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Misfire phenomena in a discharge circuit composed of a capacitor and thyristor were investigated for operating frequencies to 198 Hz. Misfire was found to occur in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) capacitor circuits at low temperatures, whereas polypropylene (PP) capacitor circuits did not misfire under any conditions. Transient currents in the range 1 mA to 40 A were measured using a digital oscilloscope. A PET capacitor was shown to discharge initially with a given time constant, but subsequently discharge at a lower rate, extending the discharge period. It is this delayed gradual decay that causes misfire, and it is associated with residual charges trapped in the bulk of the PET film. The correlation between the transient discharge current and dielectric dispersion in PET and PP capacitors was investigated over a wide frequency range with the aid of the Debye model for dipolar polarization. It was found that the time dependence of the discharge current is related closely to the broad distribution of dipole relaxation time, with a discrepancy between the discharge current and the dielectric response attributed to charge trapping.

We demonstrated pulmonary arteriolar blood flow-mediated CO 2 gas excretion in rabbit lungs. The shear stress stimulation produced CO 2 gas in cultured human endothelial cells of pulmonary arterioles via the activation of F 1 /F o ATP synthase. To confirm the findings in human subjects undergoing the operation with heart-lung machines, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a stepwise switch, from a partial to a complete cardiopulmonary bypass, of the circulatory blood volume (BV, 100% = 2.4 × cardiac index), on the end-expiratory CO 2 pressure (PetCO 2 ), maximal flow velocity in the pulmonary artery (Max Vp), the inner diameter (ID) of pulmonary artery, pulmonary arterial CO 2 pressure (P mix v CO 2 ), pulmonary arterial O 2 pressure (P mix v O 2 ), hematocrit (Hct), pH, the concentration of HCO 3 - , and base excess (BE) in mixed venous blood in 9 patients with a mean age of 72.3 ± 3.4 years. In addition, the effects of the decrease in Hct infused with physiological saline solution (PSS) on PetCO 2 were investigated in the human subjects. An approximately linear relationship between the PetCO 2 and Max Vp was observed. The pumping out of 100% BV produced little or no change in the Hct, pH, P mix v CO 2 , and P mix v O 2 , respectively. The hemodilution produced by intravenous infusion of PSS caused a significant decrease in the Hct, but not in the PetCO 2 . In conclusion, another route of CO 2 gas excretion, independent of red blood cells, may be involved in human lungs., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

We previously constructed a perspiration ratemeter for the measurement of palmar sweating in human subjects. Although galvanic skin response (GSR) has been used to evaluate emotional responses in human subjects, little is known about the relationships between the phasic and baseline components in GSR and active palmar sweating. From the aforementioned, we aimed to investigate the relationships in human subjects with handgrip exercise and eyes closing or opening. Fifteen healthy volunteers (mean age: 26.9 ± 8.7 years) participated in the present experiments. We investigated the effects of maximal handgrip exercise, eyes closing or opening, and self-awareness of drowsy on the GSR, active palmar sweating, R-R interval in electrocardiograph (ECG), and percentage of α wave in EEG. The faster phasic component in GSR completely agreed with the starting point of active palmar sweating. Handgrip exercise induced significantly faster spike in GSR, active palmar sweating, and decrease in R-R interval in ECG. Eyes closing produced significant decreases in baseline GSR and active palmar sweating in all human subjects. The percentage of α wave in electroencephalograph (EEG) also increased. In contrast, eyes opening increased significantly the baseline GSR and active palmar sweating. In the equivalent electrical model of human skin, the eyes closing-mediated time-dependent decrease in the baseline GSR completely agreed with the hypothesis that the palmar skin voltage only in the model decreased time dependently to 0.4 of the control during 6 min. The self-awareness of drowsy in mid-night working with computer produced similar decreases in baseline GSR and active palmar sweating to the responses with eyes closing in all human subjects. In conclusion, the faster spike in GSR completely agreed with the starting point of active palmar sweating. Eyes closing and opening or self-awareness of drowsy significantly produced changes in baseline GSR and active palmar sweating, which may become useful tools for evaluating clearness or drowsiness in human subjects., Competing Interests: HM was employed by company SKINOS Co., Ltd. NM and EI were employed by company Rubycon Co., Ltd. SK was employed by company NEC Solution Innovators Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Momose, Morimitsu, Ikeda, Kanai, Sakaguchi and Ohhashi.)