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Anterior clinoidectomy is a surgical procedure used to access the central skull base, providing access to sellar and parasellar pathologies and vascular lesions in and around the cavernous sinus. However, the procedure is challenging and risky due to limited working space, restricted surgical view, and proximity to critical anatomical structures such as the carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, and optic nerve.

The surgical procedure known as optic nerve unroofing plays a vital role in skull base surgery. This critical intervention focuses on relieving pressure and decompressing the optic nerve to safeguard vision, restore optimal nerve function, and enhance the surgical view during aneurysm therapy. Nevertheless, the surgical procedure presents inherent challenges and risks due to factors like limited working space, restricted surgical view, and the proximity to critical anatomical structures, including the optic nerve, carotid artery and oculomotor nerve. Significant advancements in medical robotics technology hold promise for addressing these challenges and potentially enhancing multiple aspects of neurosurgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and precision of utilizing CARLO© (Cold Ablation Roboterguided Laser Osteotome) for delineating the boundaries of the optical canal. Additionally, the investigation involved the insertion of a thermal probe into the optical canal to assess the occurrence of significant heat damage resulting from the removal of the optic roof. Success was defined as the accurate excavation of the optical canal, which was confirmed through post-experimental CT scans and photographic documentation. The experiment utilized five fresh frozen skulls, securely fixed in a Mayfield clamp to ensure a stable experimental setup. Prior to the procedure, preoperative planning was conducted using NeuroPlan©, which accurately segmented crucial anatomical structures and devised trajectories with a safety margin of 2mm from high-risk areas. A navigation system and additional referencing screws were employed to achieve precise bone ablation. The target structure was accessed through a pterional craniotomy and the optical canal was prepared extradurally. While data evaluation is ongoing, preliminary results indicate a successful delineation of the optical roof without significant heat damage while preserving vital anatomical structures. These initial findings have the potential to stimulate further investigation into the applications of robotic and laser technologies in the realm of neurosurgery. The study emphasizes the feasibility and exceptional precision of robotic technology, which can be utilized to advance the development of additional procedures to improve patient outcomes and reduce perioperative risks in neurosurgical interventions.

Brain biopsies are necessary in cases of unclear lesions on imaging studies to establish a treatment plan based on the histologic diagnosis. A previous study investigated the potential of lasers to make brain biopsies less invasive, faster and safer. The study demonstrated that lasers can create highly precise burr holes which themselves can act as a sufficient guide for the biopsy needle. Furthermore, lasers can create tangential canals in the bone which allows to biopsy brain regions that are usually impossible or hazardous to access. Building upon the results of the previous study, further research and technological advancements were pursued. This includes a biopsy needle attachment for the robot, which will be used to simulate brain biopsies using CARLO© (Cold Ablation Robot-guided Laser Osteotome) with its Er:YAG laser and navigated robotic guiding system. The study utilizes five freshly frozen skulls, which are immobilized using a Mayfield clamp. Prior to conducting the experiment, the NeuroPlan© software is employed to plan the path and angle of the biopsies. To align the preexperimental CT with the skull, referencing points on the skull and its surface are registered using a pointer. A small skin incision is performed to reach the area of bone where the laser ablates the bone for the biopsy. Preliminary experimental results suggest that the combined use of laser ablation and a guidance device enables precise bone ablation and accurate needle guidance for biopsies. These initial results demonstrate the potential of integrating laser technology and robotics in neurosurgery, potentially enabling less invasive, faster and safer biopsies, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.

The aim of the study was to analytically evaluate the total content of vitamin C and polyphenols as well as the antioxidant potential of daily food rations planned for athletes. Chemical analyses showed that an average food ration for women (2,120.1 kcal, 90.8 g protein, 53.1 g fat and 354.0 g carbohydrates) contained 5.5±2.6 mg vitamin C and 20.1±4.1 mg polyphenols in 100 g fresh mass. An average food ration for men (2,648.8 kcal, 112.5 g protein, 63.1 g fat and 447.4 g carbohydrates) contained 5.6±1.4 mg vitamin C and 22.9±8.1 mg polyphenols in 100 g fresh mass. The antioxidant potential of an average ration for women expressed as reducing power (FRAP index) in 100 g fresh mass was 8.2±0.7 mmol Fe+2, and for men, 8.9 ±0.9 mmol Fe+2 . The antioxidant potential of an average ration prepared for women and men expressed as antiradical activity against DPPH in 100 g fresh mass was respectively: 2.7±02 mmol and 2.7±0.4 mmol Trolox equivalent. Balanced food rations rich in products with high nutrient density can ensure the appropriate intake of vitamin C and polyphenols and high antioxidant potential of the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly polymers such as polylactide are increasingly becoming available for use in packaging applications. The main advantages of polylactide packaging are evident. Polylactide is based on renewable resources and can be degraded in compost or soil. The studies on degradability of polylactide (PLA) films by commercial preparation of mixture of multi-active saprophytic soil microorganisms, bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi have been done. Unmodified PLA film, metalized co-extruded PLA film and modified by silicon oxide PLA film were incubated in the liquid nutritious medium (TSB) prepared to support the growth of microorganisms. The degradability of polylactide films was examined by macro and microscopic observations of surface, changes of mass and crystallinity of polymer samples before and after incubation. The obtained results indicate that the degradation of polylactide was accelerated by the presence of a biological vaccine. It was found that PLA degradation in the inoculated TSB broth was a result of both: enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis.

The environmental degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)[PCL] in natural fresh water (pond) and in The Baltic Sea is presented in this paper. The characteristic parameters of both environments were measured during experiment and their influence on the biodegradation of the samples was discussed. The loss of weight and changes of surface morphology of polymer samples were tested during the period of incubation. The poly(ε-caprolactone) was more biodegradable in natural sea water than in pond. PCL samples were completely assimilated over the period of six weeks incubation in The Baltic Sea water, but after forty two weeks incubation in natural fresh water the polymer weight loss was about 39%. The results have confirmed that the investigated polymers are susceptible to an enzymatic attack of microorganisms, but their activity depends on environments.

