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1. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author

Le Quéré, C, Moriarty, R, Andrew, RM, Canadell, JG, Sitch, S, Korsbakken, JI, Friedlingstein, P, Peters, GP, Andres, RJ, Boden, TA, Houghton, RA, House, JI, Keeling, RF, Tans, P, Arneth, A, Bakker, DCE, Barbero, L, Bopp, L, Chang, J, Chevallier, F, Chini, LP, Ciais, P, Fader, M, Feely, RA, Gkritzalis, T, Harris, I, Hauck, J, Ilyina, T, Jain, AK, Kato, E, Kitidis, V, Klein Goldewijk, K, Koven, C, Landschützer, P, Lauvset, SK, Lefèvre, N, Lenton, A, Lima, ID, Metzl, N, Millero, F, Munro, DR, Murata, A, S. Nabel, JEM, Nakaoka, S, Nojiri, Y, O'Brien, K, Olsen, A, Ono, T, Pérez, FF, Pfeil, B, Pierrot, D, Poulter, B, Rehder, G, Rödenbeck, C, Saito, S, Schuster, U, Schwinger, J, Séférian, R, Steinhoff, T, Stocker, BD, Sutton, AJ, Takahashi, T, Tilbrook, B, Van Der Laan-Luijkx, IT, Van Der Werf, GR, Van Heuven, S, Vandemark, D, Viovy, N, Wiltshire, A, Zaehle, S, and Zeng, N

Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005-2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yrg'1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yrg'1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yrg'1 that took place during 2005-2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yrg'1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yrg'1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005-2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of g'0.6 [range of g'1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870-2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2015).

Published
2015

2. Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO.sub.2 gradient

Author

Ciais, P., Tan, J., Wang, X., Roedenbeck, C., Chevallier, F., Piao, S.-L., and Moriarty, R.

Subjects
Carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects -- Natural history, Carbon cycle -- Natural history -- Environmental aspects, Oceans, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The global land and ocean carbon sinks have increased proportionally with increasing carbon dioxide emissions during the past decades.sup.1. It is thought that Northern Hemisphere lands make a dominant contribution to the global land carbon sink.sup.2-7; however, the long-term trend of the northern land sink remains uncertain. Here, using measurements of the interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1958 to 2016, we show that the northern land sink remained stable between the 1960s and the late 1980s, then increased by 0.5 [plus or minus] 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year during the 1990s and by 0.6 [plus or minus] 0.5 petagrams of carbon per year during the 2000s. The increase of the northern land sink in the 1990s accounts for 65% of the increase in the global land carbon flux during that period. The subsequent increase in the 2000s is larger than the increase in the global land carbon flux, suggesting a coincident decrease of carbon uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparison of our findings with the simulations of an ensemble of terrestrial carbon models.sup.5,8 over the same period suggests that the decadal change in the northern land sink between the 1960s and the 1990s can be explained by a combination of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate variability and changes in land cover. However, the increase during the 2000s is underestimated by all models, which suggests the need for improved consideration of changes in drivers such as nitrogen deposition, diffuse light and land-use change. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of Northern Hemispheric land as a carbon sink. Measurements of the interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric carbon dioxide show that the Northern Hemisphere carbon land sink remained stable between the 1960s and the late 1980s, then increased during the 1990s and 2000s., Author(s): P. Ciais [sup.1] [sup.2] , J. Tan [sup.2] , X. Wang [sup.2] , C. Roedenbeck [sup.3] , F. Chevallier [sup.1] , S.-L. Piao [sup.2] [sup.4] , R. Moriarty [sup.5] [...]

Published
2019
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4. PERT Planning for Physical Educational Facilities.

Author

Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Ottawa (Ontario). and Moriarty, R. J.

Abstract

Because of the high degree of interest in education and physical education in Canada, there has been a phenomenal growth in physical education facilities. Physical educators must become facility specialists in order to contribute to the planning, procurement, and utilization of the new complexes that are being developed. Among the most difficult tasks in developing facilities are justification, recording of details of facilities visited, and the manipulation and orientation of areas in a projected facility. In order to alleviate these difficulties, the facility planning team at the University of Windsor developed three main items: (1) the Survey Check List, which provides a structured comprehensive approach for recording details of existing or projected facilities; (2) the template for outdoor athletic facilities, which provides a scaled guide to assist in recording playing areas, dimensions, and orientation; and (3) the transparent floor planning kit, which consists of transparent plastic sheets over graph paper and various colored, china, flexible pencils which can be used in conjunction with the template to develop the preliminary floor plans and to show the basic orientation from court or floor to floor in an evolving facility. In those situations where a major project is undertaken and the importance of getting the job done with the least expenditure of valuable human and physical resources is paramount, the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) is an appropriate system. (Author/EA)

