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La maternidad es un fenómeno cultural complejo con representaciones socialmente construidas, significados y simbolismos en torno a la mujer. El artículo propone analizar las configuraciones de violencia simbólica en la maternidad en mujeres de Lima-Perú. Siguiendo un diseño fenomenológico, se entrevistó 13 mujeres estudiantes universitarias y madres por primera vez. Luego del análisis de las entrevistas, se identificó tres categorías principales: Significados de maternidad; maternidad con decepción, vergüenza y culpa; y primero madre, luego mujer. Los principales resultados indican que los significados de mujer se relacionan a la responsabilidad y dificultad, debido a los cambios corporales y sociales. La culpa surge por las expectativas y exigencia de los otros respecto a la condición materna lo cual genera conflictos emocionales en ellas; la figura paterna instala la vergüenza y decepción en las interacciones con las participantes a partir de construcciones y estereotipos de género; así mismo las participantes perciben que la maternidad ha desplazado el ser mujer dificultando la consolidación de su identidad como tal. Se concluye que las mujeres perciben la maternidad con un sentido de culpa debido al incumplimiento de aquellas acciones validadas en base a estereotipos y concepciones hegemónicas sobre familia, sociedad y roles de esposa y madre.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la influencia del bienestar espiritual en la gratitud, el perdón y la resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Lima. Se utilizó un diseño explicativo con variables latentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 957 estudiantes universitarios (29.5 % varones y 70.5 % mujeres, de 13 universidades (públicas 22.36 % y privadas 77.64 %) de Lima Metropolitana. Se utilizaron la Escala de Bienestar Espiritual (SWBS), la Escala de Disposición al Perdón (TFS), la Escala de Gratitud (EG) y la Escala Breve de Resiliencia (EBR). Entre los hallazgos se encontró que el modelo estimado con el método DWLS permite señalar que el bienestar espiritual tiene efectos directos sobre el perdón, la gratitud y la resiliencia. A su vez, la covarianza entre perdón y gratitud fue .090 (p > .05), entre perdón y resiliencia de .236 (p < .01), y entre gratitud y resiliencia fue igual a .122 (p < .01). Se discuten la implicancias de los resultados.

La oralidad andina permite la transmisión de saberes y tradiciones de una cultura, la desvalorización de ella anula la posibilidad de un trabajo formativo intercultural. El presente artículo presenta la experiencia de una propuesta de incorporación de la literatura oral en espacios escolares con la participación de los yachaqkuna (sabios y sabias). Desde la metodología dialógica, el enfoque sociocrítico y un diseño participativo se trabajó con 15 niños y niñas de una escuela unidocente de la comunidad de Huallhua en Ayacucho, logrando una propuesta de incorporación de la oralidad en 11 sesiones distribuidas en cinco módulos a trabajar dentro de las sesiones escolares, lo que permitió revalorar la importancia de los saberes culturales, agentes de transmisión de cultura y la valoración de ser agentes que pueden construir su propio aprendizaje.

Las líricas del reggaetón acentúan diferencias basadas en estereotipos que se configuran en la sociedad a través de la violencia simbólica, donde las precepciones, valores y creencias se naturalizan a partir del imaginario colectivo impuesto desde una postura de roles sociales. El artículo analiza la violencia de género a partir de los simbolismos y significados presentados en el reggaetón, que son incorporados en la convivencia social. Los resultados muestran que en el ámbito social se perpetúan la atribución de estereotipos vinculados al poder, reconocimiento y aceptación; con énfasis en la distribución binaria del ser mujer y varón lo que se legitima constantemente en la interacción en sus entornos.

Uno de los grandes desafíos de la educación en estos tiempos es la digitalización de los contenidos y la enseñanza, para ello, es imprescindible desarrollar competencias digitales, así como habilidades más personales en los docentes y estudiantes con la finalidad de mejorar las relaciones interpersonales durante el proceso de formación profesional. Para ahondar en el conocimiento de estas variables se realiza este estudio con el objetivo de analizar la asociación entre competencias digitales sentido del humor en un grupo de 123 docentes mujeres docentes en formación preescolar de dos universidades de Lima. Los instrumentos utilizados en la recolección de datos fueron: el cuestionario de competencias digitales (Colás-Bravo, Conde-Jiménez y Reyesde, 2019) y el cuestionario abreviado de Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). Los resultados evidencian una asociación directa entre competencias digitales y sentido del humor en los docentes en formación. Se concluye que el sentido del humor al ser una variable que promueve el bienestar general de las personas a nivel psicológico también podría estar implicado en el mejoramiento de competencias profesionales de las personas.

