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We conducted spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) measurements to investigate the Ru-doping effect on the Morin transition of α-Fe2O3(0001) films, which is the transition from the low-temperature antiferromagnetic state with c-axis magnetic moments to the high-temperature weak ferromagnetic state with c-plane magnetic moments, under a thickness of 6–100 nm. We clarified that the Morin temperature of the 2.6 at. % Ru-doped α-Fe2O3 film was greater than 400 K when the thickness was 100 nm and decreased with a decrease in thickness. Our results demonstrated that SMR measurements are a valid verification method for the Morin transition of very thin α-Fe2O3 films down to several nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conjecture recently stated by Flach and Morin relates the action of the monodromy on the Galois invariant part of the p -adic Beilinson–Hyodo–Kato cohomology of the generic fiber of a scheme defined over a DVR of mixed characteristic to (the cohomology of) its special fiber. We prove the conjecture in the case that the special fiber of the given arithmetic scheme is also a fiber of a geometric family over a curve in positive characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with significant environmental health hazards. It enters the body through various routes with tissue accumulation. The relatively longer half-life with slow body clearance significantly results in hepatotoxicity during its liver detoxification. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential use of herbal-derived phytocomponents to mitigate their toxicity. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the possible ameliorative effect of the phytochemical Morin (3,5,7,29,49-pentahydroxyflavone) against acute Cd-induced hepatotoxicity while resolving its underlying cellular mechanisms in a rat animal model. The study involved 50 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 200–250 g. The animals were divided into five equal groups: control, Cd, Morin100 + Cd, Morin200 + Cd, and Morin200. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups were intraperitoneally treated with Cd (6.5 mg/kg), while the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were orally treated with Morin (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days. On the 6th day, hepatic function (serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH enzyme activities, and total bilirubin level) testing, transcriptome analysis, and immunohistochemistry were performed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of Morin on hepatotoxicity. In addition to restoring liver function and tissue injury, Morin alleviated Cd-induced hepatic oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress in a dose-dependent manner, as revealed by upregulating the expression of antioxidants (SOD, GSH, Gpx, CAT, and Nrf2) and decreasing the expression of ER stress markers. The expression of the proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1-β, and IL-6) was also downregulated while improving the anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-4) expression levels. Morin further slowed the apoptotic cascades by deregulating the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Caspase 12 markers concomitant with an increase in anti-apoptotic Blc2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, Morin restored Cd-induced tissue damage and markedly suppressed the cytoplasmic expression of JNK and p-PERK immunostained proteins. This study demonstrated the dose-dependent antioxidant hepatoprotective effect of Morin against acute hepatic Cd intoxication. This effect is likely linked with the modulation of upstream p-GRP78/PERK/ATF6 pro-apoptotic oxidative/ER stress and the downstream JNK/BAX/caspase 12 apoptotic signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease and an important postmenopausal consequence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of morin, a flavonoid with beneficial properties, on ovariectomy‐induced OP. Animals were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with different doses of morin (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg/day) or estradiol (10 μg/kg/day) for 10 weeks by gavage. Then bone histo‐stereology, bone‐related biochemical indicators, and gene and protein levels of autophagy and apoptosis‐related markers were analyzed. In comparison to controls, OVX significantly decreased the number of osteoblasts (5.78 × 106 vs. 1.66 × 106) and osteocytes (32.55 × 106 vs. 11.92 × 106), whereas increasing the number of osteoclasts (83.38 × 103 vs. 392.1 × 103). Moreover, OVX caused a remarkable decrease in bone structures and Ca, P, and estradiol levels while increasing ALP and OC (p < 0.001). The administration of 45 mg/kg/day morin restored the effects of OP on bone histomorphology and biochemical markers (p < 0.05). Further studies revealed that morin caused a 7.1% and 36.6% decrease in the bone level of LC3 and BECN1 proteins, respectively, compared to the OVX group. Also, morin caused a significant decrease of 47.4% in the CASP3 level and a significant increase of 23.6% in the BCL‐2 level compared to OVX animals (p < 0.001). The present findings showed that morin is potentially able to improve the bone‐related histomorphological and biochemical changes caused by osteoporosis, which is probably attributed to the suppression of apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐caused cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global cerebral ischemia is one of the major causes of memory and cognitive impairment. Hyperactivation of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), oxidative stress, and inflammation are reported to cause memory and cognitive impairment in global cerebral ischemia. Morin, a flavonoid, is reported to have neuroprotective properties through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in multiple neurological diseases. However, its neuroprotective effects and memory and cognition enhancement have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we have determined the memory and cognition, and neuroprotective activity of Morin in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion (BCCAO/R) in Wistar rats. We found that Morin treatment significantly improved motor performance like grip strength and rotarod. Further, Morin improved memory and cognition in BCCAO rats by decreasing the AchE enzyme activity and enhancing the acetylcholine (Ach) levels. Additionally, Morin exhibited neuroprotection by ameliorating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in BCCAO rats. These findings confirm that Morin could enhance memory and cognition by ameliorating AchE activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in global cerebral ischemia. Therefore, Morin could be a promising neuroprotective and memory enhancer against global cerebral ischemic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) co-encapsulated with Quercetin and Morin and to compare the cytotoxicity of the NLCs with individual drugs as well as with their combination form. The Quercetin and Morin co-encapsulated NLCs were prepared by ultrasonication method. The size of the NLCs particles, the zeta potential value, % of drug entrapment efficiency (% EE), and % of cumulative drug release (% CDR) were estimated. The in vitro cytotoxicity study was carried out in MCF 7 cancer cell. The size of the NLCs particles ranged from 297.6 ± 14.1 to 456.4 ± 14.1 nm. The % EE of Quercetin and Morin in the optimized NLCs formulation (F6) were found to be 84.27 ± 2.1% and 87.11 ± 2.6%, respectively. However, the % CDR of Morin and Quercetin from the F6 formulation were 72.11 ± 3.4% and 