Published
1973

8. Vaccination rates in cochlear implant patients: a review of paediatric recipients.

Author

Rose, O, Moriarty, R, Brown, C, Teagle, H, and Neeff, M

Subjects
*COCHLEAR implants, *INFLUENZA vaccines, *POLYSACCHARIDES, *IMMUNIZATION, *HAEMOPHILUS disease vaccines, *PEDIATRICS, *ACQUISITION of data, *RETROSPECTIVE studies, *DISEASE incidence, *PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines, *MEDICAL protocols, *RISK assessment, *MEDICAL records, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *SEASONAL influenza, *MENINGITIS, *LONGITUDINAL method, *DISEASE risk factors, *CHILDREN
Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether children with cochlear implants received the recommended vaccinations according to New Zealand national immunisation guidelines and to report the incidence of meningitis in this population after intervention. Method: A retrospective review of the vaccination coverage of paediatric patients receiving cochlear implants between 2005 and 2019 was performed. Results: Data were collected on 203 children. Evidence of immunisation against Haemophilus influenza B was documented in 94.1 per cent of this cohort and 21.2 per cent received the seasonal influenza vaccine. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was fully administered in 81.8 per cent of children; however, only 16.9 per cent of eligible children had received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. There was marked improvement in compliance to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine once it became fully funded for cochlear implant patients. Conclusion: Despite established guidelines, the paediatric vaccination rates were less than expected. Work is in progress to address this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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14. Global carbon budget 2014

Author

Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, and Leerstoel Aarts

Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, andterrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the globalcarbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and projectfuture climate change. Here we describe datasets and a methodology toquantify all major components of the global carbon budget, includingtheir uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data,algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by abroad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previousestimates, consistency within and among components, alongsidemethodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossilfuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based onenergy statistics and cement production data, respectively, whileemissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), mainly deforestation,are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fireactivity associated with deforestation, and models. The globalatmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and itsrate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes inconcentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) isbased on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies andtrends are estimated with ocean models. The variability inSOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys ofocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrialCO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference ofthe other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results ofindependent Dynamic Global Vegetation Models forced by observed climate,CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carboninteractions). We compare the variability and mean land and ocean fluxesto estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broadlatitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ,reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates ofeach component of the global carbon budget. For the last decadeavailable (2004-2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtCyr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1,GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, contining the growthtrend in these emissions. ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtCyr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1 and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtCyr-1. GATM was high in 2013 reflecting a steadyincrease in EFF and smaller and opposite changes betweenSOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade(2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate thatEFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtCin 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% aboveemissions in 1990, based on projections of World Gross Domestic Productand recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. From thisprojection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014,about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paperdocuments changes in the methods and datasets used in this new carbonbudget compared with previous publications of this living dataset (LeQuéré et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented herecan be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center(doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014). Italic font highlights significant methodological changesand results compared to the Le Quéré et al. (2015)manuscript that accompanies the previous version of this living data.

Published
2015

15. Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient.

Author

Ciais, P., Tan, J., Wang, X., Roedenbeck, C., Chevallier, F., Piao, S.-L., Moriarty, R., Broquet, G., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Peng, S., Poulter, B., Liu, Z., and Tans, P.

Abstract

The global land and ocean carbon sinks have increased proportionally with increasing carbon dioxide emissions during the past decades1. It is thought that Northern Hemisphere lands make a dominant contribution to the global land carbon sink2–7; however, the long-term trend of the northern land sink remains uncertain. Here, using measurements of the interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1958 to 2016, we show that the northern land sink remained stable between the 1960s and the late 1980s, then increased by 0.5 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year during the 1990s and by 0.6 ± 0.5 petagrams of carbon per year during the 2000s. The increase of the northern land sink in the 1990s accounts for 65% of the increase in the global land carbon flux during that period. The subsequent increase in the 2000s is larger than the increase in the global land carbon flux, suggesting a coincident decrease of carbon uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparison of our findings with the simulations of an ensemble of terrestrial carbon models5,8 over the same period suggests that the decadal change in the northern land sink between the 1960s and the 1990s can be explained by a combination of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate variability and changes in land cover. However, the increase during the 2000s is underestimated by all models, which suggests the need for improved consideration of changes in drivers such as nitrogen deposition, diffuse light and land-use change. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of Northern Hemispheric land as a carbon sink. Measurements of the interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric carbon dioxide show that the Northern Hemisphere carbon land sink remained stable between the 1960s and the late 1980s, then increased during the 1990s and 2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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16. Global carbon budget 2014