Monoclonal protein (M-protein) is produced by a malignant clone of plasma cells. Detected in serum and/or urine, this typically indicates multiple myeloma (MM) or other monoclonal gammopathy (MG). In a majority of MM cases, with the production of intact monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig), malignant plasmocytes and/or B lymphocytes often produce excessive amounts of free light chains (FLCs). Excessive synthesis of FLCs lowers the ability of renal proximal tubules to re-absorb FLCs, which results in abnormally high levels of FLCs in the urine (Bence Jones protein, BJP). In laboratory practice, there are tests available for the quantitative measurement of only FLCs κ and λ or for total light chains (TLCs). These tests measure both free forms and bound in the (Ig) molecules forms as light chains that are evident in the serum and in urine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the FLCs and TLCs approaches in screening serum and urine samples of patients with MM, doing so in comparison to the results of immunofixation (IFE) assessment. A second purpose was to assess the suitability of the collected material for obtaining the most reliable results. The results of serum FLCs (sFLCs) assays suggest that this approach is of the highest reliability and diagnostic usefulness in the detection of MG with excess production of FLCs, in comparison to other available tests. In our work, when κ band light chains were detected in serum IFE (sIFE), 91% patients had their FLCs concentrations beyond the reference range, whereas 89% patients had increased λ FLCs when λ band light chains were detected in sIFE. We also found abnormal sFLC κ/λ ratios in 86.4% and 88.9% of all subject patients who had κ or λ band light chains detected in their sIFE, respectively.

The aim of this work was an estimation of susceptibility of biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to environmental degradation in different natural environments. The commercial poly(ε-caprolactone) film, the trade name “CAPA 680”, was degraded in the compost, pond, open and harbour area of the Baltic Sea. Characteristic parameters of all natural environments were monitored during the incubation of polymer samples and their influence on degradation of PCL was discussed. Susceptibility of PCL to degradation in natural environments was evaluated based on changes of weight, crystallinity and polymer surface morphology. The rate of environmental degradation of PCL depended on the incubation place, environmental conditions and decreased in order: compost>harbour area of the Baltic Sea>open area of the Baltic Sea>pond.

Competing Interests: Thomas Chatzikonstantinou received honoraria from AbbVie. Lydia Scarfò received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Lilly, Janssen, Octapharma. Gloria Iacoboni received honoraria and travel support from Novartis, Kite/Gilead, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Abbvie, Autolus, Miltenyi, and AstraZeneca. Rosa Collado received support for attending meetings from Janssen‐Cilag and S.A. Sara Galimberti received honoraria support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Jazz, Novartis, and Incyte, honoraria from Roche, Celgene, Pfizer, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from Jazz, AstraZeneca, and Roche. Romain Guieze received honoraria, consulting fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Beigene, Roche, Janssen, and AstraZeneca. Eleftheria Hatzimichael received honoraria from AbbVie, Janssen‐Cilag, AstraZeneca, and Roche. Yair Herishanu received honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, Roche, AstraZeneca, Medion, and Lilly. José‐Ángel Hernández‐Rivas received honoraria as a consultant from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and BeiGene and support for attending meetings from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and BeiGene. Ozren Jaksic received honoraria from Johnson and Johnson, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, honoraria from Johnson and Johnson, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, and support for attending meetings from Johnson and Johnson, and AbbVie. Kamel Laribi received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Beigene, Takeda, and Novartis. Maya Koren‐Michowitz received honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, and Gad Medical LTD. and support for attending meetings from Novartis. Arnon P. Kater received advisory board fees and research money from Janssen, AbbVie, BMS, AstraZeneca, and Roche/Genentech, and support for attending meetings from Janssen and AbbVie. Ioannis Kotsianidis received honoraria and consulting fees from AbbVie and Janssen. Ivana Milosevic received honoraria from AbbVie, Roche, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Roche, and Takeda. Almudena Navarro‐Bailón received honoraria, advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Janssen, and Beigene. Jacopo Olivieri received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. Gianluigi Reda received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Beigene, and is currently employed by AstraZeneca. Gian M. Rigolin received honoraria for participation in speaker's bureau from AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Beigene, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from Janssen. Mattia Schipani received honoraria and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, AbbVie, and Janssen‐Cilag and owns shares of stock in AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Merck, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer, Gilead, and GSK. Tereza Shokralla and Stephan Stilgenbauer reports research funding from, consultancy or advisory role for, honoraria from, speakers' bureau participation for, and travel support from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann‐La Roche, Incyte, Infinity, Janssen, Novartis, and Sunesis. Eric Tse received support for attending meetings from Takeda. Theodoros Vassilakopoulos received honoraria from Takeda, Roche, Genesis Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Gilead, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Integris, and Servier, and support for attending meetings from Takeda, Roche, Genesis Pharma, Merck, Pfizer, and Winmedica. Candida Vitale received honoraria from AbbVie, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Takeda, and Janssen. Renata Walewska received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Beigene, support for attending meetings from Janssen, AbbVie, and AstraZeneca, and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Beigene, and SecuraBio. Lucrecia Yañez received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Gilead, Janssen, Jazz, MSD, and Pfizer, support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Janssen, and Pfizer, and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Jazz, Janssen, Beigene, and Celgene. Francesc Bosch received consulting fees, honoraria, and payment for expert testimony from AbbVie, Genentech, Novartis, Takeda, Janssen, Roche, Mundipharma, Celgene/BMS, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Beigene, Gilead and TG Therapeutics, Advantage Allogene, Lava Therapeutics, and Enterome. Stephen Mulligan received advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Roche, and BeiGene. Maria Angelopoulou received consulting fees from AbbVie, Takeda, Janssen, Roche, Genesis, Gilead, and Amgen and honoraria from AbbVie, Takeda, Roche, Genesis, Gilead, and Novartis. Fatih Demirkan received support for attending meetings from Janssen and AbbVie. Tomas Papajík received honoraria and advisory board fees from AbbVie, Janssen‐Cilag, and AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca. Marta Coscia received honoraria, advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. Constantine Tam received honoraria from AbbVie, Beigene, Janssen, and LOXO. Antonio Cuneo received honoraria, advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Janssen, and Lilly. Gianluca Gaidano received honoraria from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Hikma, Incyte, Janssen, and Lilly. Niki Stavroyianni received honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, and support for attending meetings from Janssen and AstraZeneca. Lukas Smolej received consulting fees, honoraria, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen and advisory board fees from AbbVie and AstraZeneca. Martin Spacek received honoraria and consulting and advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. Michael Doubek received research support and honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. Eugene Nikitin received honoraria from AbbVie. Kostas Stamatopoulos received research support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Novartis, and Roche; honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, and Janssen. Paolo Ghia received research support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen and honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BMS, Galapagos, Genmab, Janssen, Loxo Oncology @Lilly, MSD, Roche, and is an Editor of HemaSphere. Georgios Karakatsoulis, Eva Minga, Dimitra Chamou, Jana Kotaskova, Christos Demosthenous, Elisa Albi, Miguel Alcoceba, Salem Al‐Shemari, Thérèse Aurran‐Schleinitz, Francesca Bacchiarri, Sofia Chatzileontiadou, Zadie Davis, Marcos Daniel de Deus Santos, Maria Dimou, Elena Dmitrieva, David Donaldson, Gimena Dos Santos, Barbara Dreta, Maria Efstathopoulou, Shaimaa El‐Ashwah, Alicia Enrico, Andrzej Frygier, Andrea Galitzia, Eva Gimeno, Valerio Guarente, Sean Harrop, Elżbieta Kalicińska, Volkan Karakus, Bonnie Kho, Maria Kislova, Εliana Konstantinou, Zuzana Kubova, Jorge Labrador, Deepesh Lad, Luca Laurenti, Thomas Longval, Alberto Lopez‐Garcia, Juan Marquet, Stanislava Maslejova, Carlota Mayor‐Bastida, Biljana Mihaljevic, Fatima Miras, Riccardo Moia, Marta Morawska, Uttam K. Nath, Irina Panovska‐Stavridis, Maria Papaioannou, Cheyenne Pierie, Anna Puiggros, Rosa Ruchlemer, Annett Schiwitza, Yandong Shen, Tereza Shokralla, Martin Simkovic, Svetlana Smirnova, Dina S. A. Soliman, Tamar Tadmor, Kristina Tomic, Andrea Visentin, George Vrachiolias, Vojin Vukovic, Zhenshu Xu, Munci Yagci, Mohamed Yassin, Jana Zuchnicka, David Oscier, Alessandro Gozzetti, Panagiotis Panagiotidis, Blanca Espinet, Paolo Sportoletti, Gerassimos A. Pangalis, Viola M. Popov, Bella Biderman, Roberta Murru, Rainer Claus, Livio Trentin, Darko Antic, Olga B. Kalashnikova, Mark Catherwood, Sarka Pospisilova, and Anastasia Chatzidimitriou have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Objectives: We recently introduced a frameless, navigated, robot-driven laser tool for depth electrode implantation as an alternative to frame-based procedures. This method has only been used in cadaver and non-recovery studies. This is the first study to test the robot-driven laser tool in an in vivo recovery animal study. Methods: A preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan was conducted to plan trajectories in sheep specimens. Burr hole craniotomies were performed using a frameless, navigated, robot-driven laser tool. Depth electrodes were implanted after cut-through detection was confirmed. The electrodes were cut at the skin level postoperatively. Postoperative imaging was performed to verify accuracy. Histopathological analysis was performed on the bone, dura, and cortex samples. Results: Fourteen depth electrodes were implanted in two sheep specimens. Anesthetic protocols did not show any intraoperative irregularities. One sheep was euthanized on the same day of the procedure while the other sheep remained alive for 1 week without neurological deficits. Postoperative MRI and CT showed no intracerebral bleeding, infarction, or unintended damage. The average bone thickness was 6.2 mm (range 4.1-8.0 mm). The angulation of the planned trajectories varied from 65.5° to 87.4°. The deviation of the entry point performed by the frameless laser beam ranged from 0.27 mm to 2.24 mm. The histopathological analysis did not reveal any damage associated with the laser beam. Conclusion: The novel robot-driven laser craniotomy tool showed promising results in this first in vivo recovery study. These findings indicate that laser craniotomies can be performed safely and that cut-through detection is reliable., Competing Interests: DB, PG, and MM were employed by AOT, which is the company that provided the laser. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Winter, Pilz, Kramer, Beer, Gono, Morawska, Hainfellner, Klotz, Tomschik, Pataraia, Hangel, Dorfer and Roessler.)