81.56 ± 3.6%, respectively. The results of FTIR spectroscopy study indicated that the functional groups of Quercetin and Morin were remained intact in NLCs formulations. The TEM study result revealed that the prepared NLCs were spherical in shape. The in vitro cytotoxicity study result revealed that dual drug loaded NLCs showed higher cytotoxicity as compared to individual drug and their combinations. It was concluded that the Quercetin and Morin co-encapsulated NLCs formulation could be a promising candidate for combating the chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMorin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid belonging to flavonol class. Despite its pharmacological activities, MH has inherent low aqueous solubility and chemical instability hindering biological applications of this flavonol. In this regard, this study aimed to develop and characterize nanoemulsion containing MH. Nanoemulsion formulations were prepared using phase inversion temperature method and characterized by size, polydispersity index (PdI), physical stability, AFM analysis, incorporation efficiency (IE), and in vitro release. Following the formulation design, F10 formulation was chosen to incorporate MH. Nanoemulsion containing MH (MH-NE) showed droplet size in nanometric scale (< 100 nm) with homogeneous size distribution (PdI < 0.1). In addition, good physical stability of MH-NE was demonstrated using analytical photocentrifugation method where the light transmission profiles did not change throughout the emulsions. According to AFM analysis, oil droplets were mostly spherical or semi-spherical having sizes uniformly distributed. The IE of MH into nanoemulsion was approximately 100%, and in vitro release profile of this flavonol from formulation was gradual throughout the experiment. Therefore, using a reproducible method of low energy emulsification we developed a stable colloidal dispersion of nanoemulsion containing MH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant films were prepared using poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) incorporated with 0.5% or 1.0% zinc oxide (ZnO)-flavonoid (quercetin or morin) nanoparticles (NPZnO-Q% or NPZnO-M%) via the casting method. NP incorporation within the polymer matrix influenced the structural, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of the PVC-based films, as well as their antioxidant activity as assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Our results indicated that increasing ZnO-flavonoid NP concentration increased films thickness, while reducing ultraviolet light (UV) transmittance but conserving transparency. The presence of NPZnO-Q% or NPZnO-M% improved the surface uniformity and thermal stability of the active films. In terms of antioxidant activity, there was an enhancement in the DPPH radical scavenging capacity (PVC/ZnO-Q1.0% > PVC/ZnO-Q0.5% > PVC/ZnO-M0.5% > PVC/ZnO-M1.0% > PVC), suggesting that the packaging can help protect food from oxidative processes. Therefore, these antioxidant films represent an innovative strategy for using as active food packaging material, especially intended for aiding in quality preservation and extending the shelf life of fatty foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiamin Mao,1,2 Xiaoyuan Liu,2 Lie Zhang,1 Yu Chen,2 Shiyu Zhou,2 Yujiao Liu,2 Jing Ye,2 Xiaohong Xu,2 Quan Zhang1– 4 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People’s Republic of China; 2Sichuan Higher Education Institute Key Laboratory of Structure-Specific Small Molecule Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People’s Republic of China; 3Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People’s Republic of China; 4Chengdu Nature’s Grace Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610213, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Quan Zhang, Email zhangquancdmc@126.comPurpose: Acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) is a life-threatening medical condition resulting from excessive alcohol consumption. Our research revealed the potential of morin (MOR) in treating AAI. However, MOR’s effectiveness against AAI was hindered by its poor solubility in water and low bioavailability. In this study, our aim was to develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to enhance MOR’s solubility and bioavailability, evaluate its anti-AAI effects, and investigate the underlying mechanism.Methods: The composition of MOR-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (MOR-SNEDDS) was determined by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and its formulation proportion was optimized using the Box-Behnken design. Following characterization of MOR-SNEDDS, we investigated its pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in healthy animals. Additionally, we assessed the anti-AAI effects and gastric mucosal protection of MOR-SNEDDS in an AAI mice model, exploring potential mechanisms.Results: After breaking down into tiny droplets, the optimized mixture of MOR-SNEDDS showed small droplet size on average, even distribution, strong stability, and permeability. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that MOR-SNEDDS, compared to a MOR suspension, increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) by 10.43 times. Additionally, studies on how drugs move and are distributed in the body showed that MOR-SNEDDS had an advantage in passively targeting the liver. Moreover, in a mouse model for alcohol addiction, MOR not only decreased alcohol levels by boosting the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the stomach and liver, which counteracted the loss of righting reflex (LORR), but also reduced alcohol-induced damage to the stomach lining by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Furthermore, MOR-SNEDDS notably amplified these effects.Conclusion: MOR exhibits significant potential as a new medication for treating AAI, and utilizing MOR-SNEDDS with high oral bioavailability represents a promising new strategy in combating AAI.Keywords: Morin, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, acute alcohol intoxication, oral bioavailability, alcohol-induced tissue injury

Background: Mistletoe is an herb that grows on duku plants (Lancium demosticum) and is known as benalu duku (BD) in Indonesia. It is predicted to have benefits such as anticancer or antiviral properties, and it is also thought to have anti-diabetic pharmacological activity. Quercetin-like compounds (QLCs) are secondary metabolites with antidiabetic activity that are expected to lower blood sugar levels in animals after oral administration.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the ability of QLCs to reduce random blood sugar levels using experimental animals as clinical models.Material and methods: The research method used was exploratory, which used a before–after test model, and observations were made on the random blood sugar levels after treatment. Secondary metabolites were extracted from BD leaves, which were then screened. Diabetes was induced in 30 rats (Rattus norvegicus) by the administration of streptozotocin at 0.045 mg/g body weight daily for 2 days. The antidiabetic effects of the secondary metabolite at doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (twice a day) when administered orally for up to 5 days were tested in diabetic rats. The random sugar levels (mg/dL) were measured using a One Touch Ultra Plus medical device for observation of randomized blood sugar levels. Results and novelty: The results revealed that the secondary metabolite, as an analyte from the BD leaf extract, can significantly reduce random blood sugar levels.Conclusion: The secondary metabolite extracted from BD, could be used to treat diabetes in rats.

