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11. Impact of Landscape Fire Smoke Exposure on Patients With Asthma With or Without Laryngeal Hypersensitivity

Author

Vertigan, Anne E., Harvey, Erin S., Beyene, Tesfalidet, Van Buskirk, Joseph, Holliday, Elizabeth G., Bone, Sarah L., McDonald, Vanessa M., Horvat, Jay C., Murphy, Vanessa E., Jensen, Megan E., Morgan, Geoffrey G., Zosky, Graeme R., Peters, Matthew, Farah, Claude S., Jenkins, Christine R., Katelaris, Constance H., Harrington, John, Langton, David, Bardin, Philip, Katsoulotos, Gregory P., Upham, John W., Chien, Jimmy, Bowden, Jeffrey J., Rimmer, Janet, Bell, Rose, and Gibson, Peter G.

Published
2023
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19. Daily PM 2.5 and Seasonal-Trend Decomposition to Identify Extreme Air Pollution Events from 2001 to 2020 for Continental Australia Using a Random Forest Model.

Author

Borchers-Arriagada, Nicolas, Morgan, Geoffrey G., Van Buskirk, Joseph, Gopi, Karthik, Yuen, Cassandra, Johnston, Fay H., Guo, Yuming, Cope, Martin, and Hanigan, Ivan C.

Subjects
*AIR pollution, *RANDOM forest algorithms, *PARTICULATE matter, *DUST storms, *SPATIAL resolution
Abstract

Robust high spatiotemporal resolution daily PM2.5 exposure estimates are limited in Australia. Estimates of daily PM2.5 and the PM2.5 component from extreme pollution events (e.g., bushfires and dust storms) are needed for epidemiological studies and health burden assessments attributable to these events. We sought to: (1) estimate daily PM2.5 at a 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution across the Australian continent between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2020 using a Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and (2) implement a seasonal-trend decomposition using loess (STL) methodology combined with selected statistical flags to identify extreme events and estimate the extreme pollution PM2.5 component. We developed an RF model that achieved an out-of-bag R-squared of 71.5% and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 4.5 µg/m3. We predicted daily PM2.5 across Australia, adequately capturing spatial and temporal variations. We showed how the STL method in combination with statistical flags can identify and quantify PM2.5 attributable to extreme pollution events in different locations across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Short-term Exposure to Wildfire-Specific PM2.5 and Diabetes Hospitalization: A Study in Multiple Countries and Territories.

Author

Zhang, Yiwen, Xu, Rongbin, Huang, Wenzhong, Morawska, Lidia, Johnston, Fay H., Abramson, Michael, Knibbs, Luke, Matus, Patricia, Ye, Tingting, Yu, Wenhua, Hales, Simon, Morgan, Geoffrey, Yang, Zhengyu, Liu, Yanming, Ju, Ke, Yu, Pei, Lavigne, Eric, Wu, Yao, Wen, Bo, and Zhang, Yuxi

Subjects
TYPE 2 diabetes, PARTICULATE matter, MACHINE learning, AIR pollution, DIABETES
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations of wildfire fine particulate matter ≤2.5 mm in diameter (PM2.5) with diabetes across multiple countries and territories. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We collected data on 3,612,135 diabetes hospitalizations from 1,008 locations in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Thailand, and Taiwan during 2000–2019. Daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 levels were estimated through chemical transport models and machine-learning calibration. Quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag nonlinear models and random-effects meta-analysis were applied to estimate associations between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and diabetes hospitalization. Subgroup analyses were by age, sex, location income level, and country or territory. Diabetes hospitalizations attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5 and nonwildfire PM2.5 were compared. RESULTS: Each 10 µg/m3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5 levels over the current day and previous 3 days was associated with relative risks (95% CI) of 1.017 (1.011–1.022), 1.023 (1.011–1.035), 1.023 (1.015–1.032), 0.962 (0.823–1.032), 1.033 (1.001–1.066), and 1.013 (1.004–1.022) for all-cause, type 1, type 2, malnutrition-related, other specified, and unspecified diabetes hospitalization, respectively. Stronger associations were observed for all-cause, type 1, and type 2 diabetes in Thailand, Australia, and Brazil; unspecified diabetes in New Zealand; and type 2 diabetes in high-income locations. An estimate of 0.67% (0.16–1.18%) and 1.02% (0.20–1.81%) for all-cause and type 2 diabetes hospitalizations were attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5. Compared with nonwildfire PM2.5, wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed greater risks of all-cause, type 1, and type 2 diabetes and were responsible for 38.7% of PM2.5-related diabetes hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: We show the relatively underappreciated links between diabetes and wildfire air pollution, which can lead to a nonnegligible proportion of PM2.5-related diabetes hospitalizations. Precision prevention and mitigation should be developed for those in advantaged communities and in Thailand, Australia, and Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Characterizing Organizational Micro-climates in Structural Groups

