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Background and objective: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common form of mouth cancer. As plant-based medicines become increasingly popular, Moringa oleifera has been studied extensively for its plant-based components, and health benefits. The present review examined the anticancer effects of Moringa oleifera extracts on Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods: The study complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find research papers published from January 2015 to August 2024 that assessed the effects of extracts of various parts of Moringa oleifera in Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Two independent reviewers separately assessed research study titles, abstracts, and the chosen full-text papers. The risk of bias in non-randomized exposure studies was classified as low, with some concerns high and extremely high. Results: The final review yielded four in-vitro investigations, two molecular analyses, and five animal models. The study revealed that Moringa oleifera plant components have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and chemo-preventive properties. All the 11 studies showed a low risk of bias. Conclusion: The studies reviewed herein reveal that Moringa oleifera plant components have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and chemopreventive properties. Although more clinical trials are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety as a complementary therapy, the growing body of evidence positions Moringa oleifera as a promising natural adjunct to cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and objective Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common form of mouth cancer. As plant-based medicines become increasingly popular, Moringa oleifera has been studied extensively for its plant-based components, and health benefits. The present review examined the anticancer effects of Moringa oleifera extracts on Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods The study complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find research papers published from January 2015 to August 2024 that assessed the effects of extracts of various parts of Moringa oleifera in Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Two independent reviewers separately assessed research study titles, abstracts, and the chosen full-text papers. The risk of bias in non-randomized exposure studies was classified as low, with some concerns high and extremely high. Results The final review yielded four in-vitro investigations, two molecular analyses, and five animal models. The study revealed that Moringa oleifera plant components have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and chemo-preventive properties. All the 11 studies showed a low risk of bias. Conclusion The studies reviewed herein reveal that Moringa oleifera plant components have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and chemopreventive properties. Although more clinical trials are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety as a complementary therapy, the growing body of evidence positions Moringa oleifera as a promising natural adjunct to cancer treatment strategies.

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves contain various nutrients and bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to assess the anti-fatigue capacity of a flavonoids concentrate purified from M. oleifera Lam. leaves. The total flavonoids in the purified extract were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The mice were supplemented with purified M. oleifera Lam. leaf flavonoid-rich extract (MLFE) for 14 days. The weight-loaded forced swimming test was used for evaluating exercise endurance. The 90-min non-weight-bearing swimming test was carried out to assess biochemical biomarkers correlated to fatigue and energy metabolism. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified 83 flavonoids from MLFE. MLFE significantly increased the swimming time by 60%. Serum lactate (9.9 ± 0.9 vs. 8.9 ± 0.7), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (8.8 ± 0.8 vs. 7.2 ± 0.5), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.3) were significantly elevated; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucokinase (GCK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression were significantly downregulated; and heme oxygenase 1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in muscle after swimming. MLFE supplement significantly decreased serum lactate (8.0 ± 1.0 vs. 9.9 ± 0.9), BUN (8.6 ± 0.4 vs. 8.9 ± 0.8), and NEFA (2.3 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2) and increased the protein and mRNA expression of GCK, PEPCK, and Nrf2. The enhancement of glucose metabolism and antioxidant function by MLFE contributes partly to its anti-fatigue action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, is driven by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Due to the limited availability of anti-fibrotic drugs, the research on therapeutic agents continues. Here we have investigated Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO), known for its various bioactive properties, for anti-fibrotic effects. This study has focused on 1-phenyl-2-pentanol (1-PHE), a compound derived from MO leaves, and its effects on LX-2 human hepatic stellate cell activation. TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells were treated with MO extract or 1-PHE, and the changes in liver fibrosis markers were assessed at both gene and protein levels. Proteomic analysis and molecular docking were employed to identify potential protein targets and signaling pathways affected by 1-PHE. Treatment with 1-PHE downregulated fibrosis markers, including collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2 and 3 (SMAD2/3), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Proteomic analysis data showed that 1-PHE modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, providing a possible mechanism for its effects. Our results suggest that 1-PHE inhibits the TGF-β1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and HSC activation, indicating its potential as an anti-liver-fibrosis agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) has been used as a remedy for diabetes clinically. To discover the underlying mechanism, we investigated its hypoglycemic compounds and shed light on its regulatory targets and pathways using network pharmacology. A total of 13 active compounds of stem were shot, and they may relieve diabetes through 122 core intersecting targets, mainly regulating the biological processes of inflammatory response and apoptosis. Molecular docking showed binding advantages of the active compounds with proteins in apoptosis process. In experiments conducted on MIN6 cells, an islet β-cell line, the extract of M. oleifera stem was validated to protect cells from apoptosis through reducing cellular ROS and endoplasmic reticulum stress. And consistently with its protective effect on islet β-cells, M. oleifera stem alleviated hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. These results offer novel evidence for the development of functional foods to treat T2DM with M. oleifera stem.