In this retrospective international multicenter study, we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and related disorders (small lymphocytic lymphoma and high-count monoclonal B lymphocytosis) infected by SARS-CoV-2, including the development of post-COVID condition. Data from 1540 patients with CLL infected by SARS-CoV-2 from January 2020 to May 2022 were included in the analysis and assigned to four phases based on cases disposition and SARS-CoV-2 variants emergence. Post-COVID condition was defined according to the WHO criteria. Patients infected during the most recent phases of the pandemic, though carrying a higher comorbidity burden, were less often hospitalized, rarely needed intensive care unit admission, or died compared to patients infected during the initial phases. The 4-month overall survival (OS) improved through the phases, from 68% to 83%, p = .0015. Age, comorbidity, CLL-directed treatment, but not vaccination status, emerged as risk factors for mortality. Among survivors, 6.65% patients had a reinfection, usually milder than the initial one, and 16.5% developed post-COVID condition. The latter was characterized by fatigue, dyspnea, lasting cough, and impaired concentration. Infection severity was the only risk factor for developing post-COVID. The median time to resolution of the post-COVID condition was 4.7 months. OS in patients with CLL improved during the different phases of the pandemic, likely due to the improvement of prophylactic and therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2 as well as the emergence of milder variants. However, mortality remained relevant and a significant number of patients developed post-COVID conditions, warranting further investigations., (© 2023 The Authors. American Journal of Hematology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a higher risk of developing other malignancies (OMs) compared to the general population. However, the impact of CLL-related risk factors and CLL-directed treatment is still unclear and represents the focus of this work., Methods: We conducted a retrospective international multicenter study to assess the incidence of OMs and detect potential risk factors in 19,705 patients with CLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma, or high-count CLL-like monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. Data collection took place between October 2020 and March 2022., Findings: In 129,254 years of follow-up after CLL diagnosis, 3513 OMs were diagnosed (27.2 OMs/1000 person-years). The most common hematological OMs were Richter transformation, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Non-melanoma skin (NMSC) and prostate cancers were the most common solid tumors (STs).The only predictor for MDS and AML development was treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with/without rituximab (FC ± R) (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 2.79-4.91; p < 0.001). STs were more frequent in males and patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable genes (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.49-2.11; p < 0.001/OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.6-2.24; p < 0.001).CLL-directed treatment was associated with non-melanoma skin and prostate cancers (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.36-2.41; p < 0.001/OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.12-3.97; p = 0.021). In contrast, breast cancers were more frequent in untreated patients (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.08-0.33; p < 0.001).Patients with CLL and an OM had inferior overall survival (OS) than those without. AML and MDS conferred the worst OS (p < 0.001)., Interpretation: OMs in CLL impact on OS. Treatment for CLL increased the risk for AML/MDS, prostate cancer, and NMSC. FCR was associated with increased risk for AML/MDS., Funding: AbbVie, and EU/EFPIAInnovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking HARMONY grant n° 116026., Competing Interests: TC received honoraria from AbbVie. LS received consulting fees from AbbVie, BeiGene, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and Janssen, honoraria from Janssen and Octapharma, support for attending meetings from BeiGene and Janssen and advisory board fees from Merck. SMu received advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Roche and BeiGene. JAHR received honoraria as a consultant from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and BeiGene and support for attending meetings from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and BeiGene. LI received honoraria from AbbVie, Roche, and Janssen-Cilag. APK received advisory board fees and research money from Janssen, AbbVie, BMS, AstraZeneca, Roche/Genentech, support for attending meetings from Janssen and AbbVie. M-DL received travel expenses from Janssen and AbbVie. GMR received honoraria for participation to speaker's bureau from AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Beigene, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from Janssen. JVT received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, and Janssen, honoraria for scientific talks from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Janssen, Lilly, and Roche, travel support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Janssen, Roche, and Lilly, and advisory boards fees for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene. GI received honoraria from Novartis, BMS, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, and Miltenyi, support for attending meetings from Kite/Gilead, AstraZeneca, and AbbVie and advisory board fees from Kite/Gilead, Novartis, BMS, and Autolus. FBi received support for attending meetings from AbbVie. RCo received support for attending meetings from Janssen-Cilag and S.A. SG received honoraria support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Jazz, Novartis, and Incyte, honoraria from Roche, Celgene, Pfizer, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from Jazz, AstraZeneca, and Roche. RGS received support for attending meetings from AbbVie and S.L.U. RG received honoraria, consulting fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Beigene, Roche, Janssen, AstraZeneca. YH received honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, Roche, AstraZeneca, Medion, and Lilly. OJ received honoraria from Johnson and Johnson, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, honoraria from Johnson and Johnson, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, and support for attending meetings from Johnson and Johnson, and AbbVie. LK received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Beigene, Takeda, and Novartis. MKM received honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, and Gad Medical LTD and support for attending meetings from Novartis. IKo received honoraria and consulting fees from AbbVie and Janssen. IM received honoraria from AbbVie, Roche, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, and Janssen, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Roche, and Takeda. ANB received honoraria, advisory board fees and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Janssen, and Beigene. JO received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. GR received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Beigene, and is currently employed by AstraZeneca. TP received honoraria and advisory board fees from AbbVie, Janssen-Cilag, and AstraZeneca and support for attending meeting from AstraZeneca. MS received honoraria and support for attending meeting from AstraZeneca, AbbVie, and Janssen-Cilag and owns shares of stock in AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Merck, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer, Gilead, and GSK. MSp received honoraria and consulting and advisory board fees, and support for attending meeting from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. ET received support for attending meetings from Takeda. TV received honoraria from Takeda, Roche, Genesis Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Gilead, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Integris, and Servier and support for attending meetings from Takeda, Roche, Genesis Pharma, Merck, Pfizer, and Winmedica. CV received honoraria from AbbVie, consulting fees from AstraZeneca and support for attending meeting from AstraZeneca, Takeda, and Janssen. RW received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Beigene, support for attending meetings from Janssen, AbbVie, and AstraZeneca and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Beigene, and SecuraBio. EWS received honoraria from AbbVie, Roche, and Janssen-Cilag and support for attending meetings from AbbVie. LY received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Gilead, Janssen, Jazz, MSD, and Pfizer, support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Janssen, and Pfizer, and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Jazz, Janssen, Beigene, and Celgene. MAn received consulting fees from AbbVie, Takeda, Janssen, Roche, Genesis, Gilead, and Amgen and honoraria from AbbVie, Takeda, Roche, Genesis, Gilead, and Novartis. MC received honoraria, advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. ACu received honoraria, advisory board fees, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Janssen, and Lilly. FD support for attending meetings from Janssen and AbbVie. GG received honoraria, and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Janssen and advisory board fees from Lilly. EN received honoraria from AbbVie. LSm received consulting fees, honoraria and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Janssen and advisory board fees from AbbVie and AstraZeneca. NS received honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Lilly, and support for attending meetings from Janssen and AstraZeneca. CT received honoraria from AbbVie, Beigene, Janssen, and LOXO. FB received consulting fees, honoraria and payment for expert testimony from AbbVie, Genentech, Novartis, Takeda, Janssen, Roche, Mundipharma, Celgene/BMS, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Beigene, Gilead and TG Therapeutics, Advantage Allogene, Lava Therapeutics, and Enterome. MDo received honoraria and advisory board fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca and Janssen, advisory board fees from Swixx, and support for attending meetings from Janssen. PG received honoraria and consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen, Lilly/Loxo Oncology, MSD, and Roche; grant support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen. KS received honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, Lilly and AstraZeneca, consulting fees and support for attending meetings from Janssen and AstraZeneca. GK, EM, DC, JK, CD, MA, SA, TAS, FBa, MB, ACa, AM, AKM, RC, SC, ACh, ZD, MDi, DD, GDS, BD, ME, SEA, AE, AF, AG, EG, IGGM, AGo, AjG, RGu, SH, EH, SJ, EKa, VK, BK, MK, EK, RJK, JL, DL, IL, TL, ALG, JM, LMR, MMa, SM, CMB, BM, FM, RM, MMo, RMu, UKN, ACO, DO, IPS, MP, ZK, PP, CP, AP, LR, RR, MDDS, AS, YS, MSi, SS, DSAS, TT, KT, AV, GV, VV, ZX, MYa, MY, JZ, DA, BB, MCa, RCl, BE, OBK, LL, GP, PPa, VMP, SP, PS, LT, AC, have no conflict of interest to disclose., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of complex unicortical calvarial harvesting by using the Cold Ablation Robot-Guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO® primo+). A cadaveric study was performed with a progressive complexity of the bone harvesting. This preliminary study on the cadaveric cranial vault area examined the tracking precision, the strategies, settings and durations of harvesting, the accuracy of the unicortical bone cutting, and the risk of dura exposition. All sampling was realised with no more difficulty than that experienced during the standard procedure. No bicortical cutting occurred during CARLO® primo + robot-guided laser cutting. During the second sampling, dura was partially exposed due to improper angulation of the curved osteotome during harvesting. Complex unicortical calvarial harvesting using robot-guided laser appears to be feasible and safe. In the future, robotic approaches will probably replace current surgical techniques using cutting guides and help reduce intraoperative inaccuracies due to the human factor., (Copyright © 2023 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Patients with hematologic malignancies are particularly vulnerable to severe infectious complications. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a high risk of severe course and death in this patient population. In addition, immune deficits associated with both the blood cancer and the treatment used make vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 less effective than in immunocompetent individuals. Molnupiravir is one of the first oral antiviral drugs to demonstrate a significant benefit in reducing hospitalisation and death in COVID-19 in the general population. In this context, 175 haematology patients with diagnosed COVID-19, and treated with MOL between January and April 2022, came under our scrutiny with a view to defining their clinical characteristics and outcomes. The most common underlying conditions were lymphomas (45%), multiple myelomas (21%) and acute leukaemias or myelodysplastic syndrome (35%). Of all, 77% of the patients were vaccinated, and half of them received a booster. At 28 days after the breakthrough COVID-19 diagnosis, 35 (20%) subjects required hospital admission. Out of those patients, seven (4%) died during the follow-up due to the progression of COVID. Our results corroborate what has been established to date with regard to the positive clinical and safety outcomes of MOL in haematology patients with mild or moderate COVID-19., (© 2023 UICC.)