Author

Morgan, Geoffrey P., Carley, Kathleen M., Hutchison, David, Editorial Board Member, Kanade, Takeo, Editorial Board Member, Kittler, Josef, Editorial Board Member, Kleinberg, Jon M., Editorial Board Member, Mattern, Friedemann, Editorial Board Member, Mitchell, John C., Editorial Board Member, Naor, Moni, Editorial Board Member, Pandu Rangan, C., Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Editorial Board Member, Tygar, Doug, Editorial Board Member, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Thomson, Robert, editor, Bisgin, Halil, editor, Dancy, Christopher, editor, and Hyder, Ayaz, editor

Published
2019
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40. The burden of occupational injury attributable to high temperatures in Australia, 2014–19: a retrospective observational study

Author

Varghese, Blesson M, primary, Hansen, Alana, additional, Mann, Nick, additional, Liu, Jingwen, additional, Zhang, Ying, additional, Driscoll, Tim R, additional, Morgan, Geoffrey G, additional, Dear, Keith, additional, Capon, Anthony, additional, Gourley, Michelle, additional, Prescott, Vanessa, additional, Dolar, Vergil, additional, and Bi, Peng, additional

Published
2023
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42. Socio-Cultural Cognitive Mapping

Author

Morgan, Geoffrey P., Levine, Joel, Carley, Kathleen M., Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Lee, Dongwon, editor, Lin, Yu-Ru, editor, Osgood, Nathaniel, editor, and Thomson, Robert, editor

Published
2017
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46. An exploratory evaluation of a community interactive training programme for parents of children aged birth to five

Author

Morgan, Geoffrey John Robert and Norwich, Brahm

Subjects
370.15, Child conduct problems, Parenting programmes, Child behaviour problems, Attachment theory, Early intervention, Parental distress, Parenting self-efficacy
Abstract

