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1. A tabletop x-ray tomography instrument for nanometer-scale imaging: demonstration of the 1,000-element transition-edge sensor subarray

Author

Szypryt, Paul, Nakamura, Nathan, Becker, Daniel T., Bennett, Douglas A., Dagel, Amber L., Doriese, W. Bertrand, Fowler, Joseph W., Gard, Johnathon D., Harris, J. Zachariah, Hilton, Gene C., Imrek, Jozsef, Jimenez, Edward S., Larson, Kurt W., Levine, Zachary H., Mates, John A. B., McArthur, D., Miaja-Avila, Luis, Morgan, Kelsey M., O'Neil, Galen C., Ortiz, Nathan J., Pappas, Christine G., Schmidt, Daniel R., Thompson, Kyle R., Ullom, Joel N., Vale, Leila, Vissers, Michael R., Walker, Christopher, Weber, Joel C., Wessels, Abigail L., Wheeler, Jason W., and Swetz, Daniel S.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We report on the 1,000-element transition-edge sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer implementation of the TOMographic Circuit Analysis Tool (TOMCAT). TOMCAT combines a high spatial resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a highly efficient and pixelated TES spectrometer to reconstruct three-dimensional maps of nanoscale integrated circuits (ICs). A 240-pixel prototype spectrometer was recently used to reconstruct ICs at the 130 nm technology node, but to increase imaging speed to more practical levels, the detector efficiency needs to be improved. For this reason, we are building a spectrometer that will eventually contain 3,000 TES microcalorimeters read out with microwave superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexing, and we currently have commissioned a 1,000 TES subarray. This still represents a significant improvement from the 240-pixel system and allows us to begin characterizing the full spectrometer performance. Of the 992 maximimum available readout channels, we have yielded 818 devices, representing the largest number of TES x-ray microcalorimeters simultaneously read out to date. These microcalorimeters have been optimized for pulse speed rather than purely energy resolution, and we measure a FWHM energy resolution of 14 eV at the 8.0 keV Cu K$\alpha$ line., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Published
2022
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2. Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Imaging of Integrated Circuits using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Transition-Edge Sensor Spectrometer

Author

Nakamura, Nathan, Szypryt, Paul, Dagel, Amber L., Alpert, Bradley K., Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, W. Bertrand, Durkin, Malcolm, Fowler, Joseph W., Fox, Dylan T., Gard, Johnathon D., Goodner, Ryan N., Harris, J. Zachariah, Hilton, Gene C., Jimenez, Edward S., Kernen, Burke L., Larson, Kurt W., Levine, Zachary H., McArthur, Daniel, Morgan, Kelsey M., O'Neil, Galen C., Ortiz, Nathan J., Pappas, Christine G., Reintsema, Carl D., Schmidt, Daniel R., Schultz, Peter A., Thompson, Kyle R., Ullom, Joel N., Vale, Leila, Vaughan, Courtenay T., Walker, Christopher, Weber, Joel C., Wheeler, Jason W., and Swetz, Daniel S.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

X-ray nanotomography is a powerful tool for the characterization of nanoscale materials and structures, but is difficult to implement due to competing requirements on X-ray flux and spot size. Due to this constraint, state-of-the-art nanotomography is predominantly performed at large synchrotron facilities. We present a laboratory-scale nanotomography instrument that achieves nanoscale spatial resolution while changing the limitations of conventional tomography tools. The instrument combines the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the precise, broadband X-ray detection of a superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter. The electron beam generates a highly focused X-ray spot in a metal target held micrometers away from the sample of interest, while the TES spectrometer isolates target photons with high signal-to-noise. This combination of a focused X-ray spot, energy-resolved X-ray detection, and unique system geometry enable nanoscale, element-specific X-ray imaging in a compact footprint. The proof-of-concept for this approach to X-ray nanotomography is demonstrated by imaging 160 nm features in three dimensions in 6 layers of a Cu-SiO2 integrated circuit, and a path towards finer resolution and enhanced imaging capabilities is discussed.

Published
2022

3. Design of a 3000-pixel transition-edge sensor x-ray spectrometer for microcircuit tomography

Author

Szypryt, Paul, Bennett, Douglas A., Boone, William J., Dagel, Amber L., Dalton, Gabriella, Doriese, W. Bertrand, Fowler, Joseph W., Garboczi, Edward J., Gard, Johnathon D., Hilton, Gene C., Imrek, Jozsef, Jimenez, Edward S., Kotsubo, Vincent Y., Larson, Kurt, Levine, Zachary H., Mates, John A. B., McArthur, Daniel, Morgan, Kelsey M., Nakamura, Nathan, O'Neil, Galen C., Ortiz, Nathan J., Pappas, Christine G., Reintsema, Carl D., Schmidt, Daniel R., Swetz, Daniel S., Thompson, Kyle R., Ullom, Joel N., Walker, Christopher, Weber, Joel C., Wessels, Abigail L., and Wheeler, Jason W.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Feature sizes in integrated circuits have decreased substantially over time, and it has become increasingly difficult to three-dimensionally image these complex circuits after fabrication. This can be important for process development, defect analysis, and detection of unexpected structures in externally sourced chips, among other applications. Here, we report on a non-destructive, tabletop approach that addresses this imaging problem through x-ray tomography, which we uniquely realize with an instrument that combines a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a transition-edge sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer. Our approach uses the highly focused SEM electron beam to generate a small x-ray generation region in a carefully designed target layer that is placed over the sample being tested. With the high collection efficiency and resolving power of a TES spectrometer, we can isolate x-rays generated in the target from background and trace their paths through regions of interest in the sample layers, providing information about the various materials along the x-ray paths through their attenuation functions. We have recently demonstrated our approach using a 240 Mo/Cu bilayer TES prototype instrument on a simplified test sample containing features with sizes of $\sim$1 $\mu$m. Currently, we are designing and building a 3000 Mo/Au bilayer TES spectrometer upgrade, which is expected to improve the imaging speed by factor of up to 60 through a combination of increased detector number and detector speed., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, published in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Published
2022
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4. Absolute Energy Measurements with Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors for Muonic X-ray Spectroscopy at 44 keV