The Lurín River is one of the main sources of water for the city of Lima. However, the discharge of domestic wastewater, the presence of dumps, and long periods of drought cause the deterioration of the water resource. In this study, DO, BOD5, E. coli, T, EC, TSS, U, and h were monitored at 13 monitoring points spread over 20 km of river influence. This information was used to calibrate the parameters of Kdbo, Kaire, Kdos, and Kdec in the Iber two-dimensional numerical model, obtaining values of 0.55 d−1, [4.84 d−1–80.65 d−1], 10 g O2 m−2d−1, and [1.49 d−1–15.42 d−1], respectively, with efficiencies ranging from “very good” to “satisfactory”. In the hydraulic model, a discretization of the channel, banks, and plains of 3, 5, and 7 m, respectively, was considered, resulting in a computational calculation time of 4 days in each simulation. The greatest contamination occurs in July at km 5 + 400 up to the Pan-American bridge. Therefore, it is proposed to recover the river by optimizing the San Bartolo Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and a new WWTP in Pachacámac to avoid diffuse contamination, with discharge flows of 0.980 m3s−1 and 0.373 m3s−1, respectively, and 4 mg L−1, 15 mg L−1 and 1000 NMP/100 mL for DO, BOD5, and E. coli, respectively.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMENEl presente estudio busca identificar la percepción que tienen los participantes de los programas de intervención comunitaria, indagando además las motivaciones y percepciones de su participación, así como elementos más resaltantes de dichos programas. En el estudio participaron 44 niños y niñas, con edades fluctuantes entre los 7 y 11 años, de los programas de intervención comunitaria de cuatro sectores de un asentamiento humano del distrito de Pachacamac, trabajados durante el periodo 2009. Mediante la aplicación de grupos focales, revisión de archivos y observaciones directas, se concluye que los participantes perciben los programas como espacios para el buen uso del tiempo libre, los mismos que motivan su participación; perciben cambios a partir del programa en los comportamientos e integración grupal y refierenque lo más resaltante de los programas son las actividades de participación grupal.ABSTRACTThe present study thinks about how to identify the perception that there have the participants of the programs of community intervention, investigating also the motivations and perceptions of their participation, as well as more beetling elements of these programs. In the study 44 children and girls took part, with fluctuating ages between 7 and 11 years, of the programs of community intervention of four sectors of a rural place in Pachacamac district, worked during 2009. By means of the application of focal groups, review of files and direct interviews, one concludes that the participants perceive the programs as spaces for the good use of the free time, the same one that motivates their participation; they perceive changes from the program in the behaviors and group integration and recount that the most beetling of the programs are the group participation activities.

El problema de deserción universitaria es complejo e incluye diversas causas. En este artículo se busca describir las razones que explican el fenómeno de la deserción universitaria en una universidad privada de la ciudad de Iquitos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 88 jóvenes que abandonaron los estudios en aquella universidad; sus edades fluctuaron entre los 18 y 25 años de edad; de ellos, el 42% fueron mujeres y el 58% fueron varones. En el presente trabajo, se analizan los datos obtenidos de los grupos focales, de las entrevistas y de la sistematización de la documentación existente. Los resultados muestran que las características institucionales serían el primer factor de deserción, seguido de los intereses vocacionales, los académicos y, finalmente, los económicos.

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gerasimov et al . claim that the ability of DM21 to respect fractional charge (FC) and fractional spin (FS) conditions outside of the training set has not been demonstrated in our paper. This is based on (i) asserting that the training set has a ~50% overlap with our bond-breaking benchmark (BBB) and (ii) questioning the validity and accuracy of our other generalization examples. We disagree with their analysis and believe that the points raised are either incorrect or not relevant to the main conclusions of the paper and to the assessment of general quality of DM21.