Yi Shao,&ast; Yunfu Chen,&ast; Xin Lan, Jun Lu, Guangling Tang, Sijie Tang, Ruixue Zhai, Chao Chen, Xinglong Xiong, Jing Shi Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jing Shi, Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28 Beijing Road, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18685034016, Email shijing81@gmc.edu.cnBackground: Morin can alleviate vincristine-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting neuroinflammation. Microglial cells play an important role in initiating and maintenance of pain and neuroinflammation. It remains unclear whether morin exerts antinociceptive properties through the regulation of microglial cells. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of morin against neuropathic pain focusing on microglial cells.Methods: The thermal withdrawal latency and mechanical withdrawal threshold were used as measures of pain behaviours. Histological abnormalities of the sciatic nerve were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The sciatic functional index and the sciatic nerve conduction velocity were used as measures of the functional deficits of the sciatic nerve. Inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA. The expression of M1/M2 polarization markers of microglia and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 were measured by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting.Results: Morin alleviated vincristine-induced abnormal pain, sciatic nerve injury, and neuroinflammatory response in rats. Furthermore, morin decreased the expression of NF-κB P65 and M1 activation markers, increased the expression of M2 activation markers. Additionally, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate reversed the effects of morin on microglial polarization, the production of inflammatory factors and neuropathic pain, while ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate showed the opposite effects.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that morin inhibits neuroinflammation to alleviate vincristine-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway to regulate M1/M2 microglial polarization.Keywords: neuropathic pain, morin, microglia, NF-κB, neuroinflammation

This study aimed to explore the capacity of immobilized lipases on the acetylation of six aglycon flavonoids, namely myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, fisetin and morin. For this purpose, lipase B from Candida antarctica (CaLB) and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) were immobilized onto the surface of ZnOFe nanoparticles derived from an aqueous olive leaf extract. Various factors affecting the conversion of substrates and the formation of monoesterified and diesterified products, such as the amount of biocatalyst and the molar ratio of the substrates and reaction solvents were investigated. Both CaLB and TLL-ZnOFe achieved 100% conversion yield of naringenin to naringenin acetate after 72 h of reaction time, while TLL-ZnOFe achieved higher conversion yields of quercetin, morin and fisetin (73, 85 and 72% respectively). Notably, CaLB-ZnOFe displayed significantly lower conversion yields for morin compared with TLL-ZnOFe. Molecular docking analysis was used to elucidate this discrepancy, and it was revealed that the position of the hydroxyl groups of the B ring on morin introduced hindrances on the active site of CaLB. Finally, selected flavonoid esters showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared with the original compound. This work indicated that these lipase-based nanobiocatalysts can be successfully applied to produce lipophilic derivatives of aglycon flavonoids with improved antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, inspired by work of Fano, Morin, and Campana–Flenner, we give a projective classification of varieties of dimension 3 whose general hyperplane sections have negative Kodaira dimension, and we partly extend such a classification to varieties of dimension n⩾4$n\geqslant 4$ whose general surface sections have negative Kodaira dimension. In particular, we prove that a variety of dimension n⩾3$n\geqslant 3$ whose general surface sections have negative Kodaira dimension is birationally equivalent to the product of a general surface section times Pn−2${\mathbb {P}}^{n-2}$ unless (possibly) if the variety is a cubic hypersurface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role to neuron communication and brain functions makes the selective and accurate detection of dopamine (DA, a typical neurotransmitter) significant. In this study, a morin‐based probe has been reported for the ratiometric DA detection. The mechanism study discloses that the inside resorcinol motif can specifically react with DA and form fluorescent azamonardine‐like product. In addition, the intrinsic emission from the internal chromophore endows ratiometric variation. With these features, selective DA sensing is realized using morin probe with a limit of detection of 2.2 nM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the practical application of the proposed method is further validated by the accurate DA determination in urine samples. This work demonstrates the possible exploration of novel small molecule‐based ratiometric‐sensing systems toward various analytes with the combination of proper reaction motif and chromophore. It is expected that the development of versatile probes for the ratiometric and accurate recognition of environmental and biological markers can refer such a design strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the curative effects of Morin, a flavonoid, against arsenic toxicity in 3T3 embryonic fibroblast cells and its effect on the molecular mechanisms of cells. The cytotoxicity and viability of the cells were measured by MTT and LDH tests. Arsenic (0.74 μM) was used to trigger toxicity and Morin (50 μM) was used for treatment. The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric method, and inflammatory markers were measured by ELISA method. While mRNA expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 levels, and Caspase-3 activity were measured by qRT-PCR technique, TUNEL staining was performed to detect DNA breaks and DAPI staining to visualize nuclear changes. Protein structures were retrieved from the protein data bank. OpenBabel and Autodock programs were used for the molecular docking study. Morin rescued the 3T3 embryonic fibroblast cells exposed to arsenic. However, Arsenic decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in cells and significantly increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Morin treatment reduced oxidative damage and TNF-α and IL-1β levels. Arsenic-induced Caspase-3 mRNA expression level and Bax protein mRNA expression level were significantly increased, while Bcl-2 mRNA expression level was significantly decreased. While Caspase-3 mRNA expression level and Bax protein mRNA expression level decreased with morin treatment, Bcl-2 mRNA expression level increased significantly. Molecular docking study results showed good binding affinity of morin in SOD, GSH-Px, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-1β structures. Morin showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects against Arsenic-induced cellular toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug resistance (MDR) during clinical chemotherapy for cancer has been considered a major obstacle to treatment efficacy. The involvement of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the MDR mechanism significantly reduces the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. This study investigates the potential of morin, a dietary bioflavonoid, to overcome colchicine resistance in KBChR‐8‐5 MDR cells. The P‐gp inhibitory activity by morin was measured by calcein‐AM drug efflux assay. Western blot analysis was employed to evaluate P‐gp messenger RNA and protein expressions following morin treatment. Flow cytometry analysis and acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescence staining were utilised to investigate the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest upon treatment with morin and paclitaxel in combination. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analysis was conducted to study the gene expression profiles related to MDR, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest during treatment with morin, paclitaxel or their combination. Morin exhibited a strong binding interaction with human P‐gp. This was corroborated by drug efflux assays, which showed a reduction in P‐gp efflux function with increasing morin concentration. Furthermore, morin and paclitaxel combination potentiated the induction of apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Morin treatment significantly downregulated the gene expression of ABCB1 and P‐gp membrane expressions in MDR cells. Additionally, PCR array gene expression analysis revealed that the combination treatment with morin and paclitaxel upregulated proapoptotic and cell cycle arrest genes while downregulating ABCB1 gene and antiapoptotic genes. Thus, morin effectively reversed paclitaxel resistance in KBChR‐8‐5 drug‐resistant cancer cells and concluded that morin resensitized the paclitaxel resistance in KBChR8‐5 drug‐resistant cancer cells. Significance Statement: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a critical challenge in cancer treatment, primarily during chemotherapy, often mediated by P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), a key adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter. Despite extensive efforts to develop P‐gp inhibitors, many have failed due to adverse effects. Recent focus has shifted to phytochemicals due to their potential for fewer side effects. Morin, a dietary phytochemical, has emerged as a promising candidate for reversing MDR by reducing P‐gp drug efflux function and membrane expression. Its efficacy suggests it could serve as a lead compound for developing novel P‐gp inhibitors with improved safety profiles, offering hope for more effective cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to theorize the role of transdisciplinarity in politics. I do this by arguing for an ontological pluralism, using the ideas of Basarab Nicolescu, suggesting a political view can equate to a layer of reality. Nicolescu's thought indicates that we should think beyond and transcend the political spectrum- a political view is not just a view but an actual part of reality. Next, I use 'Mode 2' Science to suggest we should adopt a distributed epistemology which sees everyone as bearers of knowledge, I suggest that politics should take this into consideration. This fits with the pluralism indicated by Nicolescu. Furthermore, I suggest 'Mode 2' Science also says that institutions should be permeable- the difference between state, science and society should not be seen as solid. Institutions should also be seen as transitory in nature. Next, I argue Edgar Morin's complex thinking indicates how we should gather knowledge and how society should be governed. Particularly, it shows that governance should consist of teams, in which the state acts as a catalyst for bringing a wide group of people together. These 'teams' and the state can be activated or deactivated depending on the situation, therefore preventing an accumulation of power, while also allowing effective governance if required. Finally, I use complex network theory to characterize how the pertinent temporary configurations of relations would work and the factors that might affect them. Using network theory allows us to conceptualize these relations as dynamic, connected, vulnerable, clustered and yet also having a few figures (in this case the state) that can connect people. Following all of this, we come to a new pluralistic, egalitarian, transitory, but most of all transdisciplinary view of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glioma is a recurrent form of primary malignant cancer that occurs in the brain and central nervous system. The adults are the major victims of gliomas, and the men are mostly affected. At present, gliomas are treated with surgical resection followed by radiation and the administration of chemodrugs such as temozolomide. The invasive and high recurrence rate of gliomas often reduces the effectiveness of treatment, which leads to poor recovery. Hence, more potent drugs without side effects on long-term treatment need to be discovered to treat gliomas. Morin is one such promising phytochemical that possesses immense pharmacological properties. It is proven to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective properties. The current research focuses on examining the growth inhibition and apoptosis-inducing potency of morin against glioma C6 cells. Materials and Methods: Rat C6 glioma cells were treated with different concentrations of morin and analyzed for cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by morin in glioma cells were examined with dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA) and rhodamine 123 staining. The apoptotic induction in glioma cells was analyzed with dual staining and it was confirmed by quantifying the apoptotic protein using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The anti-inflammatory property of morin was assessed by the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using the ELISA technique. Results: Our MTT results show that morin treatment significantly reduced the cell viability of rat C6 glioma cells. It also significantly increased ROS generation and decreased MMP in rat C6 glioma cells. Morin treatment also effectively increased caspase-3 and caspase-9, the proapoptotic protein Bax, and decreased the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. The induction of apoptosis by morin in glioma cells was evident with our acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining results. Morin also decreased the inflammatory cytokine levels in rat C6 glioma cells. Conclusion: Our findings have proven that morin significantly induces apoptosis by increasing the levels of apoptotic protein via the generation of ROS. It also effectively reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, thereby exerting anticancer activity against glioma cells. Therefore, morin can be subjected to further research to be designed as a potent anticancer drug to treat gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sepsis is a serious complaint caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It is one of the most common causes of admission to intensive care units. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most frequent complication of sepsis in critically ill patients and often requires renal replacement therapy. Despite decades of sepsis research, no specific therapies for sepsis emerged. Morin is a flavonoid that is abundant in the plants of the Moraceae famil, and has protective effect against many diseases that are mostly affected by inflammation and overproduction of oxidative stress, including a range of nephrotoxicity models rather than septic-induced AKI. Aim of the Study: Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of morin on the survival rate, clinical symptoms, renal histological alterations, and the immunoreactivity of the cell survival marker BCl2 in septic-induced AKI. Methods: sepsis-induced AKI was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS;5mg/kg). Treatment with morin (50 mg/kg bw) started 5 hours after LPS challenge, then for 2 more days. Results: The results showed that LPS-injected mice had low survival rate (44% vs 100% in normal control) and showed several clinical signs including;hypoactivity, lethargy, loss of appetite, ruffled fur, high breathing rate, hind limb paralysis, and closed eyes. On the other hand, morin-treated animals showed significantly higher survival rate than that of the septic control group (90% vs 44%), recovery from the signs of sepsis, enhancement of the histology of kidney. In addition, morin decreased the immunoreactivity of the cell surviving marker BCl2. Conclusion: these findings indicate that morin has a notable therapeutic effect against sepsis-associated AKI and may be a useful therapeutic option for increasing the survival rates of septic patients or even for preventing its associated renal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Edgar Morin is more than 100 years old and has produced numerous original ideas. Complex Thinking is his approach to complexity and took almost thirty years to be written. He developed it based on many other thinkers but chiefly, we argue, on Wiener’s Cybernetics, von Bertalanffy’s General System Theory and Shannon’s Information Theory. This article describes and discusses how those latter theories have been incorporated into Morin’s thought, especially in La Méthode, his magnum opus, and presents, in a comparative fashion, his pros and contras on each of them. In our conclusion, we discuss how some of Morin’s criticisms of the founding theories might be unjust and also present a summary of some judgmental appraisals of Complex Thinking.