Author

Yan, Daikang, Weber, Joel C., Guruswamy, Tejas, Morgan, Kelsey M., O'Neil, Galen C., Wessels, Abigail L., Bennett, Douglas A., Pappas, Christine G., Mates, John A., Gard, Johnathon D., Becker, Daniel T., Fowler, Joseph W., Swetz, Daniel S., Schmidt, Daniel R., Ullom, Joel N., Okumura, Takuma, Isobe, Tadaaki, Azuma, Toshiyuki, Okada, Shinji, Yamada, Shinya, Hashimoto, Tadashi, Quaranta, Orlando, Miceli, Antonino, Gades, Lisa M., Patel, Umeshkumar M., Paul, Nancy, Bian, Guojie, and Indelicato, Paul

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters have great utility in x-ray applications owing to their high energy resolution, good collecting efficiency and the feasibility of being multiplexed into large arrays. In this work, we develop hard x-ray TESs to measure the absolute energies of muonic-argon ($\mu$-Ar) transition lines around 44 keV and 20 keV. TESs with sidecar absorbers of different heat capacities were fabricated and characterized for their energy resolution and calibration uncertainty. We achieved ~ 1 eV absolute energy measurement accuracy at 44 keV, and < 12 eV energy resolution at 17.5 keV.

Published
2022
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5. Absolute energies and emission line shapes of the L x-ray transitions of lanthanide metals

Author

Fowler, Joseph W., O'Neil, Galen C., Alpert, Bradley K., Bennett, Douglas A., Denison, Ed V., Doriese, W. B., Hilton, Gene C., Hudson, Lawrence T., Joe, Young-Il, Morgan, Kelsey M., Schmidt, Daniel R., Swetz, Daniel S., Szabo, Csilla I., and Ullom, Joel N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We use an array of transition-edge sensors, cryogenic microcalorimeters with 4 eV energy resolution, to measure L x-ray emission-line profiles of four elements of the lanthanide series: praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and holmium. The spectrometer also surveys numerous x-ray standards in order to establish an absolute-energy calibration traceable to the International System of Units for the energy range 4 keV to 10 keV. The new results include emission line profiles for 97 lines, each expressed as a sum of one or more Voigt functions; improved absolute energy uncertainty on 71 of these lines relative to existing reference data; a median uncertainty on the peak energy of 0.24 eV, four to ten times better than the median of prior work; and 6 lines that lack any measured values in existing reference tables. The 97 lines comprise nearly all of the most intense L lines from these elements under broad-band x-ray excitation. The work improves on previous measurements made with a similar cryogenic spectrometer by the use of sensors with better linearity in the absorbed energy and a gold x-ray absorbing layer that has a Gaussian energy-response function. It also employs a novel sample holder that enables rapid switching between science targets and calibration targets with excellent gain balancing. Most of the results for peak energy values shown here should be considered as replacements for the currently tabulated standard reference values, while the line shapes given here represent a significant expansion of the scope of available reference data.

Published
2020
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6. A High Spectral Resolution Study of the Soft X-ray Background with the X-ray Quantum Calorimeter

Author

Wulf, Dallas, Eckart, Megan E, Galeazzi, Massimiliano, Jaeckel, Felix, Kelley, Richard L, Kilbourne, Caroline A, Morgan, Kelsey M, McCammon, Dan, Porter, F Scott, and Szymkowiak, Andrew E

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present here a combined analysis of four high spectral resolution observations of the Diffuse X-ray Background (DXRB), made using the University of Wisconsin-Madison/Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Quantum Calorimeter (XQC) sounding rocket payload. The observed spectra support the existence of a $\sim0.1~$keV Local Hot Bubble and a $\sim0.2~$keV Hot Halo, with discrepancies between repeated observations compatible with expected contributions of time-variable emission from Solar Wind Charge Exchange (SWCX). An additional component of $\sim0.9~$keV emission observed only at low galactic latitudes can be consistently explained by unresolved dM stars., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2019
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7. Microstructure analysis of bismuth absorbers for transition-edge sensor X-ray microcalorimeters