The results of the MURANO trial showed encouraging progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (RR-CLL) patients treated with venetoclax-rituximab (VEN-R). A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VEN-R within the Polish Adult Leukemia Study Group (PALG) centers. The study group included 117 patients with RR-CLL (with early relapse after immunochemotherapy or bearing TP53 aberrations) treated with VEN-R in 2019-2023 outside clinical trials. Patients were treated with a median of 2 (range 1-9) previous lines of therapy. Twenty-two participants were previously treated with BTKi (18.8% out of 117). The median follow-up was 20.3 months (range 0.27-39.1). The overall response rate (ORR) was 95.3% in the group of patients in whom a response to treatment was assessed and 86.3% for all patients. Twenty patients (17.1% out of 117) achieved a complete response (CR), 81 (69.2%) achieved a partial response (PR), and in 5 patients (4.3%), disease progression was noted (assessed as the best response during treatment). The median PFS in the whole cohort was 36.97 (95% CI 24.5, not reached) months, and the median OS was not reached (95% CI 27.03, not reached). Thirty-six patients died during the follow-up, 10 (8.5%; 27.8% of deaths) due to COVID-19 infection. All grade neutropenia (n = 87/117, 74.4%; grade 3 or higher n = 67/117, 57.3%) was the most common treatment adverse event. Forty-five patients (38.5%) remained on treatment, and twenty-two (18.8%) completed 24 months of therapy, while it was discontinued in fifty cases (42.7%). In this real-world setting of early access in very high-risk RR-CLL patients, the VEN-R regimen was associated with shorter median PFS compared with the results of the MURANO trial. This outcome, however, could be attributed to patients' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the aggressive course of the disease as very high-risk patients, after multiple lines of prior therapies, were included in the Polish Ministry of Health reimbursement program., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

