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Moringa oleifera extract contains active components, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, and sugars, which have high economic and medicinal value. Moringa oleifera extracts possess functions like antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. As a natural feed additive used in poultry production, it can improve poultry production performance, maintain gastrointestinal health, enhance antioxidant capacity and immune function. This article reviews the physiological functions of Moringa oleifera extracts and their application in poultry production, aiming to provide a reference for further research and development of Moringa oleifera extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractValproic acid is an antiepileptic drug associated with skin-related issues like excessive hair growth, hair loss, and skin rashes. In contrast, Moringa oleifera, rich in nutrients and antioxidants, is gaining popularity worldwide for its medicinal properties. The protective properties of M. oleifera extract against skin-related side effects caused by valproic acid were investigated. Female rats were divided into control groups and experimental groups such as moringa, sodium valproate, and sodium valproate + moringa groups. A 70% ethanolic extract of moringa (0.3 g/kg/day) was given to moringa groups, and a single dose of sodium valproate (0.5 g/kg/day) was given to valproate groups for 15 days. In the skin samples, antioxidant parameters (such as glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity), as well as oxidant parameters representing oxidative stress (i.e. lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and total oxidant capacity), were examined. Additionally, boron, hydroxyproline, sodium-potassium ATPase, and tissue factor values were determined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also carried out for protein analysis in the skin samples. The results showed that moringa could increase glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, sodium-potassium ATPase, and boron levels, while decreasing lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, total oxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, hydroxyproline, and tissue factor levels. These findings imply that moringa possesses the potential to mitigate dermatological side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The kidneys are the main target of lead toxicity as lead is accumulated in and excreted through the kidneys. The main lead toxicity occurs through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, causing cellular damage in the kidneys. Moringa leaves contain high levels of flavonoids, with antioxidant effects that are useful in treating diseases accompanied by oxidative stress due to toxicity. Our goal was to analyze the attenuation effects of Moringa leaves extract on lead-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Methods: This research was conducted based on an experimental design and post-tests. Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control group (K), which was given lead acetate at 750 mg/kg/day for 7 days, and three other groups of P1, P2 and P3, which were given lead acetate at the same dose for 7 days followed by administering with the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves at 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg/kg/day doses orally for 14 days, respectively. Results: There were improvements in oxidative stress in the kidneys of the study rats, marked by an increase in the serum levels of GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD, and a decrease in the kidney MDA levels. Kidney disorders can be improved by administering ethanol extract from Moringa leaves, which is characterized by a significant decrease in blood BUN and creatinine levels. Conclusion: All doses of the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves reduced the oxidative stress and improved the kidney function impaired due to acute exposure to lead in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a potential plant that can be used to improve immunity, the gut health of broiler chickens, and reduce the number of pathogens in the intestine. Probiotics are non-pathogenic microbes that can balance the microflora in the digestive tract and improve poultry production performance. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the impact of adding probiotic Lactobacillus sp. and M. oleifera extract to broiler feed. In this study, a factorial, completely randomized design was used. This research used 900 animals, which were divided into two factors: the first factor was the dose of M. oleifera (0%, 1%, and 2%) and the second factor was the dose of probiotics (0%, 1 %, and 2%). The treatment was 9 (3 x 3 factorial design), with each consisting of 10 replications and each replication consisting of 10 chickens. M. oleifera extract and probiotics were supplemented in drinking water during the 5-week experimental period. Ad libitum supplies of food and drink were provided. The results revealed that there was an interaction (p

Background: Probiotics and medicinal plants have been used to support human and livestock health. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract on the growth of P. pentosaceus, L.acidophilus and L. plantarum during starter period on nutrient intake, body weight gain, FCR and feed efficiency in broiler chicken. Methods: This study consisted of three sub studies:(1) Screening test for phytochemical compounds. The flavonoid test was conducted by Bate Smith-Metcalf and Wilstatter method. The Tannin test with Denis’ reagent. The saponin test was performed by the Forth method. Triterpenoid tests were performed by the Liebermann-Bouchard method and the alkaloids test was conducted by the method of Mayer, Bouchardat and Wagner. (2) evaluation of level M.oleifera extract, where each test tube was added with 1 mL of each isolate and incubated at 37°C. The growth of probiotic bacteria was calculated by using the TPC. (3) evaluation of probiotics and M. oleifera in vivo to prove growth performance. All results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by the Duncan test. Results: (1)The phytochemical screening test of M. Oleifera extract showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and alkaloids; (2) in vitro evaluation of M. oleifera extract could increased the growth of bacteria probiotic (p M. oleifera extract could improve growth performance. The result of body weight, body weight gain, FCR and feed efficiency signifcantly differed (p0.05) on nutrient intake. Conclusions: The use of M.oleifera extract at doses of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% increased the growth of P. pentosaceus, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum bacteria in vitro and the use of probiotics, M.oleifera extract and their combination by in vivo improved the growth performance on starter phase of broilers chicken.