Author

Yan, Daikang, Divan, Ralu, Gades, Lisa M., Kenesei, Peter, Madden, Timothy J., Miceli, Antonino, Park, Jun-Sang, Patel, Umeshkumar M., Quaranta, Orlando, Sharma, Hemant, Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, William B., Fowler, Joseph W., Gard, Johnathon, Hays-Wehle, James, Morgan, Kelsey M., Schmidt, Daniel R., Swetz, Daniel S., and Ullom, Joel N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) as microcalorimeters offer high resolving power, owning to their sharp response and low operating temperature. In the hard X-ray regime and above, the demand for high quantum-efficiency requires the use of absorbers. Bismuth (Bi), owing to its low heat carrier density and high X-ray stopping power, has been widely used as an absorber material for TESs. However, distinct spectral responses have been observed for Bi absorbers deposited via evaporation versus electroplating. Evaporated Bi absorbers are widely observed to have a non-Gaussian tail on the low energy side of measured spectra. In this study, we fabricated Bi absorbers via these two methods, and performed microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction microscopy. The two types of material showed the same crystallographic structure, but the grain size of the evaporated Bi was about 40 times smaller than that of the electroplated Bi. This distinction in grain size is likely to be the cause of their different spectral responses.

Published
2017
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8. Eliminating the non-Gaussian spectral response of X-ray absorbers for transition-edge sensors

Author

Yan, Daikang, Divan, Ralu, Gades, Lisa M., Kenesei, Peter, Madden, Timothy J., Miceli, Antonino, Park, Jun-Sang, Patel, Umeshkumar M., Quaranta, Orlando, Sharma, Hemant, Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, William B., Fowler, Joseph W., Gard, Johnathon, Hays-Wehle, James, Morgan, Kelsey M., Schmidt, Daniel R., Swetz, Daniel S., and Ullom, Joel N.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Transition-edge sensors (TES) as microcalorimeters for high-energy-resolution X-ray spectroscopy are often fabricated with an absorber made of materials with high Z (for X-ray stopping power) and low heat capacity (for high resolving power). Bismuth represents one of the most compelling options. TESs with evaporated bismuth absorbers have shown spectra with undesirable and unexplained low-energy tails. We have developed TESs with electroplated bismuth absorbers over a gold layer that are not afflicted by this problem and that retain the other positive aspects of this material. To better understand these phenomena, we have studied a series of TESs with gold, gold/evaporated bismuth, and gold/electroplated bismuth absorbers, fabricated on the same die with identical thermal coupling. We show that bismuth morphology is linked to the spectral response of X-ray TES microcalorimeters.

Published
2017
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9. L-Edge Spectroscopy of Dilute, Radiation-Sensitive Systems Using a Transition-Edge-Sensor Array

Author

Titus, Charles J., Baker, Michael L., Lee, Sang Jun, Cho, Hsiao-mei, Doriese, William B., Fowler, Joseph W., Gaffney, Kelly, Gard, Johnathon D., Hilton, Gene C., Kenney, Chris, Knight, Jason, Li, Dale, Marks, Ron, Minitti, Michael P., Morgan, Kelsey M., O'Neil, Galen C., Reintsema, Carl D., Schmidt, Daniel R., Sokaras, Dimosthenis, Swetz, Daniel S., Ullom, Joel N., Weng, Tsu-Chien, Williams, Christopher, Young, Betty A., Irwin, Kent D., Solomon, Edward I., and Nordlund, Dennis

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements on the iron L-edge of 0.5 mM aqueous ferricyanide. These measurements demonstrate the ability of high-throughput transition-edge-sensor (TES) spectrometers to access the rich soft X-ray (100-2000eV) spectroscopy regime for dilute and radiation-sensitive samples. Our low-concentration data are in agreement with high-concentration measurements recorded by conventional grating-based spectrometers. These results show that soft X-ray RIXS spectroscopy acquired by high-throughput TES spectrometers can be used to study the local electronic structure of dilute metal-centered complexes relevant to biology, chemistry and catalysis. In particular, TES spectrometers have a unique ability to characterize frozen solutions of radiation- and temperature-sensitive samples., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures

Published
2017
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12. Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Imaging of Integrated Circuits Using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Transition-Edge Sensor Spectrometer.

Author

Nakamura, Nathan, Szypryt, Paul, Dagel, Amber L., Alpert, Bradley K., Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, William Bertrand, Durkin, Malcolm, Fowler, Joseph W., Fox, Dylan T., Gard, Johnathon D., Goodner, Ryan N., Harris, James Zachariah, Hilton, Gene C., Jimenez, Edward S., Kernen, Burke L., Larson, Kurt W., Levine, Zachary H., McArthur, Daniel, Morgan, Kelsey M., and O'Neil, Galen C.

Subjects
THREE-dimensional integrated circuits, X-ray detection, SCANNING electron microscopes, X-ray imaging, SPECTROMETERS, ELECTRON beams, NANOSTRUCTURED materials
Abstract

X-ray nanotomography is a powerful tool for the characterization of nanoscale materials and structures, but it is difficult to implement due to the competing requirements of X-ray flux and spot size. Due to this constraint, state-of-the-art nanotomography is predominantly performed at large synchrotron facilities. We present a laboratory-scale nanotomography instrument that achieves nanoscale spatial resolution while addressing the limitations of conventional tomography tools. The instrument combines the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the precise, broadband X-ray detection of a superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter. The electron beam generates a highly focused X-ray spot on a metal target held micrometers away from the sample of interest, while the TES spectrometer isolates target photons with a high signal-to-noise ratio. This combination of a focused X-ray spot, energy-resolved X-ray detection, and unique system geometry enables nanoscale, element-specific X-ray imaging in a compact footprint. The proof of concept for this approach to X-ray nanotomography is demonstrated by imaging 160 nm features in three dimensions in six layers of a Cu-SiO2 integrated circuit, and a path toward finer resolution and enhanced imaging capabilities is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. A Tabletop X-Ray Tomography Instrument for Nanometer-Scale Imaging: Demonstration of the 1,000-Element Transition-Edge Sensor Subarray

