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Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain why patients with malaria are more susceptible to bloodstream invasions by Salmonella spp., however there are still several unknown critical factors regarding the pathogenesis of coinfection. From a coinfection model, in which an S. enterica serovar Typhi (S_Typhi) was chosen to challenge mice that had been infected 24 h earlier with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P.b_ANKA), we evaluated the influence of malaria on cytokine levels, the functional activity of femoral bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils, and intestinal permeability. The cytokine profile over eight days of coinfection showed exacerbation in the cytokines MCP-1, IFNγ and TNFα in relation to the increase seen in animals with malaria. The cytokine profile was associated with a considerably reduced neutrophil and macrophage count and a prominent dysfunction, especially in ex vivo neutrophils in coinfected mice, though without bacterial modulation that could influence the invasion capacity of ex vivo S_Typhi obtained from liver macerate in non-phagocyte cells. Finally, irregularities in the integrity of intestinal tissue evidenced ruptures in the enterocyte layer, a presence of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer, an increase of goblet cells in the enterocyte layer and a high volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were greatly increased in coinfected animals. Increases of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer and volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were also seen in monoinfected animals with P. berghei ANKA. Our findings suggest malaria causes a disarrangement of intestinal homeostasis, exacerbation of proinflammatory cytokines and dysfunction in neutrophils that render the host susceptible to bacteremia by Salmonella spp.

Background: Facial aging is a natural biological process with symptoms such as sagging tissue, accentuated lines, furrows, wrinkles, dyschromias, and loss of facial volume. Rhytidectomy alone often fails to achieve a patient's expected goals, which is why there is a high demand for adjunct laser skin treatment., Methods: From January 2007 to February 2013, a total of 80 patients with skin types Fitzpatrick I-IV underwent large undermined cutaneous flap rhytidectomy and superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) plicature plus hyaluronic acid injection on the nasolabial folds and lips and concomitant Lumenis UltraPulse CO2 Active FX total ablation mode resurfacing of nonundermined skin. The undermined skin was treated with a fractional laser using different energies depending on the type of skin. Patients were evaluated at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after the operation. At the last evaluation patients completed a specific questionnaire about satisfaction., Results: Complications included expansive hematomas (5 %), partial necrosis (1.25 %), bacterial infection (1.25 %), herpetic infection (1.25 %), hypertrophic scar (1.25 %), and spot hyperchromia (1.25 %). 95 % of patients were extremely satisfied, 3.75 % were satisfied, and only 1.25 % were unsatisfied., Conclusion: The combination of subcutaneous flap rhytidectomy and SMAS plicature with fractional laser resurfacing plus hyaluronic acid injection is a safe procedure with low incidence of major complications and improves patient satisfaction.

Objective: To evaluate the perioperative use of atenolol in reducing the incidence of hematoma after rhytidoplasty., Methods: Between January 2007 and February 2013, 80 patients were randomized into two groups: Group A (n = 26) received perioperative atenolol in order to maintain heart rate (PR) around 60 per minute; Group B (n = 54) did not receive atenolol. Both groups underwent the same anesthetic and surgical technique. We monitored blood pressure (BP), HR, hematoma formation and the need for drainage. Patients were followed-up until the 90th postoperative day. The variables were compared between the groups using the ANOVA test. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation and the differences were compared with the Student's t test. Values of p d" 0.05 were considered significant., Results: In group A the mean BP (110-70 mm Hg ± 7.07) and HR (64 / min ± 5) were lower (p d" 0.05) than in group B (135-90 mm Hg ± 10.6) and (76 / min ± 7.5), respectively. There were four cases of expansive hematoma in group B, all requiring reoperation for drainage, and none in group A (p d" 0,001)., Conclusion: The perioperative use of atenolol caused a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate and decreased the incidence of expanding hematoma after rhytidectomy.