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a pan-tropical plant well known to the ancient world for its extensive therapeutic benefits in the Ayurvedic and Unani medical systems. The ancient world was familiar with this tree, but it has only lately been rediscovered as a multifunctional species with a huge range of possible therapeutic applications. It is a folk remedy for skin diseases, edema, sore gums, etc. This review comprises the history, ethnomedicinal applications, botanical characteristics, geographic distribution, propagation, nutritional and phytochemical profile, dermatological effects, and commercially available cosmeceuticals of Moringa oleifera Lam. Compilation of all the presented data has been done by employing various search engines like Science Direct, Google, PubMed, Research Gate, EBSCO, SciVal, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Studies on phytochemistry claim the presence of a variety of substances, including fatty acids, phenolic acids, sterols, oxalates, tocopherols, carotenoids, flavonoids, flavonols glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, terpene, saponins, phylates, alkaloids, glucosinolates, glycosides, and isothiocyanate. The pharmacological studies have shown the efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atopic dermatitis, antipsoriatic, promoter of wound healing, effective in treating herpes simplex virus, photoprotective, and UV protective. As a moisturizer, conditioner, hair growth promoter, cleanser, antiwrinkle, anti-aging, anti-acne, scar removal, pigmentation, and control for skin infection, sores, as well as sweating, it has also been utilized in a range of cosmeceuticals. he Moringa oleifera Lam. due to its broad range of phytochemicals can be proven boon for the treatment of dermatological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly harmful pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health. The liver is the primary organ for Cd accumulation, and Cd-induced hepatotoxicity has been shown to be strongly correlated with an oxidative imbalance in hepatocytes. Our previous studies in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that not only co-treatment but also pretreatment with aqueous Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (AMOLE) effectively mitigated Cd toxicity by reducing intracellular Cd accumulation and Cd-mediated oxidative stress. In this study, we therefore investigated the preventive effect of AMOLE against Cd toxicity in human HepG2 hepatocytes. The results showed that, similar to the case of the yeast model, pretreatment with AMOLE prior to Cd exposure also significantly inhibited Cd-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Untargeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis of AMOLE revealed that its major phytochemical constituents were organic acids, particularly phenolic acids and carboxylic acids. Additionally, DPPH-HPTLC fingerprints suggested that quercetin and other flavonoids possibly contribute to the antioxidant activities of AMOLE. Based on our findings, it appears that pretreatment with AMOLE prevented Cd-induced hepatotoxicity via three possible mechanisms: i) direct elimination of free radicals by AMOLE antioxidant compounds; ii) upregulation of antioxidant defensive machinery (GPx1, and HO-1) via Nrf2 signaling cascade to improve cellular antioxidant capacity; and iii) reduction of intracellular Cd accumulation, probably by suppressing Cd uptake. These data strongly suggest the high potential of AMOLE for clinical utility in the prevention of Cd toxicity.

Introduction: Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOL), sometimes known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree, has been extensively studied for its pharmacological properties and nutritional benefits. Recently, there has been an increased interest in using this versatile plant in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) procedures. This comprehensive analysis investigates Moringa oleifera's therapeutic potential in TCM, focusing on its traditional usage, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activity, and possible applications in managing various health disorders. Methods: We looked up online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Springer, CNKI) and novels for literature on Moringa oleifera Lam. and its pharmacological activity, using keywords like Moringa oleifera, biological properties of Moringa, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Results: We address Moringa oleifera's function in TCM formulations, its synergistic effects with other herbal constituents, and its compatibility with TCM principles through a literature review. Furthermore, we look at the problems and potential for bringing Moringa oleifera into TCM practice, such as quality control, standardisation, and cultural adaptation. Discussion: This study emphasises the need for additional research and clinical investigations to fully understand Moringa oleifera's medicinal potential in TCM and allow its integration into modern healthcare systems. However, further research in animal models is needed to determine their efficacy and safety.

Moringa oleifera leaves are an inexpensive substitute for staple foods. Despite limited data, Moringa oleifera leaf protein (Mo-Pr) may be allergenic in BALB/c mice. In mouse models and allergic patients, dendritic cells (DCs) may be involved in food allergy. In addition, some allergens, including food allergens, can directly activate DCs and induce Th2 polarization. We investigated whether Mo-Pr can modulate the functional profile of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. BMDCs were obtained from mouse bone marrow cultured with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 7 days and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Mo-Pr. BMDC phenotypes were evaluated via flow cytometry, cytokine production was assessed using ELISA, the expression of key genes was studied using qRT-PCR, the effects on T-cell differentiation were investigated using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and transcriptional changes in BMDCs were investigated using RNA-Seq. Mo-Pr-specific IgE was investigated in recipient serum after BMDC transfer. Mo-Pr treatment significantly induced BMDC maturation, increased the expression of CD80/86 and MHC II, resulted in the production of IL-12 and TNF-α, and induced T-cell differentiation. Mo-Pr treatment stimulated BMDCs' expression of the Th2 promoters OX40L and TIM-4, induced the production of the Th2-type chemokines CCL22 and CCL17, and decreased the Th1/Th2 ratio in vitro. Healthy recipients of Mo-Pr-treated BMDCs produced Mo-Pr-specific IgE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El avance tecnológico en el campo agroindustrial incrementa la cantidad de agua residual que sin ser tratada contamina el medioambiente. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la torta de semillas de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) en la clarificación del agua residual, de la elaboración de néctar de maracuyá, utilizando el método de prueba de jarras, con concentraciones de torta de moringa de 5, 12,5 y 20 g/l, con tiempos de agitación 10, 35 y 60 minutos para la extracción del extracto crudo; y, dosis del extracto crudo de la torta de moringa de 125, 175 y 225 mg/l. La mayor remoción de turbidez del agua residual se obtuvo con 20 g/l de extracto crudo de torta “moringa”, con tiempos de agitación para la extracción del extracto crudo de 35 y 60 minutos. Asimismo, la dosis de 125 mg/l presentó la mayor reducción de turbidez en un 82%. Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación demuestran que la torta de “moringa” es útil para tratar aguas residuales producidas en la elaboración de néctar de “maracuyá”, minimizando la turbidez de aguas residuales, como consecuencia una reducción del impacto ambiental por efluentes.

Objects: In this study, the molecular targets and pathways of anti-obesity of the active ingredients of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were predicted and validated by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, and the anti-obesity effects of the active ingredients of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and their potential mechanisms were investigated. Methods: The active ingredient targets of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and obesity-related targets were obtained through PubChem, DisGeNET database and SwissADME, Swiss Target Prediction online prediction platform. The active ingredient targets and obesity-related targets were intersected by Venny 2.0.1 platform, and the key targets were screened out, then the PPI network analysis of the core targets was performed by STRING 11.0 database. The "component-target" interaction network was construct by Cytoscape 3.8.2 software, and the core active ingredients were screened out. GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on the core targets by the David database. Finally, molecular docking of pathway enrichment targets to core components was performed using Auto Dock 4.2 software. Results: Fifty active ingredients of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were screened, and a total of 126 core targets of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves anti-obesity were identified, among which the main active ingredients were rhamnetin, cholest-5-en-3-ol, yangmeiin, lignan, etc. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the active ingredients of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves exerted anti-obesity effects through multiple pathways such as HIF-1, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and insulin signalling pathway, and through biological processes such as positive regulation of RNA polymerase II promoter transcription, signalling, positive regulation of gene expression, negative regulation of protein phosphorylation and apoptotic expression. The molecular docking results showed that all 11 core components bound to the targets. Among them, PIK3R1 showed the lowest affinity with rhamnetin (−9.2 kcal/mol), followed by PIK3CA with cholest-5-en-3-ol (−9.1 kcal/mol), PIK3R1 with myricetin (−8.8 kcal/mol), and AKT1 with luteolin (−8.7 kcal/mol). Conclusion: The above results reveals that Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves could aganist obesity through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway mecanism. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the anti-obesity of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and its molecular mechanism.