A series of quaternary ammonium fluoroquinolones was obtained by exhaustive methylation of the amine groups present at the 7-position of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, and norfloxacin. The synthesized molecules were tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogens, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the synthesized compounds are potent antibacterial agents (MIC values at the lowest 6.25 μM) with low cytotoxicity in vitro as assessed on the BALB 3T3 mouse embryo cell line. Further experiments proved that the tested derivatives are able to bind to the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV active sites in a fluoroquinolone-characteristic manner. The most active quaternary ammonium fluoroquinolones, in contrast to ciprofloxacin, reduce the total biomass of P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 biofilm in post-exposure experiments. The latter effect may be due to the dual mechanism of action of the quaternary fluoroquinolones, which also involves disruption of bacterial cell membranes. IAM-HPLC chromatographic experiments with immobilized artificial membranes (phospholipids) showed that the most active compounds were those with moderate lipophilicity and containing a cyclopropyl group at the N1 nitrogen atom in the fluoroquinolone core., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Joanna Fedorowicz reports financial support was provided by Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. Paivi Tammela reports financial support was provided by Academy of Finland. Joanna Fedorowicz reports financial support was provided by Medical University of Gdansk. Jaroslaw Saczewski reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by OpenEye Scientific Software. Paivi Tammela reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by University of Helsinki., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Monoclonal gammopathies and multiple myeloma should be screened in the primary care setting., Methods: The screening strategy consisted of an initial interview supported with the analysis of basic laboratory test results and the increasing laboratory workload in the following steps was developed based on characteristics of patients with multiple myeloma., Results: The developed 3-step screening protocol includes evaluation of myeloma-related bone disease, two renal function markers, and three hematologic markers. In the second step, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) were cross-tabulated to identify persons qualifying for confirmation of the presence of monoclonal component. Patients with diagnosed monoclonal gammopathy should be referred to a specialized center to confirm the diagnosis. The screening protocol testing identified 900 patients with increased ESR and normal level of CRP and 94 of them (10.4%) had positive immunofixation., Conclusions: The proposed screening strategy resulted in an efficient diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy. The stepwise approach rationalized the diagnostic workload and cost of screening. The protocol would support primary care physicians, standardizing the knowledge about the clinical manifestation of multiple myeloma and the method of evaluation of symptoms and diagnostic test results.

Background: The first-line obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy improves the outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) compared with rituximab-based regimens. However, infusion-related reactions occur in almost half of patients during the 1st obinutuzumab administration., Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the early effectiveness and safety of obinutuzumab-based induction regimens in a real-world setting., Material and Methods: Outcomes of patients diagnosed with FL and treated with obinutuzumab between January 2020 and September 2021 were analyzed., Results: The study group included 143 treatment-naïve patients with FL. The median age was 52 years (range: 28-89 years); 45.1% of patients had a high-risk disease as assessed using the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI). Induction chemotherapy included: O-CVP (obinutuzumab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone) in 49.0% of patients, O-CHOP (O-CVP plus doxorubicin) in 28.7% and O-BENDA (obinutuzumab, bendamustine) in 22.4%. Complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rates were 69.9% and 26.5%, respectively. There was no difference in response rates between different regimens (p = 0.309). Maintenance was started in 115 patients (85.2%). In the 1st cycle, obinutuzumab was administered as a single 1000-milligram infusion in 47.9% of patients, whereas in 52.1%, initial infusions were split over 2 days (100 mg/900 mg). Infusion-related reactions were reported only during the 1st administration of obinutuzumab in 9.1% of patients, with a similar incidence in those receiving the total dose on a single day or split over 2 days (p = 0.458). The most common adverse events were hematological. Five patients died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)., Conclusion: The early responses to induction regimens and adverse events profile were similar for every type of induction treatment. The infusion-related reactions were rare and limited to the 1st dose of obinutuzumab.