Author

Canadell, J. G., Tilbrook, B., Raupach, M. R., House, J. I., Salisbury, J. E., Keeling, R. F., Steinhoff, T., Moriarty, R., Wanninkhof, R., Lenton, A., Andrew, R. M., Poulter, B., Koven, C., Schuster, U., Peters, G. P., Landa, C. S., Arneth, A., Bopp, L., Johannessen, T., Bozec, Y., Wang, Y.-P., Cosca, C. E., Ciais, P., Mathis, J. T., Tans, P., Viovy, N., Harris, I., Landschützer, P., Lima, I. D., Takahashi, T., Friedlingstein, P., Jain, A. K., Metzl, N., Regnier, P., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jones, S. D., Le Quéré, C., Chevallier, F., Sitch, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Marland, G., Boden, T. A., Ono, T., Houghton, R. A., Peters, W., Kato, E., Nojiri, Y., Peng, S., Wiltshire, A., Chini, L. P., Rödenbeck, C., Segschneider, J., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Sutton, A. J., Zeng, N., Van Der Werf, G. R., Stocker, Benjamin, Séférian, R., Pfeil, B., and Kitidis, V.

Subjects
530 Physics
Published
2015
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17. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C E, Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., Harper, A., Harris, I., House, J. I., Jain, A. K., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, A., Koven, C., Lefèvre, N., Maignan, F., Omar, A., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Segschneider, J., Stocker, B. D., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Van Heuven, S., Viovy, N., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ , reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6±0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3±0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.5±0.5 GtC yr -1, and SLAND 2.8±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7±0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0±0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7±0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52±0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1- 3.1 %) to 9.9±0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy.With this projection, cumulative emissions ofCO2 will reach about 535±55 GtC for 1870-2013, about 70% from EFF (390±20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145±50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2013-V2.3).

Published
2014

18. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Omar, A., Tans, P., Kato, E., Tilbrook, B., Jones, S. D., House, J. I., Boden, T. A., Peters, G. P., Pfeil, B., Stocker, B. D., Harris, I., Wiltshire, A., Raupach, M. R., Canadell, J. G., Schwinger, J., Arneth, A., Poulter, B., Ono, T., Lefèvre, N., Körtzinger, A., Park, G.-H., Saito, S., Le Quéré, C., Maignan, F., Keeling, R. F., Harper, A., Andrew, R. M., Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Regnier, P., Doney, S. C., Ciais, P., Houghton, R. A., Van Heuven, S., Bopp, L., Zaehle, S., Viovy, N., Arvanitis, A., Jain, A. K., Marland, G., Chini, L. P., Sitch, S., Moriarty, R., Friedlingstein, P., Andres, R. J., Klein Goldewijk, K., Rödenbeck, C., Koven, C., Takahashi, T., and Segschneider, J.

Subjects
530 Physics
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003–2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr − 1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr − 1, S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr − 1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr − 1, SOCEANwas 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1, and assuming an ELU Cof 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1 (based on the 2001–2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr − 1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003–2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 con- centration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1–3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870–2013, about 70 % from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30 % from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Published
2014
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20. Dexmedetomidine, high-flow nasal oxygen and sugammadex-reversal of rocuronium: overcoming anaesthetic challenges in a parturient with congenital muscular dystrophy presenting for caesarean section.

Author

Creaney, M., Moriarty, RM., Milner, M., Murphy, C., and Moriarty, R M

Abstract

Congenital muscular dystrophies are characterised by progressive skeletal muscle weakness from birth or early infancy. Maternal respiratory compromise, joint contractures and presence of spinal instrumentation or fusion are some of the anaesthetic challenges that may be encountered in the obstetric setting. The choice of anaesthetic technique for surgical delivery needs to be considered on an individual basis. Multidisciplinary involvement is paramount to optimise peripartum care and outcomes. In this case report, we present the use of dexmedetomidine, humidified high-flow nasal oxygen, rocuronium and sugammadex in the anaesthetic management of a wheelchair-bound, non-invasive bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation-dependent parturient with congenital muscular dystrophy, who was presenting for caesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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21. MAREDAT: towards a World Ocean Atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa

Author

Buitenhuis, E. T., Vogt, M., Moriarty, R., Bednaršek, N., Doney, S. C., Leblanc, K., Le Quéré, C., Luo, Y.-W., O'Brien, C., O'Brien, T., Peloquin, J., Schiebel, R., Swan, C., University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and School of Environmental Sciences, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique - Angers (LPG-ANGERS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 14. Life underwater, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We present a summary of biomass data for 11 Plankton Functional Types (PFTs) plus phytoplankton pigment data, compiled as part of the MARine Ecosystem biomass DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. The goal of the MAREDAT initiative is to provide global gridded data products with coverage of all biological components of the global ocean ecosystem. This special issue is the first step towards achieving this. The PFTs presented here include picophytoplankton, diazotrophs, coccolithophores, Phaeocystis, diatoms, picoheterotrophs, microzooplankton, foraminifers, mesozooplankton, pteropods and macrozooplankton. All variables have been gridded onto a World Ocean Atlas (WOA) grid (1° × 1° × 33 vertical levels × monthly climatologies). The data show that (1) the global total heterotrophic biomass (2.0–6.4 Pg C) is at least as high as the total autotrophic biomass (0.5–2.6 Pg C excluding nanophytoplankton and autotrophic dinoflagellates), (2) the biomass of zooplankton calcifiers (0.9–2.3 Pg C) is substantially higher than that of coccolithophores (0.01–0.14 Pg C), (3) patchiness of biomass distribution increases with organism size, and (4) although zooplankton biomass measurements below 200 m are rare, the limited measurements available suggest that Bacteria and Archaea are not the only heterotrophs in the deep sea. More data will be needed to characterize ocean ecosystem functioning and associated biogeochemistry in the Southern Hemisphere and below 200 m. Microzooplankton database: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779970.