Cyntia Gracesella Patintingan,1 Melva Louisa,2 Vetnizah Juniantito,3 Wawaimuli Arozal,2 Silmi Hanifah,1 Septelia Inawati Wanandi,4 Rajarajan Thandavarayan5 1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 3Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture Institute of Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia; 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 5Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USACorrespondence: Melva Louisa, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia, Tel +62-21-31930481, Email melva.louisa@gmail.comBackground: Doxorubicin, an anthracycline class of anticancer, is an effective chemotherapeutic agent with serious adverse effects, mainly cardiotoxicity. Several possible causes of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity are increased oxidative stress, nucleic acid and protein synthesis inhibition, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and mitochondrial biogenesis disruptions. Moringa oleifera (MO), a naturally derived medicine, is known for its antioxidative properties and activity in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. To determine the potency and possible cardioprotective mechanism of MO leaves aqueous extract via the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway in doxorubicin-induced rats.Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of six. The first group was normal rats; the second group was treated with doxorubicin 4 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally once weekly for four weeks; the third and fourth groups were treated with doxorubicin 4 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally once weekly, and MO leaves extract at 200 mg/kg BW or 400 mg/kg BW orally daily, for four weeks. At the end of the fourth week, blood and cardiac tissues were obtained and analyzed for cardiac biomarkers, mitochondrial DNA copy number, mRNA expressions of peroxisome-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), caspase 3, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and malondialdehyde.Results: MO leaves extract was shown to decrease biomarkers of cardiac damage (LDH and CK-MB), malondialdehyde levels, and GPx activity. These changes align with the reduction of mRNA expressions of caspase-3, the increase of mRNA expressions of PGC-1α and Nrf2, and the elevation of mitochondrial DNA copy number. MO leaves extracts did not influence the mRNA expressions of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) or the levels of 8-OH-dG.Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaves extract ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing apoptosis and restoring gene expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2, a key regulator in mitochondrial biogenesis.Keywords: anthracycline, DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA, Moringa oleifera Lam, oxidative stress

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is traditionally used to treat various ailments, including swelling, hypertension, and diabetes. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis)-fermented MO (MO-B) on LPS-mediated RAW 264.7 cells. HPLC analysis showed that (+)-catechin, ellagic acid, and quercetin-3-glucuronide contents of MO-B were markedly higher than those of MO extract. MO-B contained kaempferol, which was not observed in MO. MO-B exhibited better inhibitory effects on the inflammatory factors NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than MO and B. lactis, and the expression of pro-inflammation cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα) was significantly downregulated in LPS-activated macrophages following MO-B-treatment. MO-B also suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB pathway cells and ameliorated the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, involved in the regulatory mechanisms underlying NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Our results suggest that MO-B have the possibility to be a novel anti-inflammatory agent for use in therapeutics or as an ingredient in functional foods.

Based on the databases of Web of Science (WOS) core collection and CNKI, we performed the visual analysis to the biological activity study of Moringa oleifera Lam. included in these databases from 2000 to 2021 by means of Citespace software (5.8 R3 vision). Anyway, it is the first time that the retrospective study on the biological activity study of M. oleifera Lam. during the past two decade were investigated through Citespace information-visualization analysis method, it is helpful for its prospective study on research hotspot prediction. In this article, we trailed and analyzed several dimensions which included their annual literature distribution, research institutions, national/regional distribution, and so on. Furthermore, the change trends of their research hotspots in the home and abroad with the time change also were analyzed through the keywords and Citespace co-citation clustering, the visual network characteristics of hot topics and evolution revealed the change trend. Eventually, through the investigation study on the reported literatures, we found that Moringa oleifera Lam. had significant advantages in preventing and treating many metabolic diseases. In this regard, we reviewed its current research progress in detail. To sum up, through bring Citespace information-visualization analysis methods to the biological activity study of M. oleifera Lam.in this paper, it was aimed to enable scientific researchers to have a more comprehensive understanding on the activity study trends of M. oleifera Lam., and attract their attention to potential research hotspots, and further promote high value utilization of M. oleifera Lam..