Density functional theory describes matter at the quantum level, but all popular approximations suffer from systematic errors that arise from the violation of mathematical properties of the exact functional. We overcame this fundamental limitation by training a neural network on molecular data and on fictitious systems with fractional charge and spin. The resulting functional, DM21 (DeepMind 21), correctly describes typical examples of artificial charge delocalization and strong correlation and performs better than traditional functionals on thorough benchmarks for main-group atoms and molecules. DM21 accurately models complex systems such as hydrogen chains, charged DNA base pairs, and diradical transition states. More crucially for the field, because our methodology relies on data and constraints, which are continually improving, it represents a viable pathway toward the exact universal functional.

A stochastic minimization method for a real-space wave function, Ψ(r 1 , r 2 ...r n ), constrained to a chosen density, ρ(r), is developed. It enables the explicit calculation of the Levy constrained search, F[ρ] = min Ψ→ρ ⟨Ψ| T̂ + V̂ ee |Ψ⟩, which gives the exact functional of density functional theory. This general method is illustrated in the evaluation of F[ρ] for densities in one dimension with a soft-Coulomb interaction. Additionally, procedures are given to determine the first and second functional derivatives, δ F/δρ(r) and δ 2 F/[δρ(r)δρ(r')]. For a chosen external potential, v(r), the functional and its derivatives are used in minimizations over densities to give the exact energy, E v , without needing to solve the Schrödinger equation.

Exact pieces of information on the adiabatic connection integrand, W λ [ρ], which allows evaluation of the exchange-correlation energy of Kohn-Sham density functional theory, can be extracted from the leading terms in the strong coupling limit (λ → ∞, where λ is the strength of the electron-electron interaction). In this work, we first compare the theoretical prediction for the two leading terms in the strong coupling limit with data obtained via numerical implementation of the exact Levy functional in the simple case of two electrons confined in one dimension, confirming the asymptotic exactness of these two terms. We then carry out a first study on the incorporation of the Fermionic statistics at large coupling λ, both numerical and theoretical, confirming that spin effects enter at orders ∼e -√λ .

Delocalization error is one of the most fundamental and dominant errors that plagues presently used density functional approximations. It is responsible for a large class of problems in the density functional theory calculations. For an effective and universal alleviation of the delocalization error, we develop a local scaling correction scheme by imposing the Perdew-Parr-Levy- Balduz linearity condition to local regions of a system. Our novel scheme is applicable to various mainstream density functional approximations. It substantially reduces the delocalization error, as exemplified by the significantly improved description of dissociating molecules, transition-state species, and charge-transfer systems. The usefulness of our novel scheme affirms that the explicit treatment of fractional electron distributions is essentially important for reducing the intrinsic delocalization error associated with approximate density functionals.

In this work, we examine the fractional charge behaviors of doubly hybrid (DH) functionals. By plotting the ground-state energies E and energy derivatives for atoms and molecules with fractional electron numbers N, we directly quantify the delocalization errors of some representative DH functionals such as B2PLYP, XYG3, and XYGJ-OS. Numerical assessments on ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), and fundamental gaps, from either integer number calculations or energy derivative calculations, are provided. It is shown that the XYG3 type of DH functionals gives good agreement between their energy derivatives and the experimental IPs, EAs, and gaps, as expected from their nearly straight line fractional charge behaviors.

Discontinuous changes in the electronic structure upon infinitesimal changes to the Hamiltonian are demonstrated. These are revealed in one and two electron molecular systems by full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations when the realm of the nuclear charge is extended to be fractional. FCI electron densities in these systems show dramatic changes in real space and illustrate the transfer, hopping, and removal of electrons. This is due to the particle nature of electrons seen in stretched systems and is a manifestation of an energy derivative discontinuity at constant number of electrons. Dramatic errors of density functional theory densities are seen in real space as this physics is missing from currently used approximations. The movements of electrons in these simple systems encapsulate those in real physical processes, from chemical reactions to electron transport and pose a great challenge for the development of new electronic structure methods.