Published
2012
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22. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author

Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.

Published
2015

23. Global carbon budget 2014

Author

Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, Leerstoel Aarts, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Environmental Sciences, LS Economische Geschiedenis, Leerstoel Aarts, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zeng, N.

Published
2015

24. Estimating gas saturation and recharge temperature for the abyssal ocean

Author

Loose, B., Jenkins, W., Moriarty, R., Brown, P. J., Jullion, L., Meredith, M., Naveira Garabato, A., Torres-Valdes, S., Hoppema, Mario, Loose, B., Jenkins, W., Moriarty, R., Brown, P. J., Jullion, L., Meredith, M., Naveira Garabato, A., Torres-Valdes, S., and Hoppema, Mario

Published
2015

25. Supplementary material to "Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles"

Author

Le Quéré, C., primary, Buitenhuis, E. T., additional, Moriarty, R., additional, Alvain, S., additional, Aumont, O., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Chollet, S., additional, Enright, C., additional, Franklin, D. J., additional, Geider, R. J., additional, Harrison, S. P., additional, Hirst, A., additional, Larsen, S., additional, Legendre, L., additional, Platt, T., additional, Prentice, I. C., additional, Rivkin, R. B., additional, Sathyendranath, S., additional, Stephens, N., additional, Vogt, M., additional, Sailley, S., additional, and Vallina, S. M., additional

Published
2015
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26. Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles

Author

Le Quéré, C., primary, Buitenhuis, E. T., additional, Moriarty, R., additional, Alvain, S., additional, Aumont, O., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Chollet, S., additional, Enright, C., additional, Franklin, D. J., additional, Geider, R. J., additional, Harrison, S. P., additional, Hirst, A., additional, Larsen, S., additional, Legendre, L., additional, Platt, T., additional, Prentice, I. C., additional, Rivkin, R. B., additional, Sathyendranath, S., additional, Stephens, N., additional, Vogt, M., additional, Sailley, S., additional, and Vallina, S. M., additional

Published
2015
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27. Iminosugar for treatment of tumors

Author

Dwek, R, Buzgariu, W, Hirtopeanu, A, Moriarty, R, Negriou, G, Nichita, N, NICHITA, L, Zitzmann, N, and Zdrentu, L

Abstract

The present application relates to treatment of tumors and, more particularly, to treatment of tumors with iminosugars.

Published
2008

28. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Environmental Sciences, Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C E, Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., Harper, A., Harris, I., House, J. I., Jain, A. K., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, A., Koven, C., Lefèvre, N., Maignan, F., Omar, A., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Segschneider, J., Stocker, B. D., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Van Heuven, S., Viovy, N., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., Environmental Sciences, Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C E, Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., Harper, A., Harris, I., House, J. I., Jain, A. K., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, A., Koven, C., Lefèvre, N., Maignan, F., Omar, A., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Segschneider, J., Stocker, B. D., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Van Heuven, S., Viovy, N., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zaehle, S.

Published
2014

29. Global carbon budget 2014

Author

Le Quéré, C., primary, Moriarty, R., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Peters, G. P., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Boden, T. A., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Cosca, C. E., additional, Harris, I., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Koven, C., additional, Landa, C. S., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lenton, A., additional, Lima, I. D., additional, Marland, G., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Peters, W., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J. E., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Séférian, R., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van der Werf, G. R., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wang, Y.-P., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, and Zeng, N., additional

Published
2014
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30. Supplementary material to "Global carbon budget 2014"

Author

Le Quéré, C., primary, Moriarty, R., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Peters, G. P., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Boden, T. A., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Cosca, C. E., additional, Harris, I., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Koven, C., additional, Landa, C. S., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lenton, A., additional, Lima, I. D., additional, Marland, G., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Peters, W., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J. E., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Séférian, R., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van der Werf, G. R., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wang, Y.-P., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, and Zeng, N., additional

Published
2014
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32. Distribution of known macrozooplankton abundance and biomass in the global ocean

Author

Moriarty, R., Buitenhuis, E. T., Le Quere, C, Gosselin, M.-P., Moriarty, R., Buitenhuis, E. T., Le Quere, C, and Gosselin, M.-P.