Introduction: Traditional bone surgery using saws and chisels is associated with direct contact of instruments with the bone causing friction, heat and pressure and hence, damaging the bone and the surrounding soft tissues., Method: Cold ablation laser osteotomy offers new possibilities to perform corrective osteotomies in the field of bone surgery. We introduce the technology of navigated cold ablation robot-guided laser osteotomy, present potential applications, and preliminary pre-clinical cadaver test results in the field of hand-, wrist- and forearm surgery., Results: The cadaver tests showed first promising results for corrections in all planes and axes using different cutting patterns., Conclusion: Cold ablation laser osteotomy seems to be a feasible new method to perform osteotomies in the field of hand-, wrist- and forearm surgery. Primary osseous stability could be achieved using various cutting patterns which could lead to reduction of the amount of hardware required for osteosynthesis. Further tests are required to proof the latter and precision., (© 2022 The Authors. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: In this study we aimed to present an updated cutting strategy and updated hardware for a new camera system that can increase cut-through detection using a cold ablation robot-guided laser osteotome. Methods: We performed a preoperative computed tomography scan of each animal. The laser was mounted on a robotic arm and guided by a navigation system based on a tracking camera. Surgery was performed with animals in the prone position. A new cutting strategy was implemented consisting of two circular paths involving inner (full cylindric) and outer (hollow cylindric) sections, with three different ablation phases. The depth electrodes were inserted after cut-through detection was confirmed on either the coaxial camera system or optical coherence tomography signal. Results: A total of 71 precision bone channels were cut in four pig specimens using a robot-guided laser. No signs of hemodynamic or respiratory irregularities were observed during anesthesia. All bone channels were created using the advanced cutting strategy. The new cutting strategy showed no irregularities in either cylindrical (parallel walled; n = 38, 45° = 10, 60° = 14, 90° = 14) or anticonical (walls widening by 2 degrees; n = 33, 45° = 11, 60° = 13, 90° = 9) bone channels. The entrance hole diameters ranged from 2.25-3.7 mm and the exit hole diameters ranged from 1.25 to 2.82 mm. Anchor bolts were successfully inserted in all bone channels. No unintended damage to the cortex was detected after laser guided craniotomy. Conclusion: The new cutting strategy showed promising results in more than 70 precision angulated cylindrical and anti-conical bone channels in this large, in vivo non-recovery animal study. Our findings indicate that the coaxial camera system is feasible for cut-through detection., Competing Interests: DB, PG, SM, and MM were currently employed by Advanced Osteotomy Tools. The remaining authors declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Winter, Beer, Gono, Medagli, Morawska, Dorfer and Roessler.)

Background: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be more susceptible to COVID-19 related poor outcomes, including thrombosis and death, due to the advanced age, the presence of comorbidities, and the disease and treatment-related immune deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in patients with CLL affected by severe COVID-19., Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter study conducted by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL, including patients from 79 centers across 22 countries. Data collection was conducted between April and May 2021. The COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for SARS-CoV-2 on nasal or pharyngeal swabs. Severe cases of COVID-19 were defined by hospitalization and the need of oxygen or admission into ICU. Development and type of thrombotic events, presence and severity of bleeding complications were reported during treatment for COVID-19. Bleeding events were classified using ISTH definition. STROBE recommendations were used in order to enhance reporting., Results: A total of 793 patients from 79 centers were included in the study with 593 being hospitalized (74.8%). Among these, 511 were defined as having severe COVID: 162 were admitted to the ICU while 349 received oxygen supplementation outside the ICU. Most patients (90.5%) were receiving thromboprophylaxis. During COVID-19 treatment, 11.1% developed a thromboembolic event, while 5.0% experienced bleeding. Thrombosis developed in 21.6% of patients who were not receiving thromboprophylaxis, in contrast to 10.6% of patients who were on thromboprophylaxis. Bleeding episodes were more frequent in patients receiving intermediate/therapeutic versus prophylactic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin (LWMH) (8.1% vs. 3.8%, respectively) and in elderly. In multivariate analysis, peak D-dimer level and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio were poor prognostic factors for thrombosis occurrence (OR = 1.022, 95%CI 1.007‒1.038 and OR = 1.025, 95%CI 1.001‒1.051, respectively), while thromboprophylaxis use was protective (OR = 0.199, 95%CI 0.061‒0.645). Age and LMWH intermediate/therapeutic dose administration were prognostic factors in multivariate model for bleeding (OR = 1.062, 95%CI 1.017-1.109 and OR = 2.438, 95%CI 1.023-5.813, respectively)., Conclusions: Patients with CLL affected by severe COVID-19 are at a high risk of thrombosis if thromboprophylaxis is not used, but also at increased risk of bleeding under the LMWH intermediate/therapeutic dose administration., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

People with hematologic malignancies are at a high risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. The response to vaccination is highly limited in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Less than half of the patients develop antibody response, suggesting that they remain at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection even after the vaccination. Reasons for inadequate response to COVID-19 vaccination in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are multifactorial and attributed to disease-related immune dysregulation and patient- and therapy-related factors. The negative predictors of response to vaccination include hypogammaglobulinemia, advanced age, current active treatment, and past treatment anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Despite using booster doses and heterologous immunization to improve humoral and cellular immunity, some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia will fail to respond. Active treatment at the time of vaccination and a recent history of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies use are the strongest predictors of the non-response. Current data support informing patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic malignancies about the risk of infection regardless of vaccination. These individuals and members of their households should continue extreme preventive actions despite relaxed local regulations. Other emerging non-vaccine preventive strategies include passive and post-exposure prevention with monoclonal antibodies., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become the cause of a worldwide pandemic, and its clinical infection course in patients with hematological malignancies may be severe., Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 188 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients (CLL) with COVID-19 infection., Results: At the time of infection 51 patients (27.1%) were treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), 46 (24.5%) with anti-CD20 antibodies while 37 patients (19.7%) received venetoclax. In total, 111 patients (59.0%) required hospitalization and 50 patients (26.5%) died due to COVID-19. Patients with poor performance status (ECOG >1; p = 0.02), advanced age (>65 years; p = 0.04), low hemoglobin concentration (≤10 g/dl; p = 0.0001), low platelets (<100 × 109/L; p = 0.003), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH; p = 0.014) had an increased risk of death due to COVID-19. Neither CLL treatment status (treatment naïve vs. treated) nor the type of CLL-directed treatment had impact on the SARS-CoV-2 related risk of death. The multivariate survival analysis showed that advanced age ( p = 0.009) and low platelet count ( p = 0.0001) were associated with significantly shorter patients' overall survival., Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection in CLL patients is associated with poor outcome regardless of administered CLL-directed treatment.

Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be more susceptible to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to age, disease, and treatment-related immunosuppression. We aimed to assess risk factors of outcome and elucidate the impact of CLL-directed treatments on the course of COVID-19. We conducted a retrospective, international study, collectively including 941 patients with CLL and confirmed COVID-19. Data from the beginning of the pandemic until March 16, 2021, were collected from 91 centers. The risk factors of case fatality rate (CFR), disease severity, and overall survival (OS) were investigated. OS analysis was restricted to patients with severe COVID-19 (definition: hospitalization with need of oxygen or admission into an intensive care unit). CFR in patients with severe COVID-19 was 38.4%. OS was inferior for patients in all treatment categories compared to untreated (p < 0.001). Untreated patients had a lower risk of death (HR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.41-0.72). The risk of death was higher for older patients and those suffering from cardiac failure (HR = 1.03, 95% CI:1.02-1.04; HR = 1.79, 95% CI:1.04-3.07, respectively). Age, CLL-directed treatment, and cardiac failure were significant risk factors of OS. Untreated patients had a better chance of survival than those on treatment or recently treated., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease and patients become refractory to the treatment in the course of the disease. Bendamustine-based regimens containing steroids and other agents are among the therapeutic options offered to MM patients. Here, we investigated the safety and the efficacy of bendamustine used in patients with refractory/relapsed MM (RRMM). The patients were treated with bendamustine and steroids ( n = 52) or bendamustine, steroids and immunomodulatory agents or proteasome inhibitors ( n = 53). Response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and frequency of adverse events were compared between both study groups. Most efficacy measurements were better in patients treated with three-drug regimens: overall response rate (55% versus 37%, p = 0.062), median PFS (9 months versus 4 months, p < 0.001), median OS survival (18 months versus 12 months, p = 0.679). The benefit from combining bendamustine and steroids with an additional agent was found in subgroups previously treated with both lenalidmide and bortezomib, with stem cell transplant and with more than two previous therapy lines. Toxicity was similar in both study groups and bendamustine-based therapies were generally well-tolerated. Our study suggests that bendamustine may be an effective treatment for patients with RRMM. Three-drug regimens containing bendamustine, steroids and novel agents produced better outcomes and had acceptable toxicity. The efficacy of bendamustine combined with steroids was limited.

COVID-19, as a disease involving the endothelium of multiple organs, is characterized by high mortality rates among hospitalized patients. Patients with hematological malignancies are particularly at risk of an unfavorable course of COVID-19. The endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) score has been used as a simple predictor of overall survival (OS) in specific groups of hematological cancer patients. EASIX, as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, might play a prognostic role in patients with COVID-19. Here, we performed a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the EASIX score in 523 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with or without coexisting hematological cancer. Hematological cancer COVID-19 patients had higher EASIX scores compared to the overall population with COVID-19. In hematological patients, EASIX was a strong predictor of the occurrence of sepsis during COVID-19. Our findings demonstrated EASIX as a strong predictor of intensive care unit admission, in-hospital mortality, the occurrence of acute renal failure and the need for hemodialysis, both in hematological and non-hematological COVID-19 patients. Patients with a high EASIX score on COVID-19 diagnosis had significantly inferior OS compared to patients with low EASIX. We showed for the first time that EASIX might serve as a simple, universal prognostic tool of OS in both hematological and non-hematological COVID-19 patients.

Aims/introduction: Regular physical activity for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and quality of life. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical and biochemical features that might be associated with CF in a homogenous group of adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus who are all treated with a personal insulin pump (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion)., Materials and Methods: We assessed CF in 62 patients (74.2% of whom were men) who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. To determine maximal oxygen consumption, the march-running test on the treadmill was carried out. Two hours before the test, the patients consumed a defined meal covered by a dose of rapid acting insulin analog that was reduced by 25% from their regular dose. Basal insulin infusion was reduced by 50% for an hour. Additionally, the Perceived Stress Scale-10 questionnaire was used to measure the perception of stress., Results: There was no episode of severe hypoglycemia during or after the test. In the final model, independent predictors of maximal oxygen consumption were sex, body fat percentage, lactate at 20 min after CF test and Perceived Stress Scale-10 score. Of interest, neither short-term (continuous glucose monitoring) nor long-term (glycosylated hemoglobin) metabolic control parameters were predictors of CF., Conclusions: In our selected homogenous group of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with personal insulin pumps, higher CF was associated with a lower percentage of body fat, male sex, higher lactate level after the CF test and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 score. The proposed protocol in our cohort proved to be safe with regard to glycemic control., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes (AASD) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Psoriasis (Ps), an autoimmune disease, and multiple myeloma (MM), a blood neoplasm, are characterized by immune dysregulation resulting from the imbalance between the effector and regulatory cells, including B regulatory (Breg) lymphocytes. Peripheral blood samples from 80 Ps patients, 17 relapsed/refractory MM patients before and after daratumumab (anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody) treatment, 23 healthy volunteers (HVs), and bone marrow samples from 59 MM patients were used in the study. Bregs were determined by flow cytometry using CD19, CD24, and CD38. Intracellular production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was assessed by flow cytometry after CD40L, LPS, and CpG stimulation. IL-10 serum or plasma concentrations were tested using ELISA method. The percentage of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs was not different whereas the production of IL-10 in Bregs was significantly higher in Ps patients in comparison with HVs. The percentage of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs in MM patients was significantly higher than in HVs ( p < 0.0001). The percentage of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs was significantly higher in MM patients with the ISS stage I ( p = 0.0233) while IL-10 production in Bregs was significantly higher in ISS stage III (p = 0.0165). IL-10 serum or plasma concentration was significantly higher in Ps and MM patients when compared to HVs ( p < 0.0001). Following the treatment with daratumumab the percentages of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs significantly decreased ( p < 0.0003). Here, in the two opposite immune conditions, despite the differences in percentages of Bregs in Ps and MM we have identified some similarities in the IL-10 producing Bregs. Effective treatment of daratumumab besides the anti-myeloma effect was accompanied by the eradication of Bregs.