Background: Probiotics and medicinal plants have been used to support human and livestock health. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract on the growth of P. pentosaceus, L.acidophilus and L. plantarum during starter period on nutrient intake, body weight gain, FCR and feed efficiency in broiler chicken. Methods: This study consisted of three sub studies: (1) Screening test for phytochemical compounds. The flavonoid test was conducted by Bate Smith-Metcalf and Wilstatter method. The Tannin test with Denis’ reagent. The saponin test was performed by the Forth method. Triterpenoid tests were performed by the Liebermann-Bouchard method and the alkaloids test was conducted by the method of Mayer, Bouchardat and Wagner. (2) evaluation of level M.oleifera extract, where each test tube was added with 1 mL of each isolate and incubated at 37°C. The growth of probiotic bacteria was calculated by using the TPC. (3) evaluation of probiotics and M. oleifera in vivo to prove growth performance. All results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by the Duncan test. Results: (1) The phytochemical screening test M. oleifera extract contained positive of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and alkaloids; (2) in vitro evaluation of M. oleifera extract could increased the growth of bacteria probiotic (pM. oleifera extract could improve growth performance. The result of body weight, body weight gain, FCR and feed efficiency signifcantly differed (p 0.05) on nutrient intake. Conclusions: The use of M.oleifera extract at doses of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% increased the growth of P. pentosaceus, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum bacteria in vitro and the use of probiotics, M.oleifera extract and their combination by in vivo improved the growth performance on starter phase of broilers chicken.

Background: Probiotics and medicinal plants have been used to support human and livestock health. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract on the growth of Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum probiotic in vitro and to prove its potential as a feed additive, as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) to improve nutrient intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency in broiler chicken starter phase. Methods: This study consisted of three sub studies: (1) Screening test for phytochemical compounds; (2) evaluation of several doses of Moringa extract (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% ). At the end of treatment, each colony was measured using the total plate count; (3) evaluation of probiotics and M. oleifera in vivo to prove growth performance on starter-phase broiler chicken. All results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by the Duncan test. Results: (1) The phytochemical screening test M. oleifera extract contained flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and alkaloids; (2) M. oleifera extract at doses of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% increased the growth of bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (p (3) The use of probiotics, M. oleifera extract and their combination showed that body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR) and feed efficiency signifcantly differed (p 0.05) between the treatments on nutrient intake (dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber and organic matter) on broiler chicken starter phase. Conclusions: The use of M.oleifera extract at doses of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% increased the growth of P. pentosaceus, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum bacteria in vitro and the use of probiotics, M.oleifera extract and their combination by in vivo improved the growth performance on starter phase of broilers chicken.