Abstract

Macrozooplankton are an important link between higher and lower trophic levels in the oceans. They serve as the primary food for fish, reptiles, birds and mammals in some regions, and play a role in the export of carbon from the surface to the intermediate and deep ocean. Little, however, is known of their global distribution and biomass. Here we compiled a dataset of macrozooplankton abundance and biomass observations for the global ocean from a collection of four datasets. We harmonise the data to common units, calculate additional carbon biomass where possible, and bin the dataset in a global 1 × 1 degree grid. This dataset is part of a wider effort to provide a global picture of carbon biomass data for key plankton functional types, in particular to support the development of marine ecosystem models. Over 387 700 abundance data and 1330 carbon biomass data have been collected from pre-existing datasets. A further 34 938 abundance data were converted to carbon biomass data using species-specific length frequencies or using species-specific abundance to carbon biomass data. Depth-integrated values are used to calculate known epipelagic macrozooplankton biomass concentrations and global biomass. Global macrozooplankton biomass, to a depth of 350 m, has a mean of 8.4 μg C L−1, median of 0.2 μg C L−1 and a standard deviation of 63.5 μg C L−1. The global annual average estimate of macrozooplankton biomass in the top 350 m, based on the median value, is 0.02 Pg C. There are, however, limitations on the dataset; abundance observations have good coverage except in the South Pacific mid-latitudes, but biomass observation coverage is only good at high latitudes. Biomass is restricted to data that is originally given in carbon or to data that can be converted from abundance to carbon. Carbon conversions from abundance are restricted by the lack of information on the size of the organism and/or the absence of taxonomic information. Distribution patterns of global macrozoopla

Published
2013

33. Antarctic deep water rates of export(ANDREX)

Author

Naveira Garabato, A., Abrahamsen, P., Bacon, S., Bakker, D., Ballentine, C., Brown, P., Hoppema, Mario, Jenkins, B., Jullion, L., Loose, B., Meredith, M., Messias, M.-J., Moriarty, R., Morris, P., Sanders, R., Torres-Valdes, S., Venables, H., Watson, A., Brousseau, A., Castro-Morales, K., Chollet, S., Cunningham, N., Darlington, E., Jones, E., Jones, S., Kaczmarska, A., Kaiser, J., Lauderdale, J., Longworth, B., Persechino, A., Renner, A., Scally, S., Telszewski, M., Woodward, S., Naveira Garabato, A., Abrahamsen, P., Bacon, S., Bakker, D., Ballentine, C., Brown, P., Hoppema, Mario, Jenkins, B., Jullion, L., Loose, B., Meredith, M., Messias, M.-J., Moriarty, R., Morris, P., Sanders, R., Torres-Valdes, S., Venables, H., Watson, A., Brousseau, A., Castro-Morales, K., Chollet, S., Cunningham, N., Darlington, E., Jones, E., Jones, S., Kaczmarska, A., Kaiser, J., Lauderdale, J., Longworth, B., Persechino, A., Renner, A., Scally, S., Telszewski, M., and Woodward, S.

Published
2011

34. Antarctic Deep Water Rates of Export (ANDREX)

Author

Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A., Bacon, S., Morris, P., Sanders, R., Meredith, M., Bakker, D., Messias, M. J., Watson, A., Brown, P., Ballentine, C., Moriarty, R., Jenkins, B., Hoppema, Mario, Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A., Bacon, S., Morris, P., Sanders, R., Meredith, M., Bakker, D., Messias, M. J., Watson, A., Brown, P., Ballentine, C., Moriarty, R., Jenkins, B., and Hoppema, Mario

Published
2010

35. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Le Quéré, C., primary, Peters, G. P., additional, Andres, R. J., additional, Andrew, R. M., additional, Boden, T., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Friedlingstein, P., additional, Houghton, R. A., additional, Marland, G., additional, Moriarty, R., additional, Sitch, S., additional, Tans, P., additional, Arneth, A., additional, Arvanitis, A., additional, Bakker, D. C. E., additional, Bopp, L., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chini, L. P., additional, Doney, S. C., additional, Harper, A., additional, Harris, I., additional, House, J. I., additional, Jain, A. K., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Kato, E., additional, Keeling, R. F., additional, Klein Goldewijk, K., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Koven, C., additional, Lefèvre, N., additional, Omar, A., additional, Ono, T., additional, Park, G.-H., additional, Pfeil, B., additional, Poulter, B., additional, Raupach, M. R., additional, Regnier, P., additional, Rödenbeck, C., additional, Saito, S., additional, Schwinger, J., additional, Segschneider, J., additional, Stocker, B. D., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, van Heuven, S., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, Wiltshire, A., additional, Zaehle, S., additional, and Yue, C., additional