Breast cancer is one type of cancer with the highest incidence suffered by women. Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy that is often used as the main chemotherapy and combination chemotherapy, but the use of doxorubicin is often complained of side effects that cause auto resistance. Combination with chemopreventives from natural ingredients has become an option to increase therapeutic response and to minimize side effects and resistance to chemotherapy use. This study aims to screen several active compounds of the phenolicflavonoid group contained in Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera, Lam) against NFκβ receptors in silico using a molecular docking technique. The material in the form of "Canonical smiles" data is quercetin, quercetin-3 glycoside (Q3G), rutin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, deoxyelephantopin and doxorubicin which were downloaded from www.pubchem.org and converted to 3D structures using MOE software. While the 3D structure of the receptor (1VKX) was downloaded from www.rscb.org. The results of the docking of the active compounds contained in Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera, Lam) showed a fairly strong affinity by releasing energy when forming a ligand-receptor complex. Quercetin 3-glycoside has the best potential as an NF inhibitor with an affinity of -14.23 kcal/mol. Quercetin 3-glycoside also has a good pharmacokinetic profile with low toxicity. While the phenolic-flavonoid compounds contained in other Moringa leaves are only able to reduce the affinity of doxorubicin for the NF receptor by changing the "site binding" conformation of the receptor. In conclusion, quercetin 3-glycoside deserves to be a drug candidate or a companion to the chemotherapy of doxorubicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is known to have significant antioxidant properties. Because of this, the development of an optimal extraction method is crucial to obtain pharmacological products based on the bioactive compounds produced by this tree. Through a Plackett–Burman and a Box–Behnken design, enzymatic extraction conditions (temperature, agitation, solvent pH and composition, sample-to-solvent ratio, enzyme-to-sample ratio and extraction time) have been optimized using normalized areas (UA/g) as response variable and relative mass (mg/g) as quantification variable. Extractions were performed in an incubator, where all the extraction conditions could be digitally controlled. Thus, 58.9 °C, 50 rpm, 4.0 pH, 32.5% EtOH, 0.2 g sample in 15 mL solvent and 106 U/g were established as the optimal extraction conditions for the extraction with a mix of pectinases coming from Aspergillus niger. Under these optimal conditions, two-minute extractions were performed and evaluated through a single factor design. The enzymatic extraction method demonstrated its suitability to produce extracts with good antioxidant power (antioxidant activity 4.664 ± 0.059 mg trolox equivalent/g sample and total phenolic compounds 6.245 ± 0.101 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample). The method was also confirmed to have good repeatability (1.39%) and intermediate precision (2.37%) levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Moringa oleifera is a bio-diversified plant found in many countries of the world specifically tropical and subtropical areas. The leaves of M. oleifera are enormous source of various nutrients and bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites called phytochemicals. The presence of phytochemicals in M. oleifera leaves contributes to its medicinal and therapeutic properties. The present study was carried out with the objective to analyse the content of certain phytochemicals i.e. total phenol content, flavonoids, tanins, saponins, and alkaloids in dried M. oleifera leaves. The analysis was done on the extract of four different dried M. oleifera leaf samples using appropriate methods. It was found that the average content of various phytochemicals in per 100 gm of all four samples was 4.70±0.64 mg of total phenol, 0.58±0.15 mg of flavonoids, 25.27±1.68 mg of alkaloids, 16.02±3.18 mg of saponins and 4.55±0.41 mg of tanins. The highest content was of alkaloids. The presence of these phytochemicals in dried M. oleifera leaves indicates that dried leaf powder of M. oleifera can be used for various pharmacological and medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The active compounds of M. oleifera stem were analyzed. • 122 Core intersecting targets were identified. • Protecting β-cells against apoptosis was the key mechanism of it treating diabetes. • The hypoglycemic effect of M. oleifera stem was verified in T2DM mice. Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) has been used as a remedy for diabetes clinically. To discover the underlying mechanism, we investigated its hypoglycemic compounds and shed light on its regulatory targets and pathways using network pharmacology. A total of 13 active compounds of stem were shot, and they may relieve diabetes through 122 core intersecting targets, mainly regulating the biological processes of inflammatory response and apoptosis. Molecular docking showed binding advantages of the active compounds with proteins in apoptosis process. In experiments conducted on MIN6 cells, an islet β-cell line, the extract of M. oleifera stem was validated to protect cells from apoptosis through reducing cellular ROS and endoplasmic reticulum stress. And consistently with its protective effect on islet β-cells, M. oleifera stem alleviated hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. These results offer novel evidence for the development of functional foods to treat T2DM with M. oleifera stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxin plays a critical role in organogenesis in plants. The classical auxin signaling pathway holds that auxin initiates downstream signal transduction by degrading Aux/IAA transcription repressors that interact with ARF transcription factors. In this study, 23 MoIAA genes were identified in the drumstick tree genome. All MoIAA genes were located within five subfamilies based on phylogenetic evolution analysis; the gene characteristics and promoter cis-elements were also analyzed. The protein interaction network between the MoIAAs with MoARFs was complex. The MoIAA gene family responded positively to NAA treatment, exhibiting different patterns and degrees, notably for MoIAA1, MoIAA7 and MoIAA13. The three genes expressed and functioned in the nucleus; only the intact encoding protein of MoIAA13 exhibited transcriptional activation activity. The shoot regeneration capacity in the 35S::MoIAA13-OE transgenic line was considerably lower than in the wild type. These results establish a foundation for further research on MoIAA gene function and provide useful information for improved tissue culture efficiency and molecular breeding of M. oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is widely recognised as a technique to increase the bioactive potential and nutritional value of plant materials. However, the effect of this biotreatment differs for individual substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SSF with filamentous fungi (Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Neurospora) on a moringa leaf phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition. A total of 43 phenolic compounds were determined in the dried leaves analysed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. The leaves contained 11.79 mg/g of free phenolics: flavonols (80.6%, mainly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (12.3%), vitexin and vicenin (6.9%), and a small amount of lignan (isolariciresinol isomers). The result of the 1-day fermentation was a slight enhancement in the concentration of individual free phenolics (flavones) and the antioxidant activity of the leaves. However, extending the incubation period caused a significant decrease in those parameters and cannot be recommended for obtaining a food fortificant from moringa leaves. In contrast, the 3-day fermentation with N. intermedia led to a 26% average accumulation of individual amino acids. Therefore, the SSF with Neurospora can be a promising method for improving the nutritional composition of moringa leaves and needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and anti-depression impacts of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf ethanolic extract (MOLE) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy mouse model. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect marker compounds: rutin and β-sitosterol. Animals were divided into four groups: vehicle group, CCl4-treated group, MOLE-treated group, and (CCl4 + MOLE) group treated with MOLE for 14 days before CCl4-induced neurotoxicity. MOLE decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, corticosterone, and ammonia levels in serum and improved the antioxidant status of CCl4-treated mice in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It reduced the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes and the protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. MOLE also attenuated apoptosis, as revealed by the reduced expression of caspase3, and prevented histological deterioration. Furthermore, MOLE attenuated CCl4-induced anxiety and depression-like behavioral changes. Collectively, MOLE modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, TLR4/2-MyD88/NF-κB signaling, and apoptosis in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the hepatic encephalopathy experimental model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. contains numerous essential constituents found in all plant parts (leaves, pods, and seeds). From all its edible parts, the leaf represents an effective remedy with high potential for medicinal applications. Ecuador is part of the new promising cultivation areas for Moringa, and therefore our study is emphasized to determine the influence of soil nutrition, toxicity (excess), and deficiency, from three main areas of this country, correlated with its climatic characteristics, on the mineral components, bioactive compounds' synthesis, and antioxidant capacity of Moringa. Different analyses were performed in soil and especially leaf samples for phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, calcium, protein, and vitamin C determination to identify the relationship between soil nutrients, abiotic conditions, and the therapeutic potential of this species cultivated in Ecuador. The obtained values using methods such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS showed a high antioxidant capacity of the leaves from the Coastal Ecuadorian region, related with total phenolic compounds' content (through the Folin–Ciocalteu method) and flavonoids in samples, with results obtained under the positive influence of high soil nutrients such as Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe. We can conclude that M. oleifera from the coastal area of Ecuador presents the right environmental and soil conditions to positively influence its mineral and phytochemical content, making it suitable for incorporation into foods and medicines to solve the nutritional and medical problems in Ecuador and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is a metabolic disorder that needs special attention because it can damage several organs if the severity increases. One of the treatments for diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is by inhibiting Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV) with vildagliptin to prolong the hypoglycemic effect of GLP-1 and GIP. Objective: In the search for candidate compounds as new antidiabetic compounds, an in silico test with molecular docking was carried out to predict the antidiabetic activity of 10 Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) plant compounds at the DPP-IV receptor (PDB ID: 6B1E). Method: The study was conducted using the molecular docking method. Result: Validation of the vildagliptin DPP-IV ligand obtained free energy values of -9.27 kcal/mol and RMSD 1.49 Å (RMSD < 2 Å), then tested with 10 test compounds obtained 8 test compounds that have the potential to be antidiabetic. Conclusion: Serpentine compounds have better potential as an antidiabetic drug than other target compounds because they have the closest Gibbs energy (∆G) value to the natural ligand of Vidaglibtin, which is -7.90 kcal/mol. This value is still lower than the free energy of vildagliptin, which is -9.37 kcal/mol. Therefore further testing is needed to ensure the potential of the compound as a candidate for antidiabetic drugs.