Author

Szypryt, Paul, primary, Nakamura, Nathan, additional, Becker, Daniel T., additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Dagel, Amber L., additional, Doriese, W. Bertrand, additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Harris, J. Zachariah, additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Imrek, Jozsef, additional, Jimenez, Edward S., additional, Larson, Kurt W., additional, Levine, Zachary H., additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, McArthur, D., additional, Miaja-Avila, Luis, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Ortiz, Nathan J., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Thompson, Kyle R., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Vale, Leila, additional, Vissers, Michael R., additional, Walker, Christopher, additional, Weber, Joel C., additional, Wessels, Abigail L., additional, Wheeler, Jason W., additional, and Swetz, Daniel S., additional

Published
2023
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15. Microwave SQUID Multiplexing for the Lynx X-Ray Microcalorimeter

Author

Bennett, Douglas A, Mates, John A. B, Bandler, Simon R, Becker, Daniel T, Fowler, Joseph W, Gard, Johnathon D, Hilton, Gene C, Irwin, Kent D, Morgan, Kelsey M, Reintsema, Carl D, Sakai, Kazuhiro, Schmidt, Daniel R, Smith, Stephen J, Swetz, Daniel S, Ullom, Joel N, Vale, Leila R, and Wessels, Abigail L

Subjects
Instrumentation And Photography
Abstract

The Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter (LXM) is an imaging spectrometer for the Lynx satellite mission, an x-ray telescope being considered by NASA to be a new flagship mission. Lynx will enable unique astrophysical observations into the x-ray universe due to its high angular resolution and large field of view. The LXM consists of an array of over 100,000 pixels and poses a significant technological challenge to achieve the high degree of multiplexing required to read out these sensors. We discuss the details of microwave superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexing and describe why it is ideally suited to the needs of the LXM. This case is made by summarizing the current and predicted performance of microwave SQUID multiplexing and describing the steps needed to optimize designs for all the LXM arrays. Finally, we describe our plan to advance the technology readiness level (TRL) of microwave SQUID multiplexing of the LXM microcalorimeters to TRL-5 by 2024.

Published
2019
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17. Absolute Energy Measurements with Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors for Muonic X-ray Spectroscopy at 44 keV

Author

Yan, Daikang, primary, Weber, Joel C., additional, Guruswamy, Tejas, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O’Neil, Galen C., additional, Wessels, Abigail L., additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Mates, John A., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Becker, Daniel T., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Okumura, Takuma, additional, Isobe, Tadaaki, additional, Azuma, Toshiyuki, additional, Okada, Shinji, additional, Yamada, Shinya, additional, Hashimoto, Tadashi, additional, Quaranta, Orlando, additional, Miceli, Antonino, additional, Gades, Lisa M., additional, Patel, Umeshkumar M., additional, Paul, Nancy, additional, Bian, Guojie, additional, and Indelicato, Paul, additional

Published
2022
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18. A Tabletop X-Ray Tomography Instrument for Nanometer-Scale Imaging: Integration of a Scanning Electron Microscope with a Transition-Edge Sensor Spectrometer

Author

Nakamura, Nathan, Szypryt, Paul, Dagel, Amber L., Alpert, Bradley K., Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, W. Bertrand, Durkin, Malcolm, Fowler, Joseph W., Fox, Dylan T., Gard, Johnathon D., Goodner, Ryan N., Harris, J. Zachariah, Hilton, Gene C., Jimenez, Edward S., Kernen, Burke L., Larson, Kurt W., Levine, Zachary H., McArthur, Daniel, Morgan, Kelsey M., O'Neil, Galen C., Ortiz, Nathan J., Pappas, Christine G., Reintsema, Carl D., Schmidt, Daniel R., Schulz, Peter A., Thompson, Kyle R., Ullom, Joel N., Vale, Leila, Vaughan, Courtenay T., Walker, Christopher, Weber, Joel C., Wheeler, Jason W., and Swetz, Daniel S.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
Abstract

X-ray nanotomography has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization of nanoscale materials and structures, such as energy storage devices and next-generation integrated circuits (ICs). In a nanotomography measurement the X-ray spot size must be kept at the nanoscale, which significantly limits the total amount of X-ray flux achievable. Due to this photon limit, nanotomography has been generally restricted to synchrotron facilities, where higher flux can be maintained even at nanoscale spot sizes. Here, we present a laboratory-scale nanotomography instrument, deemed TOMCAT (TOMographic Circuit Analysis Tool). TOMCAT combines the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the precise, broadband X-ray detection of a superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) spectrometer. The electron beam generates a highly focused X-ray spot in a metal target, while the TES spectrometer isolates target photons with high signal-to-noise. TOMCAT design is discussed, including target optimization, system geometry, and scan procedures. Features which are 160 nm wide are resolved in three-dimensional images on a Cu-SiO$_2$ IC sample, demonstrating the capabilities of laboratory-scale nanotomography based on a focused electron beam and TES spectrometer., Comment: The following article has been submitted to Review of Scientific Instruments