Published
2013
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37. MAREDAT: towards a world atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa

Author

Buitenhuis, E. T., primary, Vogt, M., additional, Moriarty, R., additional, Bednaršek, N., additional, Doney, S. C., additional, Leblanc, K., additional, Le Quéré, C., additional, Luo, Y.-W., additional, O'Brien, C., additional, O'Brien, T., additional, Peloquin, J., additional, Schiebel, R., additional, and Swan, C., additional

Published
2013
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40. Prevention of preneoplastic mammary lesion development by a novel vitamin D analogue, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D5

Author

Mehta, R. G., Moriarty, R. M., Mehta, R. R., Penmasta, R., Lazzaro, G., Constantinou, Andreas I., Guo, L., and Constantinou, Andreas I. [0000-0003-0365-1821]

Subjects
Male, calcitriol, 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, transforming growth factor beta1, antineoplastic activity, animal tissue, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Mice, breast cancer, Organ Culture Techniques, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Animals, controlled study, rat, Vitamin D, Mice, Inbred BALB C, 24 ethylcholecalciferol, nonhuman, cancer prevention, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, 1alpha hydroxyvitamin d5, Hydroxycholecalciferols, vitamin d derivative, animal model, article, chemoprophylaxis, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, colecalciferol derivative, vitamin d receptor, unclassified drug, Rats, drug efficacy, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, female, concentration response, Receptors, Calcitriol, Calcium
Abstract

Background: The form of vitamin D (vitamin D3) in fortified milk and the provitamin D produced by the body undergo metabolic activation to a biologically active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3]. This compound can induce cell differentiation and can prevent proliferation of cancer cells. However, because 1α,25(OH)2D3 is hypercalcemic (effective in increasing serum calcium level), it is not suitable for use in cancer prevention or cancer therapy trials. Purpose: We synthesized a vitamin D5 series analogue, 1α-hydroxy, 24-ethyl-cholecalciferol, or 1α-hydroxyvitamin D5 [1α(OH)D5], and evaluated its chemopreventive activity in carcinogen- treated mammary glands in organ culture experiments. Methods: The analogue 1α(OH)D5 was synthesized from sitosterol acetate and was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. Its purity was evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The calcemic activities of vitamin D3 and D5 analogues were determined in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary glands of BALB/c mice were placed in organ culture and treated with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to induce preneoplastic lesions. Vitamin D analogues were added to the culture medium at four different concentrations, and formation of mammary lesions was evaluated. The effects of 1α(OH)D5 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Statistical significance was determined by the chi- squared test. All reported P values were two-sided. Results: 1α,25(OH)2D3 was fourfold more calcemic than 1α(OH)D5 at a dose of 0.042 μg/kg per day in rats. Both 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 1α(OH)D5 inhibited the development of DMBA-induced preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary glands compared with untreated glands. The effect of the vitamin D3 analogue was observed at a much lower concentration (0.01 μM). Treatment with 1α(OH)D5 resulted in a dose-related (0.01-10.0 μM) inhibition without any toxicity, whereas the vitamin D3 analogue was highly potent but toxic at concentrations of 1.0 μM or higher. Normal mouse mammary glands poorly express VDR and TGF-β1 incubation with 1α(OH)D5 or 1α,25(OH)2D3 dramatically induced their expression. Conclusions: This is the first report showing the possibility of chemoprevention by a vitamin D5 series compound. We conclude that 1α(OH)D5 is less calcemic than 1α,25(OH)2D3. It is nontoxic at a wide range of concentrations, but it is potent in inhibiting the development of preneoplastic lesions in mammary glands in organ culture. In addition, we show for the first time the induction of TGF-β1 in normal mammary tissues by a chemopreventive agent. Implications: 1α(OH)D5 is a good candidate for in vivo chemoprevention studies. It may mediate its action by inducing expression of VDR and of TGF-β1, as is seen in other systems. 89 212 218 Manufacturers: sigma, United States Cited By :83

Published
1997

41. MAREDAT: towards a World Ocean Atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa

Author

Buitenhuis, E. T., primary, Vogt, M., additional, Moriarty, R., additional, Bednaršek, N., additional, Doney, S. C., additional, Leblanc, K., additional, Le Quéré, C., additional, Luo, Y.-W., additional, O'Brien, C., additional, O'Brien, T., additional, Peloquin, J., additional, Schiebel, R., additional, and Swan, C., additional

Published
2012
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44. Tev Gamma-ray observations of the galactic center