Flavonoids share a common structural framework that serves as a hallmark indicative of their biological activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of two structurally similar flavonoids, fisetin and morin, through independent and combined in vitro assessments on embryonic mouse cells overexpressing the human 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) (Tg/Tg) and normal mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3). The primary objectives were to evaluate the biocompatibility and potential cytotoxicity of these flavonoids, along with assessing the cytoprotective role of Hsp70 in these cellular environments. To address these objectives, we conducted dose- and time-dependent cell survival tests. Additionally, we utilized flow cytometry to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to analyze apoptosis and the cell cycle. Throughout the experimental procedures, a notable observation was made: NIH/3T3 normal cells exhibited greater susceptibility compared to Tg/Tg cells when exposed to fisetin and morin. This difference in susceptibility is likely attributed to the robust cytoprotective effect of Hsp70 in Tg/Tg cells. Importantly, both cell lines demonstrated increased sensitivity to fisetin toxicity in comparison to morin, leading to significantly lower cell survival rates. These findings shed light on the differential responses of cell lines to flavonoid exposure, emphasizing the influence of Hsp70 and the distinct impact of fisetin and morin on cell viability.

Antiferromagnetic spintronics has been receiving attention recently, while spin-texture dependent magnetoresistance (MR) represents one of the main mechanisms for magnetic data storage. In particular, sufficiently large MR with high operating temperatures would be highly required for advanced spintronic applications. In this work, we experimentally investigate the MR effect of well-known antiferromagnet α-Fe2O3 (hematite) in a single crystal form, which has the Morin transition temperature as high as Tm ∼ 260 K. It is revealed that the MR effect associated with the spin-texture re-alignment, i.e., the spin-flop from the out-of-plane direction (c axis) to the in-plane direction, driven by sufficiently low magnetic fields inclined along the [012] direction, reaches up to ∼2.5% at temperature T ∼ 250 K. The first-principles calculations suggest that this MR effect originates from the reduced bandgap due to the spin-flop and the finite spin–orbital coupling. The present work sheds light on the possibility of α-Fe2O3 as a favored MR-based candidate for near-room temperature spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power, and recently force-velocity (F-V) profiling, are well-researched and oft cited critical components for sports performance but both are still debated; some would say misused. A neat, applied formulation of power and linear F-V in the literature is practically useful but there is a dearth of fundamental explanations of how power and F-V interact with human and environmental constraints. To systematically explore the interactions of a linear F-V profile, peak power, gravity, mass, range of motion (ROM), and initial activation conditions, a forward dynamics point mass model of vertical jumping was parameterised from an athlete. With no constraints and for a given peak power, F-V favouring higher velocity performed better, but were impacted more under real-world conditions of gravity and finite ROM meaning the better F-V was dependent on constraints. Increasing peak power invariably increased jump height but improvement was dependent on the initial F-V and if it was altered by changing maximal force or velocity. When mass was changed along with power and F-V there was a non-linear interaction and jump improvement could be almost as large for a F-V change as an increase in power. An ideal F-V profile cannot be identified without knowledge of mass and ROM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Morin is an antioxidant and anticancer flavonoid, extracted from natural sources, that may exert beneficial effects for several pathologies. Despite this, the administration of morin represents a challenge due to its low aqueous solubility. Mesoporous silica materials have emerged as biocompatible tools for drug delivery, as their pore size can be modulated for maximum surface area to volume ratio. In this contribution, we evaluate the ability of iron-modified mesoporous materials, for morin loading and controlled delivery. The SBA-15 and MCM-41 sieves were synthesized and modified with iron (metal content 4.02 and 6.27 % wt, respectivily). Characterization by transmission electron microscopy, XRD and UV-Vis revealed adequate pore size and agglomerates of very small metallic nanospecies (nanoclusters), without larger iron oxide nanoparticles. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of silanol groups in the solid hosts, which can interact with different groups present in morin molecules. SBA-15 materials were more efficient in terms of morin loading capacity (LC) due to their larger pore diameter. LC was more than 35% for SBA-15 materials when adsorptions studies were carried out with 9 mg of drug. Antioxidant activity were assayed by using DPPH test. Free iron materials presented a significate improvement as antioxidants after morin incorporation, reaching a scavenging activity of almost a 90%. On the other hand, in iron modified mesoporous materials, the presence of morin did not affect the scavenging activity. The results could be related with the formation of a complex between the flavonoid and the iron. Finally, biosafety studies using normal epithelial cells revealed that neither the loaded nor the unloaded materials exerted toxicity, even at doses of 1 mg/ml. These findings expand knowledge about mesoporous materials as suitable carriers of flavonoids with the aim of improving therapies for a wide range of pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Challenge of Complexity: Essays by Edgar Morin" is a collection of essays that introduces readers to the influential theories of philosopher-sociologist Edgar Morin. The book explores Morin's transdisciplinary approach to understanding complex phenomena and emphasizes the interconnectedness of different fields of knowledge. It covers a range of topics including self-regeneration, semiotics, globalization, and the ethical implications of technological advancements. This valuable resource offers a fresh perspective on the challenges of our interconnected world and is particularly useful for Anglophone readers who are new to Morin's philosophy. The author, Keith Moser, is affiliated with Mississippi State University. [Extracted from the article]

Osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone cancer that affects adolescents worldwide, has the early metastatic potential to be responsible for high mortality rates. Morin has a multipurpose role in numerous cancers, whereas little is known about its role in osteosarcoma migration and invasion. Therefore, we hypothesized that morin suppresses the invasive activities and the migratory potential of human osteosarcoma cells. Our results showed that morin reduced migration and invasion capabilities in human osteosarcoma U2OS and HOS cells. Moreover, morin inhibited the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression through a signal transducer and an activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. After STAT3 overexpression, the decrease of the migratory potential and uPA expression caused by 100 μM of morin in U2OS cells was countered, indicating that STAT3 contributes to the antimetastatic property of morin in human osteosarcoma cells by reducing uPA. In conclusion, morin may be a potential candidate for the antimetastatic treatment of human osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, natural remedies for the management of diabetes observed a rise in interest as a result of the negative impacts of conventional treatment. The present work studies the beneficial effects of morin in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on glucose levels, tissue antioxidant state, and lipid peroxidation. Oral delivery of morin (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 21 days to normal and diabetic rats could not prevent weight loss, but consumption of food and water (25 mg/kg) was considerably reduced. Morin substantially decreased glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood of diabetic rats. Additionally, it greatly halted the rise in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels as well as the decline in HDL cholesterol levels in diabetic rats. In comparison to normal rats, diabetic rats had higher levels of malondialdehyde, lower levels of nitric oxide, decreased glutathione, and lower levels of superoxide dismutase in their hepatic, renal, and pancreatic tissues. The morin treatments substantially reduced the levels of hepatic and pancreatic reduced glutathione, hepatic and pancreatic reduced nitric oxide, and hepatic, renal, and pancreatic superoxide dismutase. They also prevented the increase of hepatic, renal, and pancreatic malondialdehyde. Histopathological findings revealed a reduction in pancreatic damage in morin-treated rats. Morin exerts antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morin is a flavonol having 2',4'-dihydroxy group on B-ring identified especially in Moraceae plants. While morin is widely known, its glycosides are relatively rare. To the best of our knowledge, morin-3-O-glucoside (1) was first reported in 2008. However, the reported chemical shift values of 1 were unsatisfactory with those of the aglycone, morin, which is rather similar to quercetin-3-O-glucoside (2). Therefore, we prepared morin-3-O-glucoside (1) by microbial transformation of morin with Cunninghamella sp., and the NMR assignment was reinvestigated. The microbial culture also produced another compound (3). The NMR and MS analyses of 3 revealed it as a novel compound, morin-2'-O-glucoside (3). In this study, the revision of the NMR assignment of morin-3-O-glucoside (1), and the preparation and structural elucidation of a novel compound, morin-2'-O-glucoside (3), were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flavonoids share a common structural framework that serves as a hallmark indicative of their biological activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of two structurally similar flavonoids, fisetin and morin, through independent and combined in vitro assessments on embryonic mouse cells overexpressing the human 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) (Tg/Tg) and normal mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3). The primary objectives were to evaluate the biocompatibility and potential cytotoxicity of these flavonoids, along with assessing the cytoprotective role of Hsp70 in these cellular environments. To address these objectives, we conducted dose- and time-dependent cell survival tests. Additionally, we utilized flow cytometry to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to analyze apoptosis and the cell cycle. Throughout the experimental procedures, a notable observation was made: NIH/3T3 normal cells exhibited greater susceptibility compared to Tg/Tg cells when exposed to fisetin and morin. This difference in susceptibility is likely attributed to the robust cytoprotective effect of Hsp70 in Tg/Tg cells. Importantly, both cell lines demonstrated increased sensitivity to fisetin toxicity in comparison to morin, leading to significantly lower cell survival rates. These findings shed light on the differential responses of cell lines to flavonoid exposure, emphasizing the influence of Hsp70 and the distinct impact of fisetin and morin on cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, natural remedies for the management of diabetes observed a rise in interest as a result of the negative impacts of conventional treatment. The present work studies the beneficial effects of morin in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on glucose levels, tissue antioxidant state, and lipid peroxidation. Oral delivery of morin (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 21 days to normal and diabetic rats could not prevent weight loss, but consumption of food and water (25 mg/kg) was considerably reduced. Morin substantially decreased glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood of diabetic rats. Additionally, it greatly halted the rise in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels as well as the decline in HDL cholesterol levels in diabetic rats. In comparison to normal rats, diabetic rats had higher levels of malondialdehyde, lower levels of nitric oxide, decreased glutathione, and lower levels of superoxide dismutase in their hepatic, renal, and pancreatic tissues. The morin treatments substantially reduced the levels of hepatic and pancreatic reduced glutathione, hepatic and pancreatic reduced nitric oxide, and hepatic, renal, and pancreatic superoxide dismutase. They also prevented the increase of hepatic, renal, and pancreatic malondialdehyde. Histopathological findings revealed a reduction in pancreatic damage in morin-treated rats. Morin exerts antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities in diabetic rats.