Published
2022
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19. Mapping of the Resistance of a Superconducting Transition Edge Sensor as a Function of Temperature, Current, and Applied Magnetic Field

Author

Zhang, Shou, Eckart, Megan E, Jaeckel, Felix, Kripps, Kari L, McCammon, Dan, Zhou, Yu, and Morgan, Kelsey M

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We have measured the resistance R (T, I, B(sub ext) of a superconducting transition edge sensor over the entire transition region on a fine scale, producing a four-dimensional map of the resistance surface. The dimensionless temperature and current sensitivities (alpha equivalence partial derivative log R/partial derivative log T|(sub I) and beta equivalence partial derivative log R/partial derivative log I|(sub T) of the TES resistance have been determined at each point. alpha and beta are closely related to the sensor performance, but show a great deal of complex, large amplitude fine structure over large portions of the surface that is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. We discuss the relation of this structure to the presence of Josephson weak link fringes.

Published
2017
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20. Development of X-Ray Microcalorimeter Imaging Spectrometers for the X-Ray Surveyor Mission Concept

Author

Bandler, Simon R, Adams, Joseph S, Chervenak, James A, Datesman, Aaron M, Eckart, Megan E, Finkbeiner, Fred M, Kelley, Richard L, Kilbourne, Caroline A, Betncourt-Martinez, Gabriele, Miniussi, Antoine R, Porter, Frederick S, Sadleir, John E, Sakai, Kazuhiro, Smith, Stephen J, Stevenson, Thomas R, Wakeham, Nicholas A, Wassell, Edward J, Yoon, Wonsik, Becker, Dan, Bennett, Douglas, Doriese, William B, Fowler, Joseph W, Gard, Johnathon D, Hilton, Gene C, Mates, Benjamin, Morgan, Kelsey M, Reintsema, Carl D, Swetz, Daniel, Ullom, Joel N, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, Irwin, Kent D, Lee, Sang-Jun, and Vikhlinin, Alexey

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

Four astrophysics missions are currently being studied by NASA as candidate large missions to be chosen inthe 2020 astrophysics decadal survey.1 One of these missions is the X-Ray Surveyor (XRS), and possibleconfigurations of this mission are currently under study by a science and technology definition team (STDT). Oneof the key instruments under study is an X-ray microcalorimeter, and the requirements for such an instrument arecurrently under discussion. In this paper we review some different detector options that exist for this instrument,and discuss what array formats might be possible. We have developed one design option that utilizes eithertransition-edge sensor (TES) or magnetically coupled calorimeters (MCC) in pixel array-sizes approaching 100kilo-pixels. To reduce the number of sensors read out to a plausible scale, we have assumed detector geometriesin which a thermal sensor such a TES or MCC can read out a sub-array of 20-25 individual 1 pixels. In thispaper we describe the development status of these detectors, and also discuss the different options that exist forreading out the very large number of pixels.

Published
2016
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21. Dynamical Response of Transition-Edge Sensor Microcalorimeters to a Pulsed Charged-Particle Beam

Author

Okumura, Takuma, primary, Azuma, Toshiyuki, additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Caradonna, Pietro, additional, Chiu, I-Huan, additional, Doriese, W. Bertrand, additional, Durkin, Malcolm S., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hashimoto, Tadashi, additional, Hayakawa, Ryota, additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Ichinohe, Yuto, additional, Indelicato, Paul, additional, Isobe, Tadaaki, additional, Kanda, Sohtaro, additional, Katsuragawa, Miho, additional, Kawamura, Naritoshi, additional, Kino, Yasushi, additional, Mine, Kairi, additional, Miyake, Yasuhiro, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Ninomiya, Kazuhiko, additional, Noda, Hirofumi, additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Okada, Shinji, additional, Okutsu, Kenichi, additional, Osawa, Takahito, additional, Paul, Nancy, additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Schmidt, Dan R., additional, Shimomura, Koichiro, additional, Strasser, Patrick, additional, Suda, Hirotaka, additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Takahashi, Tadayuki, additional, Takeda, Shinichiro, additional, Takeshita, Soshi, additional, Tatsuno, Hideyuki, additional, Ueno, Yasuhiro, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Watanabe, Shin, additional, and Yamada, Shinya, additional

Published
2021
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22. Hyperspectral X-Ray Imaging: Progress Towards Chemical Analysis in the SEM

Author

Carpenter, Matthew H., primary, Stein, Benjamin, additional, Koehler, Katrina E., additional, Fontes, Christopher J., additional, Smith, Chandler M., additional, Wagner, Gregory L., additional, Baker, Zachary K., additional, Handley, Matthew L., additional, Rabin, Michael W., additional, Yang, Ping, additional, Batista, Enrique R., additional, McNeel, Daniel G., additional, Schreiber, Katherine A., additional, Bowes, Eric G., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, Becker, Daniel T., additional, Weber, Joel C., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Imrek, Jozsef, additional, Yan, Daikang, additional, Wessels, Abigail L., additional, and Croce, Mark, additional

Published
2021
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23. Design of a 3000-Pixel Transition-Edge Sensor X-Ray Spectrometer for Microcircuit Tomography