The conventional analysis of Perdew and Levy, and Sham and Schlüter shows that the functional derivative discontinuity of the exchange-correlation density functional plays a critical role in the correct prediction of bandgaps, or the chemical hardness. In a recent work by the present authors, explicit expressions for bandgap prediction with all common types of exchange-correlation functionals have been derived without invoking the concept of exchange-correlation energy functional derivative discontinuity at all. We here analyze the two approaches and establish their connection and difference. The present analysis further leads to several important results: (1) The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in DFT has as much meaning in describing electron addition as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in describing electron removal. (2) Every term in the total energy functional contributes to the energy gap because of the discontinuity of the derivative of the density (or density matrix) with respect to the number of electrons, ((∂ρ(s)(r('),r))/∂N)(v(s) ), at integers. (3) Consistent with the Perdew-Levy-Sham-Schlüter conclusion that the exact Kohn-Sham energy gap differs from the fundamental bandgap by a finite correction due to the functional derivative discontinuity of the exchange-correlation energy, we show that the exchange-correlation functional cannot be an explicit and differentiable functional of the electron density, either local or nonlocal. The last result is further strengthened when we consider Mott insulators. There, the exact exchange-correlation functional needs to have an explicitly discontinuous (nondifferentiable) dependence on the density or the density matrix. (4) We obtain exact conditions on the derivatives of total energy with respect to the spin-up and spin-down number of electrons.

A novel nonempirical scaling correction method is developed to tackle the challenge of band gap prediction in density functional theory. For finite systems the scaling correction largely restores the straight-line behavior of electronic energy at fractional electron numbers. The scaling correction can be generally applied to a variety of mainstream density functional approximations, leading to significant improvement in the band gap prediction. In particular, the scaled version of a modified local density approximation predicts band gaps with an accuracy consistent for systems of all sizes, ranging from atoms and molecules to solids. The scaled modified local density approximation thus provides a useful tool to quantitatively characterize the size-dependent effect on the energy gaps of nanostructures.

Molecular structure does not easily identify the intricate noncovalent interactions that govern many areas of biology and chemistry, including design of new materials and drugs. We develop an approach to detect noncovalent interactions in real space, based on the electron density and its derivatives. Our approach reveals the underlying chemistry that compliments the covalent structure. It provides a rich representation of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and steric repulsion in small molecules, molecular complexes, and solids. Most importantly, the method, requiring only knowledge of the atomic coordinates, is efficient and applicable to large systems, such as proteins or DNA. Across these applications, a view of nonbonded interactions emerges as continuous surfaces rather than close contacts between atom pairs, offering rich insight into the design of new and improved ligands.

Standard approximations for the exchange-correlation functional have been found to give big errors for the linearity condition of fractional charges, leading to delocalization error, and the constancy condition of fractional spins, leading to static correlation error. These two conditions are now unified and extended to states with both fractional charge and fractional spin to give a much more stringent condition: the exact energy functional is a plane, linear along the fractional charge coordinate and constant along the fractional spin coordinate with a line of discontinuity at the integer. Violation of this condition underlies the failure of all known approximate functionals to describe the gaps in strongly correlated systems. It is shown that explicitly discontinuous functionals of the density or orbitals that go beyond these currently used smooth approximations is the key for the application of density functional theory to strongly correlated systems.

The difficulty of approximate density functionals in describing the energetics of Diels-Alder reactions and dimerization of aluminum complexes is analyzed. Both of these reaction classes involve formation of cyclic or bicyclic products, which are found to be underbound by the majority of functionals considered. We present a consistent view of these results from the perspective of delocalization error. This error causes approximate functionals to give too low energy for delocalized densities or too high energy for localized densities, as in the cyclic and bicyclic reaction products. This interpretation allows us to understand better a wide range of errors in main-group thermochemistry obtained with popular density functionals. In general, functionals with minimal delocalization error should be used for theoretical studies of reactions where there is a loss of extended conjugation or formation of highly branched, cyclic, and cagelike molecules.

Density functional theory of electronic structure is widely and successfully applied in simulations throughout engineering and sciences. However, for many predicted properties, there are spectacular failures that can be traced to the delocalization error and static correlation error of commonly used approximations. These errors can be characterized and understood through the perspective of fractional charges and fractional spins introduced recently. Reducing these errors will open new frontiers for applications of density functional theory.

The band-gap problem and other systematic failures of approximate exchange-correlation functionals are explained from an analysis of total energy for fractional charges. The deviation from the correct intrinsic linear behavior in finite systems leads to delocalization and localization errors in large and bulk systems. Functionals whose energy is convex for fractional charges such as the local density approximation display an incorrect apparent linearity in the bulk limit, due to the delocalization error. Concave functionals also have an incorrect apparent linearity in the bulk calculation, due to the localization error and imposed symmetry. This resolves an apparent paradox and identifies the physical nature of the error to be addressed to obtain accurate band gaps from density functional theory.