Background: High blood glucose levels in diabetes lead to vascular inflammation which accelerates atherosclerosis. Herein, Morin was orally administered in male Wistar rats, at the dose of 40 mg/kg for 28 days, and on the 27th and 28th day, ISO was administered to designate groups at the dose of 85 mg/kg s.c., to induce myocardial infarction. Results: Free radical generation, including ROS, in diabetes following ISO administration, leads to the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Morin significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced oxidative stress (GSH, MDA, SOD), cardiac injury markers (CK-MB, LDH), inflammation (TNF, IL-6), and apoptosis (Bax, BCl2, Caspase-3). In addition, it also reduced insulin and blood glucose levels. Akt/eNOS, Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK signaling pathways, and Insulin signal transduction pathways were positively modulated by morin pre-treatment. Conclusions: Morin attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation and also modified the activity of various molecular pathways to mitigate cardiomyocyte damage during ISO-induced MI in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Morin is a flavonoid found in many edible fruits. The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex play crucial roles in memory formation and consolidation. This study aimed to characterize the effect of morin on recognition and space memory in healthy C57BL/6 adult mice and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods: Morin was administered i.p. at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg/24 h for 10 days. The Morris water maze (MWM), novel object recognition, novel context recognition, and tasks were conducted 1 day after the last administration. The mice's brains underwent histological characterization, and their protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques. Results: In the MWM and novel object recognition tests, mice treated with 1 mg/kg of morin exhibited a significant recognition index increase compared to the control group. Besides, they demonstrated faster memory acquisition during MWM training. Additionally, the expression of pro‐brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), BDNF, and postsynaptic density protein 95 proteins in the hippocampus of treated mice showed a significant increase. In the entorhinal cortex, only the pro‐BDNF increased. Morin‐treated mice exhibited a significant increase in the hippocampus's number and length of dendrites. Conclusion: This study shows that morin improves recognition memory and spatial memory in healthy adult mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress are the most important causes of muscle insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the single and combined treatment effects of metformin (MET) and morin (MOR) on lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of mice fed a high‐fat diet. The mice were supplemented with MET (230 mg/kg diet), MOR (100 mg/kg diet), and MET + MOR for 9 weeks. Our results revealed that single treatment with MET or MOR, and with a stronger effect of MET + MOR combined treatment, reduced body weight gain, improved glucose intolerance and enhanced Akt phosphorylation in the muscle tissue. In addition, plasma and muscle triglyceride levels were decreased after treatment with MET and MOR. The expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration and polarization and pro‐inflammatory cytokines showed that MET + MOR combined treatment, significantly reduced inflammation in the muscle. Furthermore, combined treatment of MET + MOR with greater efficacy than the single treatment improved several oxidative stress markers in the muscle. Importantly, combined treatment of MET and MOR could increase the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, the master regulator of the antioxidant response. These findings suggest that combination of MET with MOR might ameliorate insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of mice fed high‐fat diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflective article delves into transdisciplinarity as a fundamental strategy for addressing complexity in the contemporary academic and social environment. The central objective of the text is to examine the relationship between transdisciplinarity, social research, and education, emphasizing its focus on complexity and inherent challenges. Additionally, it underscores how transdisciplinarity can shape the development of future thinkers. Despite immersing itself in profound reflective processes from a transdisciplinary perspective, it acknowledges that this document maintains an academic orientation, inviting the expansion of perspectives. The discourse presented encompasses complexity principles, from Morin's insights to the ideas of Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, which are essential for achieving transdisciplinarity in research. An intriguing aspect for reflection is the role of language, especially metaphors, as fundamental tools in constructing transdisciplinary knowledge. In general, despite inherent challenges, transdisciplinarity offers an opportunity to gain enriched understanding. This reflection urges the academic community to overcome conventional barriers and recognize the interconnectedness of knowledge in a world characterized by complexity. In this context, both social research and educational comprehension play integral roles. Thus, a broader and enriching perspective is fostered in the academic realm, promoting an interdisciplinary view of knowledge and reality. Ultimately the article encourages embracing transdisciplinarity as a path toward deeper and contextualized comprehension of the complex world that surrounds us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show an upper bound of sin(3π/10 )/sin(2π/5 )−sin(3π/10 ) < 5.70 on the spanning ratio of Θ5-graphs, improving on the previous best known upper bound of 9.96 [Bose, Morin, van Renssen, and Verdonschot. The Theta-5-graph is a spanner. Computational Geometry, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Filosóficos is the property of Estudios Filosoficos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Pauta Geral is the property of Revista Pauta Geral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phytochemical‐conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are believed to act as a bridge between nanotechnology and therapy. There is a significant need for green and mass production of such materials due to their extensive applications, especially in the biomedical sector. In this study, morin‐stabilized silver nanoparticles (morin/AgNPs) were synthesized on a massive scale using a one‐pot solid‐state technique. The reaction is achieved by ball milling of morin and silver nitrate powders at ambient temperature without any solvent or toxic reagent. The prepared morin/AgNPs exhibited a semi‐hexagonal shape and ranged in size from 21 to 43 nm. The x‐ray diffraction results elucidated the formation of highly crystalline AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses prove that the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic functionalities in morin are playing major roles in the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. The antioxidant potential of morin/AgNPs was evaluated utilizing 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Morin/AgNPs exhibited better free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 11.7 μg/mL) than morin (IC50 = 14.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The largest inhibition zones were observed against S. aureus (21.2 ± 0.6 mm) and K. pneumonia (20.3 ± 0.5 mm) bacteria. The foregoing results highlighted the prospective application of morin/AgNPs as a promising antioxidant and antimicrobial material for safe medical applications. Research Highlights: A simple green route for the large‐scale production of AgNPs was developed.Morin acts as reducing/stabilizing agent in solid‐state synthesis of AgNPs.Morin/AgNPs exhibited promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butylparaben (BP), a common chemical preservative in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, has been known to induce oxidative stress and disrupt endocrine function in humans. In contrast, morin, a flavonoid derived from the Moraceae family, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant. Despite this, the protective role of morin against oxidative stress‐induced damage in pancreatic islets remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the potential protective mechanism of morin against oxidative stress‐induced damage caused by BP in zebrafish larvae. To achieve this, we exposed the zebrafish larvae to butylparaben (2.5 mg/L) for 5 days, leading to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in β‐cells. However, our compelling findings revealed that pretreatment with various concentrations of morin effectively reduced mortality and mitigated apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in β‐cells induced by BP exposure. In addition, zebrafish larvae exposed to BP for 5 days exhibited evident β‐cell damage. However, the pretreatment with morin showed promising effects by promoting β‐cell proliferation and lowering glucose levels. Furthermore, gene expression studies indicated that morin pretreatment normalized PEPCK expression while increasing insulin expression in BP‐exposed larvae. In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential of morin as a protective agent against BP‐induced β‐cell damage in zebrafish larvae. The observed improvements