Background: Fermented dairy products are known for their many positive effects on human health and are consumed worldwide. The supplementation of food with plant extracts as sources of valuable nutritional compounds has recently gained a lot of attention. Milk and fermented products are deficient in bioactive components such as phenolic compounds and iron. Moringa oleifera leaf extract is rich in vitamins, minerals (iron), polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and proteins. Its addition to milk before fermentation might represent an excellent way to enrich fermented milk products. Methods: Yoghurts enriched with moringa extract (ME) (1, 3 and 4-%, v/v) were produced and compared to a control yoghurt without ME. In all samples, acidity, microbiological parameters, syneresis and water holding capacity, rheology parameters, total colour difference, mineral content, total phenols and antioxidant capacity (FRAP method) and sensory properties were determined. Results: The addition of ME to milk before fermentation resulted in a shorter fermentation time, lower yoghurt pH, increased growth of yoghurt bacteria, better rheological properties and an increased total phenols content as well as antioxidant capacity of yoghurts. Moreover, yoghurts with ME addition had a higher mineral content and gained a better sensory score when compared to the control sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fermented dairy products are known for their many positive effects on human health and are consumed worldwide. The supplementation of food with plant extracts as sources of valuable nutritional compounds has recently gained a lot of attention. Milk and fermented products are deficient in bioactive components such as phenolic compounds and iron. Moringa oleifera leaf extract is rich in vitamins, minerals (iron), polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and proteins. Its addition to milk before fermentation might represent an excellent way to enrich fermented milk products. Methods: Yoghurts enriched with moringa extract (ME) (1, 3 and 4-%, v/v) were produced and compared to a control yoghurt without ME. In all samples, acidity, microbiological parameters, syneresis and water holding capacity, rheology parameters, total colour difference, mineral content, total phenols and antioxidant capacity (FRAP method) and sensory properties were determined. Results: The addition of ME to milk before fermentation resulted in a shorter fermentation time, lower yoghurt pH, increased growth of yoghurt bacteria, better rheological properties and an increased total phenols content as well as antioxidant capacity of yoghurts. Moreover, yoghurts with ME addition had a higher mineral content and gained a better sensory score when compared to the control sample.

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted in the Nursery of Ornamental Plants Research Department, Horticultural Research Institute, Giza, Egypt, during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the influence of NPK fertilization and some natural extracts on the chemical composition of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L. var. dwarf chrysanthemum), using seaweed, Moringa oleifera leaf and dry yeast extracts as a foliar spray at the rate of 0, 1 and 2 g/l three times separately or in combination with NPK fertilizer at two levels (zero and 2 g/pot). Results showed that all natural extract treatments recorded significant increase in all chemical constituents studied. The most significant enhancement in this regard was obtained from providing plants with NPK at 2 g/pot combined with seaweed extract at 2 g/l followed by adding it as a sole application and preceded by moringa leaves extract at 2 g/l as an interaction treatment with NPK at 2 g/pot in elevating β-carotene pigment content in dry flowers. Meanwhile, the significantly highest records in total phenols percentages was obtained from applying the combination treatment of NPK at 2 g/pot with moringa leaves extract at 2 g/l followed by the individual application of such extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue cells. In Indonesia, cancer ranks as the fifth largest cause of mortality, while it is the second largest worldwide. Cancer affected by angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels to provide the nutrient and oxygen necessary for tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents a pro-angiogenic factor. Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used as an anticancer agent by reducing the expression of VEGF. Purpose: The study aimed to prove that Moringa oleifera leaf extract can reduce VEGF expression in benzopyrene-induced oral cancer cells of Wistar rats. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory research with posttest-only control group design. All experimental subjects presented symptoms of cancer following induction with 8 mg/KgBW of benzopyrene. The sample consisted of 28 Wistar rats, divided into four groups, namely; a control group (K) whose members were administered with only aquadest and three treatment groups (P) treated with Moringa oleifera leaves extract at percentages of 3.125% (P1), 4.6875% (P2) and 6.25% (P3) respectively. Observation of VEGF expression was undertaken by means of immunohistochemical staining. Results: A decrease in VEGF expression occurred in all treatment groups when compared with the control group. A significant difference existed between the control group (K) and the treatment group (P1), while there were no significant differences between the treatment groups (P1, P2 and P3). Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaf extract with a percentage of 3.125% proved most effective at reducing VEGF expression in oral cancer cells in Wistar rats.