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a perennial tropical deciduous tree with high economic and pharmaceutical value. As an edible plant, M. oleifera Lam. is rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, mineral elements and vitamins. Besides, it also contains an important number of bioactive phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. M. oleifera for long has been used as a natural anti-diabetic herb in India and other Asian countries. Thus, the anti-diabetic properties of Moringa plant have evolved highly attention to the researchers. In the last twenty years, a huge number of new chemical structures and their pharmacological activities have been reported in particularly the anti-diabetic properties. The current review highlighted the bioactive phytochemicals from M. Oleifera. Moreover, evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera for diabetes including experimental and clinical data was presented and the underlying mechanisms were revealed in order to provide insights for the development of novel drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) seed husk waste was used to remove Pb during batch and filtration processes, from lead-containing water. MO husk biomass was used in its pristine (i.e. unwashed) and prewashed forms. Adsorption was described by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model (qm 3.719 [mg Pb/g MO husk], K = 1.116×10−7 [mol2/J2]). A new developed model (Bulk Balance Filtration Model-BBFM) correlated better to 15-cm bed height continuous experiments (qF = 730.9 [mg/L] and kB = 0.00189 [L·mg−1·min−1] – pristine husk, and qF = 528.7 [mg/L] and kB = 0.001921 [L·mg−1·min−1] – prewashed husk). BBFM and classic models adjusted well to the 30-cm bed data, while the classic models correlated better to the 45-cm bed filter. In general, prewashing was inefficient to improve metal removal and prewashed husk revealed an unfavourable change in its morphology. The adsorption process resembles to be purely physical in accordance to the isotherm parameters and FTIR spectra. SEM-EDS results corroborate the presence of adsorbed lead in MO husks. Pristine MO husk waste exceeded 91% Pb removals, water usage was minimum and no chemicals were added. Pristine MO husk without a prewashing step provides a green, practical and cheap solution to rural communities’ households and may serve as a business opportunity for families dedicated to growing and harvesting MO.

Background. HIV-related weight loss and wasting were the most common malnutrition and AIDS-defining conditions before HAART. HAART has led to more obese PLHIV. HIV-positive patients should eat micro- and macronutrient-rich foods to maintain optimal nutrition. This study examined whether Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation affects PLHIV receiving ART. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted. Two hundred patients with informed consent were randomly assigned to either the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOG) group or the control group (COG). From baseline to six months of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation, anthropometric parameters [weight; BMI] of the participants were assessed. Results. One hundred seventy-seven patients completed the 6-month follow-up (89 MOG versus 88 COG). During the study period, the MOG and COG had similar weights and BMIs (p0.05). At baseline and six months, most participants in both study groups had a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9). Many participants were overweight; few were underweight (BMI18.5). MOG and COG BMI differences at baseline and six months were not significant (p 0.05). All experiments were 95CI. Conclusions. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powder had no effect on HIV-positive adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, in accordance with this study.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a hepatotoxin that triggers liver damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of phytochemicals detected in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (MOLE) on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytochemicals, total phenolics, and total flavonoids were detected in MOLE. MOLE markedly decreased the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in consistence with the ameliorating effect on CCl4-induced histopathological abnormalities. Moreover, MOLE significantly alleviated the decrease in the antioxidant defense mechanism induced by CCl4. The suppressing effect of MOLE on the boosted inflammatory pathway triggered by CCl4 was detected by measuring the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB-p65), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 as well as the relative expressions of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), TNF-α, IL-1β, and TLR4 genes. Apoptosis and genotoxicity induced by CCl4 were significantly alleviated by MOLE. MOLE co-administration modulated TLR4/NF-κB pathway as presented by the suppressed gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB as well as by the reduced protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB-p65. In conclusion, MOLE has a multifarious protective role against hepatotoxicity through control of oxidative stress and modulation of TLR4/NF-κB.