Background/aim: Despite numerous studies, the etiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains unknown. A hypothesis of autoantigen stimulation in leukemic clone selection might explain 'stereotypy' of B-cell receptors. In healthy cells, cofilin-1 (CFL1) has multiple functions. Its role was described in several malignancies. The aim of this study was characterization of the role of CFL1 in CLL. Materialas and Methods: Cells from peripheral blood of 180 patients and 42 healthy volunteers (HVs) were isolated. Gene expression was assessed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); western blot was performed for determination of protein level and activity. After silencing of CFL1 gene, cell ability for migration and chemotaxis was investigated with Transwell method. Post-silencing, apoptosis and cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry., Results: In RT-qPCR, we observed significantly higher expression of CFL1. Higher activity of protein in CLL cells when compared to HVs was detected. Knock-down of CFL1 led to decreased chemotaxis and migration of CLL cells versus cells from HVs. Apoptosis was increased amongst cells with silenced CFL1 and correlated with higher proportion of cells in the G 2 /M phase., Conclusion: Significantly higher expression of CFL1 mRNA in CLL and higher protein activity might indicate high utilization of CFL1 in malignant cells, maintaining their viability, as its inhibition affected viability, cell-cycle progression and motility of leukemia cells., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in frontline therapy for elderly/physically unfit patients with CLL. The combination of obinutuzumab and chlorambucil (O-Clb) has been shown to prolong progression free survival (PFS, median PFS-31.5 months) and overall survival (OS) compared to chlorambucil alone. More recently, obinutuzumab given in combination with either ibrutinib or venetoclax improved PFS but not OS when compared to O-Clb. In this retrospective multinational, multicenter co-operative study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of frontline treatment with O ± Clb in unfit patients with CLL, in a "real-world" setting. Patients with documented del (17p13.1)/TP53 mutation were excluded. A total of 437 patients (median age, 75.9 years; median CIRS score, 8; median creatinine clearance, 61.1 mL/min) were included. The clinical overall response rate was 80.3% (clinical complete and partial responses in 38.7% and 41.6% of patients, respectively). Median observation time was 14.1 months and estimated median PFS was 27.6 months (95% CI, 24.2-31.0). In a multivariate analysis, high-risk disease [del (11q22.3) and/or IGHV-unmutated], lymph nodes of diameter > 5 cm, obinutuzumab monotherapy and reduced cumulative dose of obinutuzumab, were all independently associated with shorter PFS. The median OS has not yet been reached and estimated 2-year OS is 88%. In conclusion, in a "real-world" setting, frontline treatment with O-Clb achieves PFS comparable to that reported in clinical trials. Inferior outcomes were noted in patients with del (11q22.3) and/or unmutated IGHV and those treated with obinutuzumab-monotherapy. Thus, O-Clb can be still considered as legitimate frontline therapy for unfit CLL patients with low-risk disease., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Carp skin gelatine hydrolysate (CSGH) may be a possible bioactive peptide source, as promising antioxidant properties have been noted during in vivo testing. Hence, the present study focused on improving the bioavailability of the antioxidant peptides from CSGH and on the use of furcellaran (FUR), which can protect the biopeptides during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, in this study, microcapsules coated with furcellaran and containing CSGH cores were prepared. The structural properties of the sample were determined using FT-IR and SEM analysis. The antioxidant properties of hydrolysate, uncoated, and encapsulated samples were investigated. In vivo analysis included determination of its safety in an animal organism and evaluation of the lipid profile, antioxidant blood status, and mRNA expression of some genes involved in antioxidant status in Wistar rats. The results showed no adverse effects of microencapsulated protein hydrolysates in laboratory animals. Nonetheless, there was a statistically significant rise in the level of total antioxidant status blood serum among animals consuming CSGH and not inducing oxidative stress. This can be viewed as a promising indication of the positive effects of antioxidant properties tested in vivo. The process of CSGH microencapsulation in FUR cause a decrease in antioxidant hydrolysate activity, both in vitro, as well as in healthy Wistar rats. When considering the results of the presented diverse therapeutic potential, further research on CSGH being a potential bioactive peptide source used as a functional food or nutraceutical, but with a different microencapsulation coating, is encouraged.

A series of novel fluoroquinolone-Safirinium dye hybrids was synthesized by means of tandem Mannich-electrophilic amination reactions from profluorophoric isoxazolones and antibiotics bearing a secondary amino group at position 7 of the quinoline ring. The obtained fluorescent spiro fused conjugates incorporating quaternary nitrogen atoms were characterized by 1 H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the synthetic analogues (3a-h and 4a-h) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activities against a panel of Gram positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The most active Safirinium Q derivatives of lomefloxacin (4d) and ciprofloxacin (4e) exhibited molar-based antibacterial activities comparable to the unmodified drugs and displayed considerable inhibitory potencies in E. coli DNA gyrase supercoiling assays with IC 50 values in the low micromolar range. Zwiterionic hybrids were noticeably less lipophilic than the parent quinolones in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECK) experiments. The tests performed in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) revealed that the conjugates are to some extent subject to bacterial efflux and cellular accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the hybrids did not exhibit notable cytotoxicity towards the HEK 293 control cell line and demonstrated low propensity for resistance development, as exemplified for compounds 3g and 4b. Finally, molecular docking experiments revealed that the synthesized compounds were able to bind in the fluoroquinolone-binding mode at S. aureus DNA gyrase and S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV active sites., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Gelatine hydrolysates are of increasing interest as potential ingredients used in various health-promoting functional foods. Cyprinus carpio skin gelatine hydrolysates can be a potential source of bioactive peptides with antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the potential use of a carp skin gelatine hydrolysate with proven antioxidant properties as a bioactive compound in functional foods as well as its stability under various processing conditions. The analysis of the hydrolysate included its characterisation (ζ-potential, particle size distribution), solubility, antioxidant ability and stability (DPPH, FRAP, chelating properties) under various conditions (heating, pH and NaCl). Additionally, an analysis of residual environmental pollutants (heavy metals, dioxins and pesticides) was also conducted. The hydrolysate had high solubility over a range of pH values from 2 to 12 (84%-98%), and its antioxidant properties remained stable in low concentration NaCl solutions as well as after being heated at temperatures between 40 and 100 °C. The hydrolysate was not contaminated with heavy metals, dioxins or pesticides. According to our study, carp skin hydrolysates can be incorporated into food processing systems without significant loss of their antioxidant activities.

The aim of the paper was to assess indicators of muscle and intestinal damage in triathletes. The study involved 15 triathletes whose objective for the season was to start in the XTERRA POLAND 2017 event (1,500-m swimming, 36-km cycling, and 10-km mountain running). Before the 14-week preparatory period, the competitors' body composition was measured, aerobic capacity was tested (graded treadmill test) and blood samples were collected to determine markers showing the level of muscle and intestinal damage. Subsequent tests for body composition were carried out before and after the competition. Blood samples for biochemical indicators were collected the day before the competition, after the completed race, and 24 and 48 hours later. A significant decrease in body mass was observed after completing the race (-3.1±1.5%). The mean maximal oxygen uptake level among the studied athletes equalled 4.9±0.4 L·min-1, 58.8±4.5 mL·kg-1·min-1. The significant increase in concentrations of cortisol, c-reactive protein and myoglobin after the competition, significantly correlated with the significant increase in zonulin concentration (post 1h: r = 0.88, p = 0.007, r = 0,79, p = 0.001, r = 0.78, p = 0.001, and post 12h: r = 0.75, p = 0.01, r = 0.71, p = 0.011, r = 0.83, p = 0.02). No significant changes in the concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha among the examined competitors were noted at following stages of the study. The results of our research showed that in order to monitor overload in the training of triathletes, useful markers reflecting the degree of muscle and intestinal damage include cortisol, testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, c-reactive protein, myoglobin and zonulin. Changes in muscle cell damage markers strongly correlated with changes in zonulin concentration at particular stages of the study. Thus, one can expect that the concentrations of markers depicting the level of muscle cell damage after an intense and long-lasting effort will significantly influence the level of the intestinal barrier., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.