Author

Kosack, K., Badran, H. M., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Celik, O., Connaughton, V., Cui, W., Daniel, M., D'Vall, M., Perez, I. D. L., Duke, C., Falcone, A., Fegan, D. J., Fegan, S. J., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L. F., Gaidos, J. A., Gammell, S., Gibbs, K., Gillanders, G. H., Grube, J., Gutierrez, K., Hall, J., Hall, T. A., Hanna, D., Hillas, A. M., Holder, J., Horan, D., Jarvis, A., Jordan, M., Kenny, G. E., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Kildea, J., Knapp, J., Krawczynski, H., Krennrich, F., Lang, M. J., Le Bohec, S., Linton, E., Lloyd-Evans, J., Milovanovic, A., McEnery, J., Moriarty, R., Muller, D., Nagai, T., Nolan, S., Ong, R. A., Pallassini, R., Petry, D., Power-Mooney, B., Quinn, J., Quinn, M., Ragan, K., Rebillot, P., Reynolds, P. T., Rose, H. J., Schroedter, M., Sembroski, G. H., Swordy, S. P., Syson, A., Vassiliev, V. V., Wakely, S. P., Walker, G., Weekes, T. C., Zweerink, J., Kosack, K., Badran, H. M., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Celik, O., Connaughton, V., Cui, W., Daniel, M., D'Vall, M., Perez, I. D. L., Duke, C., Falcone, A., Fegan, D. J., Fegan, S. J., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L. F., Gaidos, J. A., Gammell, S., Gibbs, K., Gillanders, G. H., Grube, J., Gutierrez, K., Hall, J., Hall, T. A., Hanna, D., Hillas, A. M., Holder, J., Horan, D., Jarvis, A., Jordan, M., Kenny, G. E., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Kildea, J., Knapp, J., Krawczynski, H., Krennrich, F., Lang, M. J., Le Bohec, S., Linton, E., Lloyd-Evans, J., Milovanovic, A., McEnery, J., Moriarty, R., Muller, D., Nagai, T., Nolan, S., Ong, R. A., Pallassini, R., Petry, D., Power-Mooney, B., Quinn, J., Quinn, M., Ragan, K., Rebillot, P., Reynolds, P. T., Rose, H. J., Schroedter, M., Sembroski, G. H., Swordy, S. P., Syson, A., Vassiliev, V. V., Wakely, S. P., Walker, G., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J.

Abstract

We report a possible detection of TeV gamma rays from the Galactic center by the Whipple 10 m gamma-ray telescope. Twenty-six hours of data were taken over an extended period from 1995 through 2003 resulting in a total significance of 3.7 sigma. The measured excess corresponds to an integral flux of 1.6 x 10(-8) +/- 0.5 x 10(-8) (stat) +/- 0.3 x 10(-8) (sys) photons m(-2) s(-1) above an energy of 2.8 TeV, roughly 40% of the flux from the Crab Nebula at this energy. The 95% confidence region has an angular extent of about 15' and includes the position of Sgr A*. The detection is consistent with a point source and shows no evidence of variability.

Published
2004

45. Rotenoids mediate potent cancer chemopreventive activity through transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylasetissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis

Author

Gerhäuser, C., Mar, W., Lee, S. K., Suh, N., Luo, Y., Kosmeder, J., Luyengi, L., Fong, H. H. S., Kinghorn, A. D., Moriarty, R. M., Mehta, R. G., Constantinou, Andreas I., Moon, R. C., Pezzuto, J. M., and Constantinou, Andreas I. [0000-0003-0365-1821]

Subjects
Skin Neoplasms, precancer, cancer inhibition, 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, animal experiment, HL-60 Cells, Organ Culture, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, animal tissue, Mice, breast cancer, Rotenone, retinoic acid, drug mechanism, ornithine decarboxylase, controlled study, RNA, Messenger, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, deguelin, antineoplastic agent, mouse, Protein Kinase C, Cells, Cultured, cell culture, Mice, Inbred BALB C, nonhuman, cancer prevention, Animal, fungi, article, Cell Differentiation, legume, Neoplasms, Experimental, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, unclassified drug, tephrosin, priority journal, Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, Female, transcription regulation, carcinogenesis, Precancerous Conditions, Human
Abstract

For the discovery of new cancer chemopreventive agents, we have studied the potential of plant extracts to inhibit phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in cell culture. Four active rotenoids were obtained from the African plant Mundulea sericea (Leguminosae). These isolates were highly potent when evaluated for inhibition of chemically induced preneoplastic lesions in mammary organ culture and inhibition of papillomas in the two-stage mouse skin model, and they appear to function by a unique mechanism at the level of ODC messenger RNA expression. Based on our findings, rotenoids can be regarded as promising new chemopreventive or anticancer agents. © 1995 Nature Publishing Group. 1 260 266 Cited By :97

Published
1995

46. Erratum: Rotenoids mediate potent cancer chemopreventive activity through transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (Nature Medicine 1, 260-266, (1995))