Different parts of the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) tree are consumed as food or food supplements for their nutritional and medicinal value; however, very few human studies have been published on the topic. The current work was aimed to provide ancillary analysis to the antidiabetic effects previously reported in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group intervention conducted in patients with prediabetes. Thus, the effect of MO leaves on blood and fecal inflammatory markers, serum lipid profile, plasma antioxidant capacity and blood pressure was studied in participants who consumed 6 × 400 mg capsule/day of MO dry leaf powder (MO, n = 31) or placebo (PLC, n = 34) over 12 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed using each biomarker's change score with, adjustment for fat status and the baseline value. In addition, a decision tree analysis was performed to find individual characteristics influencing the glycemic response to MO supplementation. No differences in the biomarker's change scores were found between the groups; however, the decision tree analysis revealed that plasma TNF-α was a significant predictor of the subject's HbA1c response (improvement YES/NO; 77% correct classification) in the MO group. In conclusion, TNF-α seems to be a key factor to identify potential respondents to MO leaf powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Moringa oleifera Lam. (FamilyMoringaceae) is indigenous to sub-Himalayan tract and is commonly grown across the country. Numerous uses are mentioned in classics which revealed that the whole plant or its specific parts has been utilized as Sothahara (~decrease edema, Kusthaghana (~skin disease), Jawaraghana (~fever), Krimighana (Antihelmenthic) etc. Researches has been done on the potency of this plant which discloses activities of the extract and isolated molecules of this plant without any toxic effects such as antibacterial, antihelminthic, antifungal, antifertility, anticancer, antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti-arthritic, diuretic, antiviral etc. activities. Many phytochemicals have been also isolated from the different parts of this plant. The main objective of the present work is to highlight the potency of this plant as antibacterial antihelminthic, antifungal, antifertility, anticancer, antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti- arthritic, diuretic, antiviral etc. activities. Data Source: Ayurvedic texts, research journals and database. Review Methods: The Ayurvedic texts were scrutinized for the drug description and the recent researches from the journal and database were studied. Results: Present study revealed that there are numerous traditional uses, and evidences of pharmacological potency additionally the present review also illustrates its phytochemical profile, comparison between Ayurvedic and bio medicinal uses, which will be helpful for future researchers. Conclusion: But still it is underutilized established medicinal plant because its huge potentials are still uncovered like as in classical text property of this plant is stated as Grabhastravahara (Antiabortic) but in biomedicine research done which disclose abortifacient activity, for that reason there is demand for further research which based on its phytotherapeutical importance.