Author

Szypryt, Paul, primary, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Boone, William J., additional, Dagel, Amber L., additional, Dalton, Gabriella, additional, Doriese, W. Bertrand, additional, Durkin, M., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Garboczi, Edward J., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Imrek, Jozsef, additional, Jimenez, Edward S., additional, Kotsubo, Vincent Y., additional, Larson, Kurt, additional, Levine, Zachary H., additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, McArthur, Daniel, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Nakamura, Nathan, additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Ortiz, Nathan J., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Thompson, Kyle R., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Walker, Christopher, additional, Weber, Joel C., additional, Wessels, Abigail L., additional, and Wheeler, Jason W., additional

Published
2021
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24. Mitigation of Finite Bandwidth Effects in Time-Division-Multiplexed SQUID Readout of TES Arrays

Author

Durkin, Malcolm, primary, Adams, Joseph S., additional, Bandler, Simon R., additional, Chervenak, James A., additional, Denison, Edward V., additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Duff, Shannon M., additional, Finkbeiner, Fred M., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Hummatov, Ruslan, additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Joe, Young Il, additional, Kelley, Richard L., additional, Kilbourne, Caroline A., additional, Miniussi, Antoine R., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Porter, Frederick S., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Rudman, David A., additional, Sakai, Kazuhiro, additional, Smith, Stephen J., additional, Stevens, Robert W., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Szypryt, Paul, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Vale, Leila R., additional, and Wakeham, Nicholas, additional

Published
2021
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27. Resonant Soft X-Ray Scattering from Stripe-Ordered La2−xBaxCuO4 Detected by a Transition-Edge Sensor Array Detector

Author

Joe, Young Il, primary, Fang, Yizhi, additional, Lee, Sangjun, additional, Sun, Stella X.L., additional, de la Peña, Gilberto A., additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Vale, Leila R., additional, Rodolakis, Fanny, additional, McChesney, Jessica L., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, and Abbamonte, Peter, additional

Published
2020
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28. Mapping of the resistance of a superconducting transition edge sensor as a function of temperature, current, and applied magnetic field.

Author

Shuo Zhang, Eckart, Megan E., Jaeckel, Felix T., Kripps, Kari L., McCammon, Dan, Morgan, Kelsey M., and Yu Zhou

Subjects
MAGNETIC fields, ELECTROMAGNETIC theory, STRENGTH of materials, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of temperature, FINE structure (Physics)
Abstract

We have measured the resistance R(T, I, Bext) of a superconducting transition edge sensor over the entire transition region on a fine scale, producing a four-dimensional map of the resistance surface. The dimensionless temperature and current sensitivities (a ≡ ∂ log R/∂ log T|I and b ≡ ∂ log R/∂ log I|T) of the TES resistance have been determined at each point. a and b are closely related to the sensor performance, but show a great deal of complex, large amplitude fine structure over large portions of the surface that is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. We discuss the relation of this structure to the presence of Josephson "weak link" fringes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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29. Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1

Author

Lee, Sang-Jun, primary, Titus, Charles J., additional, Alonso Mori, Roberto, additional, Baker, Michael L., additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Cho, Hsiao-Mei, additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gaffney, Kelly J., additional, Gallo, Alessandro, additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Jang, Hoyoung, additional, Joe, Young Il, additional, Kenney, Christopher J., additional, Knight, Jason, additional, Kroll, Thomas, additional, Lee, Jun-Sik, additional, Li, Dale, additional, Lu, Donghui, additional, Marks, Ronald, additional, Minitti, Michael P., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Ogasawara, Hirohito, additional, O’Neil, Galen C., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Sokaras, Dimosthenis, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Weng, Tsu-Chien, additional, Williams, Christopher, additional, Young, Betty A., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, and Nordlund, Dennis, additional

Published
2019
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31. Optimization of Time- and Code-Division-Multiplexed Readout for Athena X-IFU

Author

Doriese, W. Bertrand, primary, Bandler, Simon R., additional, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, additional, Dawson, Carl S., additional, Denison, Edward V., additional, Duff, Shannon M., additional, Durkin, Malcolm, additional, FitzGerald, Connor T., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Joe, Young Il, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Rudman, David A., additional, Smith, Stephen James, additional, Stevens, Robert W., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Szypryt, Paul, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Vale, Leila R., additional, Weber, Joel C., additional, and Young, Betty A., additional

Published
2019
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32. Demonstration of Athena X-IFU Compatible 40-Row Time-Division-Multiplexed Readout

Author

Durkin, Malcolm, primary, Adams, Joseph S., additional, Bandler, Simon R., additional, Chervenak, James A., additional, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, additional, Dawson, Carl S., additional, Denison, Edward V., additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Duff, Shannon M., additional, Finkbeiner, Fred M., additional, FitzGerald, Connor T., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Joe, Young Il, additional, Kelley, Richard L., additional, Kilbourne, Caroline A., additional, Miniussi, Antoine R., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Porter, Frederick S., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Rudman, David A., additional, Sakai, Kazuhiro, additional, Smith, Stephen J., additional, Stevens, Robert W., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Szypryt, Paul, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Vale, Leila R., additional, Wakeham, Nicholas A., additional, Weber, Joel C., additional, and Young, Betty A., additional

Published
2019
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33. Use of Transition Models to Design High Performance TESs for the LCLS-II Soft X-Ray Spectrometer