Moringa Oleifera is a plant that contains chemical compounds that are useful, such as flavonoids. The ability of this flavonoid compound that can capture free radicals cause damage and hepatoprotektan hepar. Purpose of study was to determined levels of Moringa leaf extract which can overcome the effects of liver damage caused by toxic doses of paracetamol through MDA, SGOT and SGPT Method used in this laboratory experimental study is a Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design with the following stages: 1. Moringa Leaf Extraction with Ethanol 96%; Try 2.Preparasi animals, 3. Treatment of Animals Try the extract of leaves of Moringa 3 dose is: 250mg / 200BB rat (dose of A), 500mg / 200BB mice (dose B), 1000mg / 200BB mice (dose C) for 14 days in combination with paracetamol 2 g / 200BB mice, compared to the negative control group (group given just paracetamol 2 g / 200BB rat) and the positive control group (the group who were given regular feed) for 14 days. Results : turned out to be no difference in the reduction in SGOT levels are statistically significant between the negative control group with high-dose treatment group ie the dose C with =0,016 smaller than 0.05, whereas a decrease in ALT levels were significantly decreased in the treatment group high dose is the dose C with =0,009 smaller than 0.05. While MDA group treated with the negative control group experienced an overall decline for the dose A with =0,05, dose B with =0,0011 and dose C with =0,001. Conclusion of this study showed that the extract of Moringa leaves can be potentially as an antioxidant in all doses at once can be as hepatoprotektor at high doses is 1000mg / 200BB Rattus Novergicus.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary addition of high‐dose Moringa extract (10 g/kg Moringa extract) on laying performance, haematological parameters, organ index and organ histopathology of Hailan brown laying hens in order to determine the safety limit of Moringa extract in laying hens diet. 270 Hailan brown commercial laying hens with similar body weight were randomly divided into three treatments, 6 replicates per treatment and 15 chickens per replicate. Corn–soybean meal‐based diet was used in the experiment, and 0, 0.75 and 10 g/kg extracts of Moringa oleifera were added to the basic diet in the experimental group. The experiment lasted 24 weeks. The results showed that the treatment group given 10 g/kg of dietary Moringa extract had no significant difference in egg‐laying performance from the control group (p >.05). Adding 0.75 g/kg Moringa extract had no significant effect on the production performance during the early stage of the experiment (p >.05), but during the later stage, F/E was significantly lower than in the control group (p <.05), and no significantly difference compared with 10 g/kg treatment group (p >.05). The addition of Moringa oleifera extract had no significant effect on serum biochemical indices of laying hens except ALB and UREA (p >.05). The addition of Moringa oleifera extract had no significant effect on blood routine indexes of laying hens except for PLT, MON and HCT (p >.05). The digestive and immune organ indexes of laying hens at the later stage of the experiment (24 weeks) were not significantly affected by the addition of Moringa extract (p >.05) except ceca. There were no obvious abnormalities in histological structure. On the whole, we find it is safe to add Moringa oleifera extract to the diet of laying hens at a dosage of less than 10 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera in feed post-hatch improves growth in early postnatal life. One may question the effects of Moringa oleifera after in ovo feeding. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different time periods of in ovo inoculation of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) extract on hatchability and juvenile growth performance. For the experiment, a total of 868 fertile broiler eggs identified by candling were used. They were randomly allotted to 7 groups with 124 eggs per group. Three groups were used for MOL extract inoculation at d 16, 17 and 18 (M groups). Further three groups were used for saline solution inoculation at d 16, 17 and 18 as positive controls (T groups) for those used for MOL extract inoculation. A negative control (T0) received no inoculation at all. The results showed that in ovo inoculation of MOL extract on d 18 of incubation significantly increased hatchability and reduced late embryonic mortality rate and hatching curve. In addition, MOL extract injection improved the percentage of day-old chicks with high quality as well as the average chick quality score (P < 0.05). Furthermore, post-hatch growth up to 7 days of age showed that the chicks hatched from eggs inoculated with MOL extracts on