Hypothyroidism is the most common disorder arising from hormone deficiency. It frequently affects women than men. The prevalence of overall hypothyroidism has been reported to be 4.8–11%. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for all types of hypothyroidism. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam.) among diagnosed patients of primary hypothyroidism. This study was an open observational study. A total of 22 patients were screened, out of which 10 were excluded (did not meet inclusion criteria) and 2 refused to consent to be part of the study, rest 10 participants were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent finally 8 subjects completed the study and 2 are dropout in last follow up. The drug was given in the form of decoction at the dose of 5 g fresh leaves twice a day after meal for 45 days. The study effects on objective parameter thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were found extremely significant when compared before (16.62 ± 11.49, 132 ± 19.32, 9.28 ± 1.46) and after (4.75 ± 3.12, 150.37 ± 20.68, 11.84 ± 3.81) treatment with a significant decrease in serum TSH level (p<0.0246) and an increase in serum T3 (p<0.0005) and T4 (p<0.0438) levels. The results were analyzed using paired "t" test. The improvements in thyroid profiles (TSH, T3 and T4) after consuming 'Barg-e-Sahajna' show that the test drug is effective in primary hypothyroidism and the relief was considerable. No significant effect on safety parameters (serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], blood urea, and serum creatinine) was observed. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Barg-e-Sahajna is preliminarily safe and effective in the management of primary hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the best extraction and precipitation conditions of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf protein. The influence of pH (10, 11, 12) and the concentration of NaCl (0, 0.25, 0.5) for the protein extraction process were studied through a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial arrange 3². The combination of pH 11 and 12 with 0 M NaCl had the best yield (P<0.05). The treatment of pH 11 without NaCl followed a precipitation stage for its purification, and the effect of different levels of pH (4, 4.5, 5) and temperature (40, 60, 80 °C) were evaluated using a CRD with factorial arrange 2² and 6 central points. The temperature did not affect the yield of the process in a significant way and the amount of precipitate was maximized at pH 4 and 4.5. From 100 g of the dry leaf, 7.26±0.19 g of protein was isolated with a recovery of 26.93±0.22 g 100 g-1 from the total protein. Due to their astringency and bitterness, consuming large amounts of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves is not a solution; therefore, obtaining a leaf protein concentrate could be useful for diverse applications in nutritional supplements, and as raw material for functional products development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is known to have significant antioxidant properties. Because of this, the development of an optimal extraction method is crucial to obtain pharmacological products based on the bioactive compounds produced by this tree. Through a Plackett–Burman and a Box–Behnken design, enzymatic extraction conditions (temperature, agitation, solvent pH and composition, sample-to-solvent ratio, enzyme-to-sample ratio and extraction time) have been optimized using normalized areas (UA/g) as response variable and relative mass (mg/g) as quantification variable. Extractions were performed in an incubator, where all the extraction conditions could be digitally controlled. Thus, 58.9 °C, 50 rpm, 4.0 pH, 32.5% EtOH, 0.2 g sample in 15 mL solvent and 106 U/g were established as the optimal extraction conditions for the extraction with a mix of pectinases coming from Aspergillus niger. Under these optimal conditions, two-minute extractions were performed and evaluated through a single factor design. The enzymatic extraction method demonstrated its suitability to produce extracts with good antioxidant power (antioxidant activity 4.664 ± 0.059 mg trolox equivalent/g sample and total phenolic compounds 6.245 ± 0.101 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample). The method was also confirmed to have good repeatability (1.39%) and intermediate precision (2.37%) levels.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly harmful pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health. The liver is the primary organ for Cd accumulation, and Cd-induced hepatotoxicity has been shown to be strongly correlated with an oxidative imbalance in hepatocytes. Our previous studies in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that not only co-treatment but also pretreatment with aqueous Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (AMOLE) effectively mitigated Cd toxicity by reducing intracellular Cd accumulation and Cd-mediated oxidative stress. In this study, we therefore investigated the preventive effect of AMOLE against Cd toxicity in human HepG2 hepatocytes. The results showed that, similar to the case of the yeast model, pretreatment with AMOLE prior to Cd exposure also significantly inhibited Cd-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Untargeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis of AMOLE revealed that its major phytochemical constituents were organic acids, particularly phenolic acids and carboxylic acids. Additionally, DPPH-HPTLC fingerprints suggested that quercetin and other flavonoids possibly contribute to the antioxidant activities of AMOLE. Based on our findings, it appears that pretreatment with AMOLE prevented Cd-induced hepatotoxicity via three possible mechanisms: i) direct elimination of free radicals by AMOLE antioxidant compounds; ii) upregulation of antioxidant defensive machinery (GPx1, and HO-1) via Nrf2 signaling cascade to improve cellular antioxidant capacity; and iii) reduction of intracellular Cd accumulation, probably by suppressing Cd uptake. These data strongly suggest the high potential of AMOLE for clinical utility in the prevention of Cd toxicity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) leaf powder has been well studied, however, understanding how extraction methods of antioxidant compounds affect human primary fibroblasts still needs to be determined. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed through a copper reduction capacity method and primary human skin fibroblasts were evaluated for cytotoxicity using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Antioxidant activity under the influence of methanolic solvents (Trolox equivalents of 160.18 nmol/µL) was 17 times higher than under aqueous solvents. Interestingly, the aqueous extract showed less toxicity in comparison to the methanolic, as cells resulted more susceptible to concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 mg/L. Although, MO methanol solvent showed a higher antioxidant capacity in comparison to the aqueous solvent, it presented greater cytotoxicity. Thus, it is concluded that the aqueous extract could be suitable for downstream processing and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (synonym: M. ptreygosperma Gaertn.) is an economically important multi-purpose tree. It is indigenous to the sub-Himalayan tracts and has been widely introduced around the world. However, after a long history of cultivation, the genetic diversity/pool of some germplasms are unclear, which leads to uncertainty in designing breeding strategies. In order to explore the genetic backgrounds of M. oleifera introduced to Yunnan, southwest China, twenty previously developed species-specific SSR loci were used to investigate a total of 211 individuals of eleven germplasms introduced from India, Myanmar, Taiwan (southeast China), Kenya, Mali, the United States of America, and Cuba. The results showed that the germplasms introduced to Yunnan had different levels of genetic admixture. Four genetic groups were observed for which the genetic backgrounds of CU (Cuba), ND (New Delhi, northern India), PO (Pakokku, western Myanmar), US (the USA) and BL1 (Bangalore 1, southern India) were closely related and represented a genotype which was introduced to southern India and other areas of the world (i.e., Cuba, Myanmar, and the USA). Five germplasms have highly hybrid backgrounds. Which a genetic distance between germplasms from KE (Kenya, East Africa) and ML (Mali, West Africa) was very short, which were formerly introduced from Tanzania and South Africa, respectively, suggesting that the same genotype might have been widely introduced in Africa. We also found a different M. oleifera genotype from Sagaing (central Myanmar) that has not yet been studied genetically. In order to avoid homogenization and since the majority of these introduced germplasms have been spread worldwide and genetically admixed, we suggest that future studies should be conducted to incorporate correctly the newly confirmed genotype from Sagaing and avoid exogamic depression. Additionally, wild genotypes from the area of origin of this plant species should receive more attention in regards to preservation, breeding and cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) seed husk waste was used to remove Pb during batch and filtration processes, from lead-containing water. MO husk biomass was used in its pristine (i.e. unwashed) and prewashed forms. Adsorption was described by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model (qm 3.719 [mg Pb/g MO husk], K = 1.116×10−7 [mol2/J2]). A new developed model (Bulk Balance Filtration Model-BBFM) correlated better to 15-cm bed height continuous experiments (qF = 730.9 [mg/L] and kB = 0.00189 [L·mg−1·min−1] – pristine husk, and qF = 528.7 [mg/L] and kB = 0.001921 [L·mg−1·min−1] – prewashed husk). BBFM and classic models adjusted well to the 30-cm bed data, while the classic models correlated better to the 45-cm bed filter. In general, prewashing was inefficient to improve metal removal and prewashed husk revealed an unfavourable change in its morphology. The adsorption process resembles to be purely physical in accordance to the isotherm parameters and FTIR spectra. SEM-EDS results corroborate the presence of adsorbed lead in MO husks. Pristine MO husk waste exceeded 91% Pb removals, water usage was minimum and no chemicals were added. Pristine MO husk without a prewashing step provides a green, practical and cheap solution to rural communities' households and may serve as a business opportunity for families dedicated to growing and harvesting MO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a fast-growing and drought-resistant tree of the Moringaceae family. The tree is known with some common names: miracle, ben oil, drumstick, horseradish or simply moringa. The plant grows in a variety of environments including harsh conditions. The plant has a high content of phytonutrients, being used as natural integrators to cure malnutrition. Phytochemical studies of plant organs showed the plant as a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites belonging to different classes of organic compounds. Pharmacological studies confirmed the use of the plant to cure several diseases and to possess nutraceutical properties. This review is aimed to contribute to the knowledge of M. oleifera by providing its plant description, phytochemistry and pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is widely recognised as a technique to increase the bioactive potential and nutritional value of plant materials. However, the effect of this biotreatment differs for individual substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SSF with filamentous fungi (Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Neurospora) on a moringa leaf phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition. A total of 43 phenolic compounds were determined in the dried leaves analysed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. The leaves contained 11.79 mg/g of free phenolics: flavonols (80.6%, mainly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (12.3%), vitexin and vicenin (6.9%), and a small amount of lignan (isolariciresinol isomers). The result of the 1-day fermentation was a slight enhancement in the concentration of individual free phenolics (flavones) and the antioxidant activity of the leaves. However, extending the incubation period caused a significant decrease in those parameters and cannot be recommended for obtaining a food fortificant from moringa leaves. In contrast, the 3-day fermentation with N. intermedia led to a 26% average accumulation of individual amino acids. Therefore, the SSF with Neurospora can be a promising method for improving the nutritional composition of moringa leaves and needs further investigation.

Moringa oleifera Lam. contains numerous essential constituents found in all plant parts (leaves, pods, and seeds). From all its edible parts, the leaf represents an effective remedy with high potential for medicinal applications. Ecuador is part of the new promising cultivation areas for Moringa, and therefore our study is emphasized to determine the influence of soil nutrition, toxicity (excess), and deficiency, from three main areas of this country, correlated with its climatic characteristics, on the mineral components, bioactive compounds’ synthesis, and antioxidant capacity of Moringa. Different analyses were performed in soil and especially leaf samples for phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, calcium, protein, and vitamin C determination to identify the relationship between soil nutrients, abiotic conditions, and the therapeutic potential of this species cultivated in Ecuador. The obtained values using methods such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS showed a high antioxidant capacity of the leaves from the Coastal Ecuadorian region, related with total phenolic compounds’ content (through the Folin–Ciocalteu method) and flavonoids in samples, with results obtained under the positive influence of high soil nutrients such as Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe. We can conclude that M. oleifera from the coastal area of Ecuador presents the right environmental and soil conditions to positively influence its mineral and phytochemical content, making it suitable for incorporation into foods and medicines to solve the nutritional and medical problems in Ecuador and worldwide.