Author

Morgan, Kelsey M., primary, Becker, Dan T., additional, Bennett, Douglas Alan, additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Lee, Sang Jun, additional, Li, Dale, additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, Pappas, Christine G., additional, Schmidt, Dan R., additional, Titus, Charles J., additional, Van Winkle, Dan D., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Wessels, Abigail, additional, and Swetz, Daniel S., additional

Published
2019
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34. High-Throughput, DC-Parametric Evaluation of Flux-Activated-Switch-Based TDM and CDM SQUID Multiplexers

Author

Reintsema, Carl D., primary, Bennett, Doug A., additional, Denison, Edward V., additional, Durkin, Malcolm, additional, Doriese, Willaim B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Grigorian, Arpi, additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Hubmayr, Johannes, additional, O'Neil, Galen C., additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Schmidt, Dan R., additional, Stevens, Robert W., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Vale, Leila R., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, additional, Titus, Charles J., additional, and Dawson, Carl S., additional

Published
2019
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36. Valence‐to‐core X‐ray emission spectroscopy of titanium compounds using energy dispersive detectors.

Author

Miaja‐Avila, Luis, O'Neil, Galen C., Joe, Young Il, Morgan, Kelsey M., Fowler, Joseph W., Doriese, William B., Ganly, Brianna, Lu, Deyu, Ravel, Bruce, Swetz, Daniel S., and Ullom, Joel N.

Subjects
X-ray emission spectroscopy, TITANIUM compounds, ENERGY consumption, TRANSITION metal compounds, X-ray tubes, LASER plasmas
Abstract

X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of transition metal compounds is a powerful tool for investigating the spin and oxidation state of the metal centers. Valence‐to‐core (vtc) XES is of special interest, as it contains information on the ligand nature, hybridization, and protonation. To date, most vtc‐XES studies have been performed with high‐brightness sources, such as synchrotrons, due to the weak fluorescence lines from vtc transitions. Here, we present a systematic study of the vtc‐XES for different titanium compounds in a laboratory setting using an X‐ray tube source and energy dispersive microcalorimeter sensors. With a full‐width at half‐maximum energy resolution of approximately 4 eV at the Ti Kβ lines, we measure the XES features of different titanium compounds and compare our results for the vtc line shapes and energies to previously published and newly acquired synchrotron data as well as to new theoretical calculations. Finally, we report simulations of the feasibility of performing time‐resolved vtc‐XES studies with a laser‐based plasma source in a laboratory setting. Our results show that microcalorimeter sensors can already perform high‐quality measurements of vtc‐XES features in a laboratory setting under static conditions and that dynamic measurements will be possible in the future after reasonable technological developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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38. Time- and code-division SQUID multiplexing options for ATHENA X-IFU (Conference Presentation)

Author

Ullom, Joel N., primary, Adams, Joseph S., additional, Alpert, Bradley K., additional, Bandler, Simon R., additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, additional, Chervenak, James A., additional, Denison, E. V., additional, Dawson, C., additional, Doriese, W. B., additional, Durkin, M., additional, Fowler, J. W., additional, Gard, Johnathon, additional, Hilton, G. C., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Joe, Y. I., additional, Kilbourne, Caroline A., additional, Mates, John A. B., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O'Neil, G. C., additional, Reintsema, C. D., additional, Schmidt, D. R., additional, Smith, Stephen J., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Titus, C. J., additional, Vale, L. R., additional, and Young, B. A., additional

Published
2018
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39. Microstructure Analysis of Bismuth Absorbers for Transition-Edge Sensor X-ray Microcalorimeters

Author

Yan, Daikang, primary, Divan, Ralu, additional, Gades, Lisa M., additional, Kenesei, Peter, additional, Madden, Timothy J., additional, Miceli, Antonino, additional, Park, Jun-Sang, additional, Patel, Umeshkumar M., additional, Quaranta, Orlando, additional, Sharma, Hemant, additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hays-Wehle, James P., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, and Ullom, Joel N., additional

Published
2018
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40. L-edge spectroscopy of dilute, radiation-sensitive systems using a transition-edge-sensor array

Author

Titus, Charles J., primary, Baker, Michael L., additional, Lee, Sang Jun, additional, Cho, Hsiao-Mei, additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gaffney, Kelly, additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Kenney, Chris, additional, Knight, Jason, additional, Li, Dale, additional, Marks, Ronald, additional, Minitti, Michael P., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, O’Neil, Galen C., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Sokaras, Dimosthenis, additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Weng, Tsu-Chien, additional, Williams, Christopher, additional, Young, Betty A., additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Solomon, Edward I., additional, and Nordlund, Dennis, additional

Published
2017
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41. Eliminating the non-Gaussian spectral response of X-ray absorbers for transition-edge sensors

Author

Divan, Ralu, primary, Gades, Lisa M., additional, Kenesei, Peter, additional, Madden, Timothy J., additional, Miceli, Antonino, additional, Park, Jun-Sang, additional, Patel, Umeshkumar M., additional, Quaranta, Orlando, additional, Sharma, Hemant, additional, Bennett, Douglas A., additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathon D., additional, Hays-Wehle, James P., additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Schmidt, Daniel R., additional, Swetz, Daniel S., additional, and Ullom, Joel N., additional