in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and gene expression patterns support the notion that morin could be further explored as a therapeutic candidate to counteract the detrimental effects of BP exposure on pancreatic β‐cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation harms the skin, causing oxidative damage, inflammation, and disruption of the skin's barrier function. There is considerable interest in identifying new natural ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to serve as adjuvants in sunscreens. The flavonoid morin (1) can undergo structural modifications to enhance its biological properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize two new morin-Schiff base derivatives, morin oxime (2) and morin semicarbazone (3), comparing their photoprotective effects with that of the parent compound on UVB-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes. The chemical structure of the novel compounds was revealed based on spectroscopic data analysis. Our findings demonstrated that derivatives 2 and 3 enhanced the light absorption capability in the UV–visible (vis) range compared to 1. Tested compounds exhibited a higher scavenger capacity than Trolox. Moreover, pre-treatment with all compounds protected HaCaT cells from UVB-induced cell death. Compound 3 demonstrated the strongest antioxidant effect, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and, subsequently, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited greater anti-inflammatory effects than compound 1, significantly reducing interleukin (IL)-6 production levels at all tested concentrations. These findings have demonstrated, for the first time, a promising photoprotective activity of two new Schiff base derivatives and suggest their use as natural sunscreen ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic quercetin-imprinted phloroglucinol–melamine–formaldehyde resins are obtained. The obtained samples are studied by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy and laser diffraction. The phloroglucinol–melamine ratio (3 : 1) is optimized at the sorption capacity of the molecularly imprinted resin (1.7 μmol/g) with respect to quercetin 2.6 times higher than that of the non-imprinted resin. It is shown that the kinetics of quercetin rebinding by both molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted resins obeys the pseudo-second order model, and the isotherms follow the Freundlich model, which indicates the inhomogeneity of the resin surface. The resin imprinted with quercetin demonstrated high selectivity to morine (a structural analogue of quercetin of the flavonol class) and caffeine. At that it is shown that quercetin can be used as a pseudotemplate for the separation and preconcentration of naringenin (a representative of flavanones) and rutin (a representative of flavonols). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 0.005% and 0.01% morin treatment was applied to treat mango fruits stored under ambient conditions (25 ± 1 °C) with 85–90% relative humidity, and the effects on quality indexes, enzyme activity related to antioxidation and cell wall degradation, and gene expressions involved in ripening and senescence were explored. The results indicate that a 0.01% morin application effectively delayed fruit softening and yellowing and sustained the nutritional quality. After 12 days of storage, the contents of soluble sugar and carotenoid in the treatment groups were 68.54 mg/g and 11.20 mg/100 g, respectively, lower than those in control, while the vitamin C content in the treatment groups was 0.58 mg/g, higher than that in control. Moreover, a morin application successively enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), but reduced the activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL). Finally, real-time PCR and correlation analysis suggested that morin downregulated the ethylene biosynthesis (ACS and, ACO) and signal transduction (ETR1, ERS1, EIN2, and ERF1) genes, which is positively associated with softening enzymes (LOX, EXP, βGal, and EG), carotenoid synthesis enzymes (PSY and, LCYB), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expressions. Therefore, a 0.01% morin treatment might efficiently retard mango fruit ripening and senescence to sustain external and nutritional quality through ethylene-related pathways, which indicates its preservation application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: After lung cancer, breast cancer is the main cause of death from cancer among women. Aromatase is a key enzyme involved in the development of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, which catalyzes the final stage of estrogen biosynthesis from the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone, and can be a promising target in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. In this study, the effects of morin and its analogues on aromatase enzyme were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, for bioinformatics assessment, the 3D structure of morin analogues (15 compounds), the standard drug (anastrozole) and aromatase enzyme were obtained from PubChem and PDB databases, respectively. Molecular docking studies in relation to the effects of the compounds on the aromatase enzyme were performed using MOE-2014 software. Then the physicochemical properties and biological activity of the compounds were predicted using Swiss ADME, PASS and Swiss Target Prediction browsers. Results: The findings of the present study showed that morin analogues were non-toxic and favorable in terms of physicochemical properties. Also, all morin analogues were capable of inhibiting the aromatase enzyme. The best docking results belonged to galangin, morin, quercetin and rhamnetin compounds with strong binding energy (-13.90 to -14.79 kcal/mol) compared to anastrozole. The prediction coefficient of biological activities of these compounds was 0.175 to 0.952. Proteases, kinases, oxidoreductases, cytochrome P450 and lyases were the main predicted targets for all proposed compounds in the study. Conclusion: Based on the results of bioinformatics studies, morin analogues, because of their suitable placement in the active site of the aromatase, provide more effective inhibition than the standard chemical drug and can be good candidates for hormone-dependent breast cancer treatment in the in vitro and in vivo studies.

Objective(s): In the present study, it was evaluated whether morin has a protective effect on testicular toxicity caused by ifosfamide (IFOS), which is used in the treatment of various malignancies. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 100 or 200 mg/kg morin was given to Sprague Dawley rats for 2 days, and a single dose (500 mg/kg) IFOS was administered on the 2nd day. At the 24th hr of IFOS administration, animals were decapitated and testicular tissues were taken and the status of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), autophagy, and apoptosis markers were analyzed by biochemical, molecular, and histopathological methods.Results: According to the data obtained, it was determined that IFOS caused oxidative stress in testicular tissues. It was observed that inflammation, ERS, autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative DNA damage occurred with oxidative stress. Morin treatment suppressed oxidative stress. Morin showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing TNF-α and IL-1β protein levels. It also increased the mRNA transcript levels of the ERS marker ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP-78, and CHOP genes, and the apoptosis marker genes Bax, Casp-3, and apaf-1. It up-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 gene and the cell survival signal AKT-2 gene. Morin caused a decrease in beclin-1 protein levels and showed an anti-autophagic effect. In addition, morin attenuated oxidative DNA damage and decreased 8-OHdG immune-positive cell numbers.Conclusion: As a result, it was observed that IFOS caused cellular damage by activating various signaling pathways in testicular tissue, while morin exhibited protective properties against this damage.

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide. The article aims to review the therapeutic perspective on natural antioxidants, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics in management and cure of COVID‐19/ SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We conducted a literature search including World Health Organization and National Institute of Health guidelines and clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov limited to antioxidants in COVID‐19 management. Elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with underlying health conditions or multiple comorbidities have a high mortality rate. Disrupted redox homeostasis and oxidative stress seem to be biological pathways that may increase personal vulnerability to infection. Antioxidants like vitamins C, D, E, epigallocatechin‐3 gallate, and morin have been reported to protect against COVID‐19 disease. Reactive oxygen species are immunological regulatory elements of viral replication. Natural antioxidants exhibit potential action in preventing inflammation and organ dysfunction during viral infection. They also increase glutathione level, oxygenation rate, and immunological responses in the treatment of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. No wonder the selection of prevention, treatment, and cure of COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly depends upon the antiviral and immunoregulatory activity which they possess. Yet, their efficacy against COVID‐19 is of great concern and demands extensive study.