Author

Gerhauser, C., Mar, W., Lee, S. K., Suh, N., Luo, Y., Kosmeder, J., Luyengi, L., Fong, H. H. S., Kinghorn, A. D., Moriarty, R. M., Mehta, R. G., Constantinou, Andreas I., Moon, R. C., Pezzuto, J. M., and Constantinou, Andreas I. [0000-0003-0365-1821]

Subjects
priority journal, erratum, error
Abstract

1 Cited By :2

Published
1995

47. Cancer chemopreventive activity of brassinin, a phytoalexin from cabbage

Author

Mehta, R. G., Liu, J., Constantinou, Andreas I., Thomas, C. F., Hawthorne, M., You, M., Gerhäuser, C., Pezzuto, J. M., Moon, R. C., Moriarty, R. M., and Constantinou, Andreas I. [0000-0003-0365-1821]

Subjects
Male, Cancer Research, Skin Neoplasms, Indoles, cyclization, skin tumor, cancer inhibition, DMBA, medicine.disease_cause, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S, Mice, vegetable protein, Anticarcinogen, antineoplastic agent, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mice, Inbred BALB C, cancer prevention, Cruciferous vegetables, Phytoalexin, article, Biological activity, General Medicine, unclassified drug, 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, female, Biochemistry, priority journal, Female, brassinin, precancer, 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, Brassica, animal tissue, phorbol 13 acetate 12 myristate, organ culture, Organ Culture Techniques, drug activity, male, Thiocarbamates, medicine, Animals, Anticarcinogenic Agents, controlled study, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, indole derivative, mouse, breast, Indole test, structure activity relation, nonhuman, Animal, skin carcinogenesis, breast carcinogenesis, tumor promotion, chemoprophylaxis, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, drug activation, drug metabolism, drug structure, chemistry, Cell culture, drug synthesis, Carcinogenesis
Abstract

Brassinin [3-(S-methyldithiocarbamoyl aminomethyl indole], a phytoalexin first identified as a constituent of cabbage, was synthesized and evaluated for cancer chemopreventive activity. Dose-dependent inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced preneoplastic lesion formation was observed with mouse mammary glands in organ culture, as was dose-dependent inhibition of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumors that were promoted by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cyclobrassinin is a biologically derived product of the oxidative cyclization of brassinin, and was as active as the parent compound in inhibiting the formation of preneoplastic mammary lesions in culture however, 2-methyibrassinin was not significantly active in this process. Therefore, oxidative cyclization may be an effective metabolic activation step. As judged by these tumor inhibition studies in conjunction with potential to induce phase II enzymes in mice or cell culture, brassinin may be effective as a chemopreventive agent during both the initiation and promotion phases of carcinogenesis. This is the first report documenting the chemopreventive potential of structurally novel indole-based phytoalexins that are naturally occurring in cruciferous vegetables, and the synthetic route described herein has proven amenable for scale-up production. The bifunctional structural nature of brassinin, bearing both an indole nucleus and a dithiocarbamoyl-aminomethyl moiety, is notably similar to the individual structural elements of other known chemopreventive agents such as indole-3-carbinol or benzylisothiocyanate. The favorable biological activity demonstrated by the compound may originate from the presence of these two moieties. © 1995 Oxford University Press. 16 399 404 Cited By :175

Published
1995

48. Structure-activity relationships of brassinin in preventing the development of carcinogen-induced mammary lesions in organ culture

Author

Mehta, R. G., Liu, J., Constantinou, Andreas I., Hawthorne, M., Pezzuto, J. M., Moon, R. C., Moriarty, R. M., and Constantinou, Andreas I. [0000-0003-0365-1821]

Subjects
dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, Indoles, Carcinogenesis, cancer inhibition, 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, Mammae, animal cell, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S, animal tissue, Mammary lesions, Organ culture, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thiocarbamates, breast lesion, Anticarcinogenic Agents, brassinin derivative, controlled study, drug induced cancer, antineoplastic agent, mouse, structure activity relation, Mice, Inbred BALB C, nonhuman, cancer prevention, Animal, Plant Extracts, skin carcinogenesis, breast carcinogenesis, article, unclassified drug, Brassinin, female, priority journal, plant extract, drug synthesis
Abstract

Brassinin, a pkytoalexin, is found in Chinese cabbage. Previously, we showed that brassinin significantly inhibited dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary lesions in organ culture. Moreover, it was an effective inhibitor against two stage skin carcinogenesis. In the present study, we synthesized several analogs of brassinin and evaluated their effectiveness in the mouse mammary gland organ culture model. Results showed that cyclobrassinin, also a naturally occurring brassinin analog, was more effective than brassinin. Spirobrassinin and N-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobrassinin also significantly inhibited mammary lesion formation. However, none of the methyl substituted analogs were effective. The effects of brassinin may, in part, be mediated by induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as quinone reductase. 14 1209 1213 Cited By :63

Published
1994

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