d 18 of incubation had significantly higher body weight gain than those injected on other days. It can be concluded that in ovo inoculation of MOL extract on d 18 of incubation into the air chamber provided the best strategy to improve hatchability, chick quality and post hatch growth of broiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ruminal fermentation produces greenhouse gases involved in global warming. Therefore, the effect of nutrient combinations on methane, carbon dioxide, and biogas production as well as ruminal fermentation kinetics was evaluated in in vitro studies. In total mixed rations, dietary corn grain was partially replaced by two levels of soybean hulls (a highly reusable residue), and a Moringa oleifera extract (a natural extract) at three concentration levels was added. Higher levels of both soybean hulls and M. oleifera extract delayed the initiation of methane production and resulted in a lower methane and carbon dioxide production. Thus, total biogas production was also lower. Replacement of corn grain by soybean hulls tended to lower methane production rates and asymptotic carbon dioxide production, and a delay in biogas and methane formation was observed. Asymptotic biogas and carbon dioxide production, however, were increased. The presence of M. oleifera extract tended to delay methane formation and to decrease methane production rate as well as asymptotic methane production. Higher M. oleifera extract levels decreased asymptotic biogas production with the control and the highest soybean hull levels. In the presence of M. oleifera extract, asymptotic carbon dioxide production was shown to be quadratically increased with the control and lowest soybean hull levels, but quadratically decreased with the highest soybean hull level. With the exception of fermentation pH, the interaction of substrate type and M. oleifera extract level was shown to have an effect on all fermentation parameters. Most fermentation parameters were shown to be higher when replacing corn grain by soybean hulls, including fermentation pH. Thus, the conclusion could be drawn that corn grain replacement by soybean hulls (an agricultural residue) in the presence of M. oleifera extract (a sparing leaf product) could ameliorate greenhouse gas emissions and improve digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus presents a major challenge to healthcare systems around the world. One of the outcomes of diabetes is oxidative stress that is caused by the effect of hyperglycemia. Recent studies indicate that, oxidative agents in diabetes result in many complications such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Aim of the study: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera (MOE), in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in wistar rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals each: Group I, healthy control; Group II, diabetics; Group III, diabetics treated with MOE (100 mg/ kg) for12 weeks . Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg).Finally, blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose and interleukin-1(IL-1), interleukin-2(IL- 2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Results; result revealed that, oral administration of MO extract caused a significant decrease in serum glucose IL-1, and TNF-α levels(183± 41.10mg/dl), (25.7 ± 1.5 pg/ml), (10.7 ± 2.0pg/mL)respectively , whereas increased in IL-2(5.0 ± 1.92 U/mL) in diabetic rats treated with MO extract when compared to levels of diabetic and control groups (298.2 ± 8.09mg/dl), (97.24 ± 3.21pg/ml), (13.4 ± 2.21pg/mL),and (4.08± 1.17U/mL) respectively. Conclusions: It appears that, Moringa olifera extract had both antihyperglycemic and decreased the activity of IL-1, and TNF-α , and increased IL-2 on STZinduced diabetic rats. Further studies are needed to determine its protective effects on the other diabetes complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the activities of Bidens pilosa and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on microbial count of ground beef during 6-day cold storage. Fresh ground beef sample was treated with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (0.2 g/kg), M. oleifera (ML, 1g/kg) and B. pilosa (BP, 1g/kg) leaf extracts and compared with the control. The result of the phytochemical contents revealed that ML extract had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than BP extract (p > 0.05). The antibacterial assay of the extracts revealed an appreciable broad-spectrum activity against tested bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.6 and 10.0 mg/mL. Addition of ML leaf extract to ground beef sample lowered total viable and lactic acid bacteria (p < 0.05) counts than control and BHT treatments at day 3 of storage. These results