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O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar o processo do trabalho rural em nove municípios de Minas Gerais, considerando indicadores sócio-demográficos, a estrutura agrária dos estabelecimentos rurais, práticas de trabalho relacionadas ao uso de agrotóxicos e, a intoxicação associada a seu uso. Os dados foram obtidos de uma pesquisa realizada pela Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo, de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, que aplicou um questionário a 1.064 trabalhadores rurais, entre os anos de 1991 a 2000. Por meio de uma regressão logística, foram obtidos os fatores de risco associados à intoxicação por agrotóxicos dos grupos organofosforados e carbamatos. Cerca de 50% dos entrevistados se encontravam ao menos moderadamente intoxicados. Os fatores de risco encontrados foram: ter o último contato a menos de duas semanas com agrotóxicos; não usar proteção; ser orientado pelo vendedor; citar organofosforado ou carbamato como agrotóxico principal e trabalhar nos municípios de Teófoli Otoni, Guidoval ou Piraúba. Os resultados apontam para o alto grau de risco de agravos à saúde a que estão sujeitos trabalhadores rurais em contato com agrotóxicos.

Background: In this paper, mental health is discussed in the context of the system of innovation in health care. A set of mental illnesses is investigated in order to broaden our understanding of how they can be connected to the health innovation system., Methods: Two country typologies are investigated. The first typology uses the Grade of Membership approach to group 112 countries with similar policies, programs, legislation, treatment and mental health funding methods for 2001. The second is the hierarchical cluster approach, which uses scientific papers and patents from 118 countries as proxies for science and technology in 2001., Results: The results indicate the presence of some countries in two extreme groups. On the one hand, countries with the best performance in the field of mental health have the best mental health infrastructure and are also ranked first in science and technology in this area. On the other hand, countries with the worst performance in the field of mental health also have the worst mental health infrastructure and are in the worst position in science and technology., Discussion: By analyzing the international data on scientific publications and mental health systems, we find that as countries become more advanced, they significantly increase their scientific production as well as their focus on the health sector. These two movements make it possible for countries to build their own catching-up processes, focused on the health system. Accordingly, it is expected that mental health care can benefit from that strengthening in the health care sector. IMPLICATION FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: This paper identifies which countries need to improve their mental health and science and technology infrastructures. IMPLICATION FOR HEALTH POLICIES: The main policy recommendation refers to the strengthening of the health innovation system. This policy was chosen because, statistically speaking, according to the crisp sets and the fuzzy sets theories, this evaluation, made with data from general and especially mental health care, indicates that competence in the mental health care area requires a strong presence in terms and an emphasis on overall health., Implications for Further Research: A main research issue should be the comparison of the results of this work with those from the new database published by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this way, it will be possible to observe whether or not countries have improved their infrastructure in mental health care.

This paper aimed to characterize the rural work process in nine counties in Minas Gerais State, considering socio-demographic indicators, the land tenure structure of farm operations, and work practices related to pesticide use and poisoning Data were obtained through the Jorge Duprat Figueiredo Foundation for Workers' Safety and Occupational Medicine, which applied a questionnaire to 1,064 rural workers from 1991 to 2000. Through a logistic regression, risk factors associated with pesticide poisoning were obtained for the carbamate and organophosphate groups. Some 50% of interviewees displayed at least moderate pesticide toxicity. Risk factors for pesticide poisoning were: last contact with pesticides less than two weeks before the blood cholinesterase test; no use of personal protective equipment by workers applying pesticides; having received instructions from the pesticide salesperson; report of carbamates/organophosphates as the main pesticides used; and working in the counties of Te foli Otoni, Guidoval, or Piraúba. The results emphasize the high level of health risk associated with pesticide use among these rural workers.

This paper evaluates the economic impact of pesticide intoxication on the health of rural workers in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To estimate the economic impact we considered the purchase cost of pesticides and the treatment costs of rural workers' affected by intoxication. These impacts were compared to the benefits of pesticide use, as estimated by the crop losses avoided through pesticide application. Data were obtained from the Fundacentro/Ministry of Work agency for the years 1991-2000, in nine municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil; and included epidemiological surveillance records and blood screening results. Rural workers' probabilities of intoxication were estimated as a function of their expositure characteristics by means of a logistic regression model. The changes in marginal probabilities associated with changes in expositure characteristics were also estimated. When health intoxication costs are included in the farmer's decision process, the financial benefit of pesticide use with certain crops is reduced. For zucchini, beans and corn, respectively, treatment costs represent about 42%, 25% and 25% of the pesticide use benefit. This study points to the need for an extensive investigation into the real benefits of pesticide use and its consequences for the environment and health in Brazil.