The drumstick tree is a fast-growing multipurpose tree with a large biomass and high nutritional value. However, it has rarely been exploited as a protein source. This study investigated solid-state fermentation induced by Aspergillus niger, Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis to obtain high-quality protein feed from drumstick leaf flour. The results showed that fermentation induced significant changes in the nutritional composition of drumstick leaf flour. The concentrations of crude protein, small peptides and amino acids increased significantly after fermentation. The protein profile was also affected by the fermentation process. Macromolecular proteins in drumstick leaf flour were degraded, whereas other high molecular weight proteins were increased. However, the concentrations of crude fat, fiber, total sugar and reducing sugar were decreased, as were the anti-nutritional factors tannins, phytic acid and glucosinolates. After 24 h fermentation, the concentrations of total phenolics and flavonoids were increased. The antioxidant capacity was also significantly enhanced.

In this study, we investigate the potential protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. extract (MOE) against lead‐induced neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were allocated equally into (a) a control group, (b) a lead acetate (PbAc) group intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg PbAc, (c) a MOE group orally gavaged with MOE (250 mg/kg), and (d) a MOE + PbAc group orally gavaged with MOE 3 hr before receiving intraperitoneal injections of PbAc. All rats were treated for 14 days. Our results revealed that PbAc‐induced brain injury, accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress markers. Moreover, Pb enhanced the inflammatory response and triggered neuronal apoptosis, as well as significantly depleted glutathione content and inhibited antioxidant enzyme activity. Interestingly, concurrent treatment with MOE ameliorated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the brain cortex. The current study provides evidence that MOE has the potential to protect neuronal tissues in PbAc‐exposed rats via attenuation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling. Practical applications: This study reports the potential neuroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOE) against lead‐induced cortical brain toxicity. Our data reveal that PbAc‐induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in cortical tissues. However, simultaneous treatment of rats with MOE abrogated cortical brain inflammatory biomarkers, mitigated cortical tissue damage, and restrained oxidative stress, programmed cell death, and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) translocation. In addition, MOE stimulated detoxifying enzymes in PbAc‐treated rats. These findings provide evidence that simultaneous treatment with MOE has the potential to attenuate PbAc‐induced brain damage in rats by restraining oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis via attenuation of NF‐κB signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has a wide range of uses due to its high nutritional value and the high oil content of its seeds. Many aspects of its reproductive biology remain poorly understood. We investigated the floral morphology of drumstick, its stigma receptivity and the structural and cytochemical features of the stigma and style at different developmental stages. The inflorescences are panicles of hermaphroditic flowers, with a pistil consisting of one open-type stigma and a hollow stylar canal. Stigma receptivity was assayed based on pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set following artificial pollination. Flowers at later developmental stages exhibited greater stigma receptivity, higher percentages of pollen germination and a higher fruit set than those in earlier stages. Enhanced stigma receptivity was associated with increased amounts of insoluble polysaccharides, lipids and proteins in the canal cells at later developmental stages. An ultrastructural study of the cells lining the canal indicated that they were secretory cells containing an enlarged endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, mitochondria, plastids and ribosomes. Post-anthesis, these organelles exhibited degeneration at the end of the secretory phase. This study provides an important contribution to current knowledge of the anatomy and ultrastructure of the style and stigma in drumstick.

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This experiment explored the potential hepatic protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. methanolic extract (MOE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty-two adult Wistar albino rats were allocated randomly equally into four groups, seven rats each. The control group received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of physiological saline (0.9% NaCl); the lead acetate (Pb) group was i.p. injected with 20 mg/kg of Pb; the MOE group was orally administered with 250 mg/kg of MOE; and the MOE+ Pb group was orally treated with 250 mg/kg of MOE 3 h before receiving i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg Pb. All rats received their treatment for 14 days. Results revealed that Pb(II) intoxication induced liver injury accompanied by elevated levels of liver function markers (ALT and AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA and NO), and proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB p65, TNFα, and IL-1β as well iNOS expression) in addition to the pro-apoptotic-related proteins such as Bax and caspase-3. Meanwhile, significantly depleted GSH content, suppressed activity of antioxidant enzyme activity, and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were also manifested in the liver tissue. Interestingly, concurrent treatment of rats with MOE ameliorated liver markers, prevented tissue injury, and inhibited oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-κB. In addition, MOE activated the detoxifying enzyme system in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats. Therefore, the obtained results in the present experiment provide evidence that MOE concurrent administration has the potential to protect the liver tissues in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, via attenuation of NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive and serious type of cutaneous cancer. Previous studies indicated the anti-cancer activity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves (MOE) against a variety of cell lines. However, there has not been much research about the effect of MOE on melanoma. Therefore, this study was about to investigate the anti-proliferation mediated by apoptosis of MOE on human melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, the related molecular mechanisms of the apoptosis were also examined. An aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was prepared and the anti-proliferative activity on melanoma cells and normal cells was tested using WST-1 assay. The apoptotic hallmarks including DNA condensation and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization were assessed. The expression of apoptosis-related genes and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential were then examined to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. MOE inhibited cell growth of A375 cells and A2058 cells in a dose-dependent manner but had little effect on human normal fibroblasts. The cell growth inhibition was induced by apoptosis which was expressed via chromatin condensation and PS externalization. MOE decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, MOE increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activated Caspase-3/7, Caspase-9, PARP and AIF translocation, leading to apoptotic cell death. Our study indicated that MOE exerted significant anti-cancer effects on melanoma cells in vitro which involved mitochondria-mediated Caspase-dependent and Caspase-independent apoptosis pathways. These results provided a scientific approach for using Moringa oleifera leaves as an alternative therapy to treat skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]