suggest that ML leaf extract could be used as potential sources of natural antimicrobial agent in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by the green route via coprecipitation method using Moringa oleifera leaves extract. • Green-synthesized magnetite nanoparticles exhibit soft ferromagnetic behavior. • As a magnetic label, the green-synthesized magnetite is more sensitive or easier to detect than the other tested labels. • The spin-valve GMR sensor can identify the presence of amylase enzyme on the green-synthesized magnetite label. Exploration of magnetic nanoparticle labels for giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensing technology is crucial because their characteristics determine GMR-based sensor performance, related to their stray field and compatibility to biomolecule. We investigated the potency of the green-synthesized magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanoparticle as a green-magnetic label on a spin-valve (SV) GMR sensor based on a [Ta (2 nm)/Ir 20 Mn 80 (10 nm)/Co 90 Fe 10 (3 nm)/Cu (2.2 nm)/(Co 84 Fe 10 B 4 (10 nm)/Ta (5 nm)] structure that generated a 7.3 Oe exchange-bias field and 5.73% magnetoresistance. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation method utilizing Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. The green-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited a cubic inverse spinel structure as a pristine Fe 3 O 4 characteristic. The crystallite size of green-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 was larger than that of Fe 3 O 4, reaching ∼ 14 nm, and formed a particle size of 29.1 nm. Its magnetic properties included soft ferromagnetic behavior with 55.5 emu/g saturation magnetization and 54 Oe coercivity; its saturation was lower than that of Fe 3 O 4 due to the presence of the phytochemical compound of MO extract. In addition, to observe its potency as a magnetic label for biosensing, conventionally synthesized nanoparticles, surface modification using polyethylene glycol (PEG), and attachment of an α-amylase enzyme as a biomarker sample on green nanoparticle labels were also investigated. When measuring various concentration labels using the SV-GMR thin film, the green-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 achieved a linear relationship and a better sensitivity of 0.098 mV/mg/mL than that of the conventional compound. The sensor could detect Fe 3 O 4 -labelled α-amylase enzyme as indicated by the decreasing output voltage, a consequence of altering the surface conditions of the nanoparticles. Therefore, green-synthesized nanoparticles are reliable and achieve competitive performance as magnetic labels in GMR sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, Moringa oleifera is used by different communities to treat various ailments including modulation of the immune system though with limited scientific evidence. The aim was to study the immunomodulatory activity of M. oleifera methanolic leaf extract in Wistar albino rats. Methods: An experimental laboratory-based study was done following standard methods and procedures. Nine experimental groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX) each comprising of six animals were used. Group I received normal saline. Groups II to IX received 200 mg/kg bwt cyclophosphamide at the beginning of the study. Group III received 50 mg/kg bwt of an immunostimulatory drug levamisole. Groups IV to IX were dosed daily for 14 days with extract at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bwt, respectively, using an intragastric tube. Complete blood count (CBC), delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), neutrophil adhesion test, and hemagglutination antibody titer were determined using standard methods and procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad prism 5.0a Software. Results: There was an increment in WBC, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bwt similar to the levamisole-positive control group. The neutrophil adhesion was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) for treatment groups that received 1000 mg/kg bwt (29.94%) and 500 mg/kg bwt at 17.28%. The mean percentage increment in footpad thickness was highest (26.9%) after 8 h of injection of antigen in the footpad of rats dosed 500 mg/kg bwt and this later reduced to 25.6% after 24 h. There was a dose-dependent increment in the mean hemagglutination antibody titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) from 10.73±0.57 HA units/μL for the 250 mg/kg bwt to 26.22±1.70 HA units/μL for the 1000 mg/kg bwt. Conclusions: Methanolic leaf extract of M. oleifera caused a significant immunostimulatory effect on both the cellmediated and humoral immune systems in the Wistar albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]