Published
2017
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43. Development of x-ray microcalorimeter imaging spectrometers for the X-ray Surveyor mission concept

Author

Bandler, Simon R., additional, Adams, Joseph S., additional, Chervenak, James A., additional, Datesman, Aaron M., additional, Eckart, Megan E., additional, Finkbeiner, Fred M., additional, Kelley, Richard L., additional, Kilbourne, Caroline A., additional, Betancourt-Martinez, Gabriele, additional, Miniussi, Antoine R., additional, Porter, Frederick S., additional, Sadleir, John E., additional, Sakai, Kazuhiro, additional, Smith, Stephen J., additional, Stevenson, Thomas R., additional, Wakeham, Nicholas A., additional, Wassell, Edward J., additional, Yoon, Wonsik, additional, Becker, Dan, additional, Bennett, Douglas, additional, Doriese, William B., additional, Fowler, Joseph W., additional, Gard, Johnathan D., additional, Hilton, Gene C., additional, Mates, Benjamin, additional, Morgan, Kelsey M., additional, Reintsema, Carl D., additional, Swetz, Daniel, additional, Ullom, Joel N., additional, Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, additional, Irwin, Kent D., additional, Lee, Sang-Jun, additional, and Vikhlinin, Alexey, additional

Published
2016
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44. Eliminating the non-Gaussian spectral response of X-ray absorbers for transition-edge sensors.

Author

Daikang Yan, Divan, Ralu, Gades, Lisa M., Kenesei, Peter, Madden, Timothy J., Miceli, Antonino, Jun-Sang Park, Patel, Umeshkumar M., Quaranta, Orlando, Sharma, Hemant, Bennett, Douglas A., Doriese, William B., Fowler, Joseph W., Gard, Johnathon D., Hays-Wehle, James P., Morgan, Kelsey M., Schmidt, Daniel R., Swetz, Daniel S., and Ullom, Joel N.

Subjects
CALORIMETERS, X-ray spectroscopy, TUNED mass dampers, HEAT capacity, BISMUTH
Abstract

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) as microcalorimeters for high-energy-resolution X-ray spectroscopy are often fabricated with an absorber made of materials with high Z (for X-ray stopping power) and low heat capacity (for high resolving power). Bismuth represents one of the most compelling options. TESs with evaporated bismuth absorbers have shown spectra with undesirable and unexplained low-energy tails. We have developed TESs with electroplated bismuth absorbers over a gold layer that are not afflicted by this problem and that retain the other positive aspects of this material. To better understand these phenomena, we have studied a series of TESs with gold, gold/ evaporated bismuth, and gold/electroplated bismuth absorbers, fabricated on the same die with identical thermal coupling. We show that the bismuth morphology is linked to the spectral response of X-ray TES microcalorimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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45. Development of x-ray microcalorimeter imaging spectrometers for the X-ray Surveyor mission concept

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Bandler, Simon R., Adams, Joseph S., Chervenak, James A., Datesman, Aaron M., Eckart, Megan E., Finkbeiner, Fred M., Kelley, Richard L., Kilbourne, Caroline A., Betancourt-Martinez, Gabriele, Miniussi, Antoine R., Porter, Frederick S., Sadleir, John E., Sakai, Kazuhiro, Smith, Stephen J., Stevenson, Thomas R., Wakeham, Nicholas A., Wassell, Edward J., Yoon, Wonsik, Becker, Dan, Bennett, Douglas, Doriese, William B., Fowler, Joseph W., Gard, Johnathan D., Hilton, Gene C., Mates, Benjamin, Morgan, Kelsey M., Reintsema, Carl D., Swetz, Daniel, Ullom, Joel N., Chaudhuri, Saptarshi, Irwin, Kent D., Lee, Sang-Jun, and Vikhlinin, Alexey

Published
2016
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46. Potential Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Pharmacy Residency Match Rate and Match Participation.

Author

Kolk K, Joyner KR, Belrhiti S, Johnson M, and Morgan KMW

Subjects
Humans, United States, Ethnicity, Retrospective Studies, Minority Groups, Pharmacy Residencies, Education, Pharmacy, Internship and Residency, Students, Pharmacy
Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate if a correlation exists between a student's self-identified race or ethnicity and their rates of participating in the match or matching with a pharmacy residency., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included pharmacy graduates from 2016 through 2021 at two schools/colleges of pharmacy, a Historically Black College or University and a non-Historically Black College or University. The primary outcome was to compare the percentage of underrepresented minority (URM) students and non-URM students who successfully matched with a postgraduate year 1 pharmacy residency. The secondary outcomes compared rates of participation in the match and the effects of student-related factors that influenced match success and participation rates between URM students and non-URM students., Results: Of the 900 included students, 273 participated in the match. The match rate among students participating in the match was 53.5% (146 of 273) with 50.3% (84 of 167) in the URM group compared to 58.5% (62 of 106) in the non-URM group (P = .186) successfully matching. Rates of match participation were lower for students identified as URM (26% vs 39.3%, P < .001). When adjusting for previously published predictors of match success, URM status did not significantly affect match rates or match participation., Conclusion: At two schools of pharmacy, URM students were less likely to participate in the match but just as likely to match to an American Society of Health-System Pharmacists residency in the univariable analysis. However, when adjusting for other characteristics, there was no difference in match participation or match success in students who self-identified as URM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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