Background: Conduct problems (CPs), a persistent pattern of challenging, oppositional, defiant or aggressive behaviour are a significant concern to educators, families and other professionals. CPs in preschool children are related to poorer educational and social outcomes in addition to a range of behavioural and emotional difficulties. Although there is evidence for hereditary and temperamental influences, parental factors are widely considered to be significant in the development of CPs. Parents experiencing psychological or social distress are considered to be at risk for challenging behaviour in their children. Psychologists and other theorists have suggested several possible reasons for this association. Firstly, it is possible that parents in distress have difficulty managing stress and as a result use harsh, inconsistent or coercive approaches to parenting. Secondly, parents with children who have CPs may be low in parental self efficacy, a consistent belief in their capacity to parent, which leads them to parent ineffectively and inconsistently. A third possibility is that parents in distress struggle to form stable attachments with their children which can lead to later behavioural difficulties. Finally, it is possible that parent’s distress is influenced by external contextual factors which also influence children such as family or social conflict. Studies suggest that training programmes for the parents of preschool children are effective in reducing child behaviour problems. Training approaches are influenced by a combination of psychological theories including behaviourist, social-cognitive, attachment and ecosystemic approaches. There have been many quantitative evaluations supporting the use of parent training programmes (PTPs). However, there has been limited inquiry into the process of PTPs from the perspective of those who attend them. Aims: The first part of this study was designed to evaluate vulnerability factors related to conduct problems; parental self efficacy, stress and child behaviour problems over the course of a community parent training programme designed to help participants to understand and manage the behaviour of young children. The overall research aim was to evaluate the outcomes and process, using different methodologies to address several questions. A realist methodology was applied to evaluating: 1. was there an association between parental stress, parental self efficacy and child behaviour problems at the start of the programme consistent with the established theory? 2. Did the parents attending the course experience higher than expected levels of stress and child behaviour problems? 3. Did quantitative and qualitative data indicate that these vulnerability factors changed over the duration of the course? Finally, an interpretivist methodology was used to explore how parents of young children evaluated as at risk of challenging behaviour described the experience of learning in the programme. Methods: The study utilised a pragmatic approach to evaluation with mixed methods and differing methodologies. At the start of the programme, a cohort of 38 parents agreed to participate in the study prior to the programme and completed self report measures related to parental stress and parental self efficacy. Parents with concerns about the behaviour of a child aged over three also completed a questionnaire relating to child behaviour problems. Of the original cohort, 27 completed self report measures at the end of the programme. 17 parents completed the same measures at a follow up meeting at the Children’s Centre, five to six weeks after the programme was completed. At this meeting 16 parents were interviewed to discuss their experience of the programme and any subsequent changes which had occurred. Results The results of the first part of the evaluation suggested a significant relationship between parental self-efficacy and stress and between stress and child behaviour problems. However, there was no statistical association between self-efficacy and child behaviour problems, as expected. This tentatively indicates that parental self-efficacy is less important in the development of child behaviour problems than has been previously suggested. The analysis of stress data at the start of the programme indicated that the frequency of parents reporting moderate to extremely severe stress was 4.42 times that which would be expected in a typical British cohort. At the start of the programme, frequency of child behaviour problems in the cohort were 5.9 times higher with conduct problems being 9 times what would be expected based on British norms. This suggests that the programme is being accessed by parents whose children are evidencing behaviour problems and, in particular, conduct problems. However, methodological issues are likely to have led to a slight overestimate of relative prevalence of child CPs in the cohort. Results indicated that parents reported significantly increased self efficacy, significantly reduced stress and child behaviour problems, including conduct problems, between the start and end of the programme. Thematic analysis and subsequent content analysis of outcome themes from interviews suggested that the majority of parents interviewed identified changes in parenting behaviour, knowledge, confidence, reduced stress and improved child behaviour as outcomes from the programme. However, changes in the quantitative data were not observed as frequently, reliably or to the same extent in the interview subgroup as they were in the main cohort, suggesting a sampling bias or a discrepancy in findings between methods. The self report data and interviews for all interviewees were then reviewed and interviews with six parents evaluated as having moderate to high stress, social or psychological difficulties and possible child behaviour problems were sampled. These were then re-analysed using a rigorous inductive approach to Thematic Analysis to identify emergent themes relating to the experience of participating and learning through the programme. Six themes emerged from analysis including; Understanding Difficulties, Identifying and Connecting, New Knowledge, Stopping and Thinking, Approach and Interaction and Reconstructing. The Understanding Difficulties theme described the different ways in which parents understood of their difficulties relating to themselves, their children and others which motivated them to attend the programme. The Identifying and Connecting theme described the importance to parents of personal identification with several aspects of the programme in terms of “being understood” in addition to identifying connections with established support, learning objectives and personal development goals. New Knowledge was categorised into three sub-themes of theoretical, practical and contextual. Contextual knowledge was constructed as understanding the experience of other parents, for example, identifying that other parents had similar difficulties. Theoretical knowledge about child behaviour and development encouraged parents to “stop and think” about the reasons for their children’s behaviour. Practical knowledge was constructed as parenting strategies which, when used, helped parents to feel more confident in themselves, more relaxed and more in control. The Stopping and Thinking theme described parents withholding action and considering the motivations for their children’s behaviour or the best approach to interacting with them. Approach and Interaction described changes to the way parents interacted with their children. The parents in question described changed or reconstructed understandings of their children, themselves and their difficulties as a result of participating in the programme. The theoretical implications of analysing the learning experience are that it highlights the importance of personal identification with the course objectives and experience.

Published
2011

47. Maternal Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution and Term Birth Weight: A Multi-Country Evaluation of Effect and Heterogeneity

Author

Dadvand, Payam, Parker, Jennifer, Bell, Michelle L, Bonzini, Matteo, Brauer, Michael, Darrow, Lyndsey A, Gehring, Ulrike, Glinianaia, Svetlana V, Gouveia, Nelson, Ha, Eun-hee, Leem, Jong Han, van den Hooven, Edith H, Jalaludin, Bin, Jesdale, Bill M, Lepeule, Johanna, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Morgan, Geoffrey G, Pesatori, Angela Cecilia, Pierik, Frank H, Pless-Mulloli, Tanja, Rich, David Q, Sathyanarayana, Sheela, Seo, Juhee, Slama, Rémy, Strickland, Matthew, Tamburic, Lillian, Wartenberg, Daniel, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, and Woodruff, Tracey J

