciona tanto com o currículo formal quanto ao informal e visa desenvolver conhecimentos interculturais.