Abstract

Background: A growing body of evidence has associated maternal exposure to air pollution with adverse effects on fetal growth; however, the existing literature is inconsistent.Objectives: We aimed to quantify the association between maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight and low birth weight (LBW) across 14 centers from 9 countries, and to explore the influence of site characteristics and exposure assessment methods on between-center heterogeneity in this association.Methods: Using a common analytical protocol, International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO) centers generated effect estimates for term LBW and continuous birth weight associated with PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 10 and 2.5 µm). We used meta-analysis to combine the estimates of effect across centers (~ 3 million births) and used meta-regression to evaluate the influence of center characteristics and exposure assessment methods on between-center heterogeneity in reported effect estimates.Results: In random-effects meta-analyses, term LBW was positively associated with a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05] and PM2.5 (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18) exposure during the entire pregnancy, adjusted for maternal socioeconomic status. A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10 exposure was also negatively associated with term birth weight as a continuous outcome in the fully adjusted random-effects meta-analyses (–8.9 g; 95% CI: –13.2, –4.6 g). Meta-regressions revealed that centers with higher median PM2.5 levels and PM2.5:PM10 ratios, and centers that used a temporal exposure assessment (compared with spatiotemporal), tended to report stronger associations.Conclusion: Maternal exposure to particulate pollution was associated with LBW at term across study populations. We detected three site characteristics and aspects of exposure assessment methodology that appeared to contribute to the variation in associations reported by centers.

Published
2013

48. The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes: initial results.

Author

Parker, Jennifer D, Rich, David Q, Glinianaia, Svetlana V, Leem, Jong Han, Wartenberg, Daniel, Bell, Michelle L, Bonzini, Matteo, Brauer, Michael, Darrow, Lyndsey, Gehring, Ulrike, Gouveia, Nelson, Grillo, Paolo, Ha, Eunhee, van den Hooven, Edith H, Jalaludin, Bin, Jesdale, Bill M, Lepeule, Johanna, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Morgan, Geoffrey G, Slama, Rémy, Pierik, Frank H, Pesatori, Angela Cecilia, Sathyanarayana, Sheela, Seo, Juhee, Strickland, Matthew, Tamburic, Lillian, and Woodruff, Tracey J

Subjects
Humans, Premature Birth, Birth Weight, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Feasibility Studies, Pilot Projects, Air Pollution, Pregnancy, Particle Size, Research Design, International Cooperation, Socioeconomic Factors, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Female, Particulate Matter, air pollution, birth weight, ICAPPO, low birth weight, particulate matter, pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Low Birth Weight, Prevention, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Infant Mortality, Clinical Research, Pediatric, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, 2.5 Research design and methodologies, Toxicology, Medical and Health Sciences, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe findings of prior studies of air pollution effects on adverse birth outcomes are difficult to synthesize because of differences in study design.ObjectivesThe International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes was formed to understand how differences in research methods contribute to variations in findings. We initiated a feasibility study to a) assess the ability of geographically diverse research groups to analyze their data sets using a common protocol and b) perform location-specific analyses of air pollution effects on birth weight using a standardized statistical approach.MethodsFourteen research groups from nine countries participated. We developed a protocol to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀) and low birth weight (LBW) among term births, adjusted first for socioeconomic status (SES) and second for additional location-specific variables.ResultsAmong locations with data for the PM₁₀ analysis, ORs estimating the relative risk of term LBW associated with a 10-μg/m³ increase in average PM₁₀ concentration during pregnancy, adjusted for SES, ranged from 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-1.35] for the Netherlands to 1.15 (95% CI, 0.61-2.18) for Vancouver, with six research groups reporting statistically significant adverse associations. We found evidence of statistically significant heterogeneity in estimated effects among locations.ConclusionsVariability in PM₁₀-LBW relationships among study locations remained despite use of a common statistical approach. A more detailed meta-analysis and use of more complex protocols for future analysis may uncover reasons for heterogeneity across locations. However, our findings confirm the potential for a diverse group of researchers to analyze their data in a standardized way to improve understanding of air pollution effects on birth outcomes.

Published
2011

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