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The International Seabed Authority is currently negotiating regulations that will determine the future of deep seabed mining in areas beyond national jurisdiction. While some states and industry actors are interested in turning seabed mining into a reality in the near future, a sizeable number of states now support a pause or moratorium on deep seabed mining. This article examines the legal basis and potential pathways for a precautionary pause or moratorium for deep seabed mining of the international seabed "Area", should members of the International Seabed Authority choose to do so, and discusses possible unintended policy implications that could arise therefrom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Francisella orientalis is a bacterial pathogen that is responsible for substantial mortalities in warmwater fish, such as tilapia, and has negatively impacted the aquaculture industry globally. Starting in the mid‐1990s, periodic F. orientalis outbreaks in Hawai'i led to severe mortalities in cultured and feral tilapia populations on Oahu. In an attempt to limit the outbreak's impact on tilapia aquaculture in Hawai'i, the Hawai'i Department of Agriculture Plant Quarantine Division issued a moratorium on the export of tilapia from Oahu to the other Hawaiian Islands. Despite reported high incidences of F. orientalis from cultured tilapia on Oahu and from around the world, the moratorium continues to remain in effect to this day. Methods: To assess the prevalence of F. orientalis in feral tilapia populations across the Hawaiian Islands, tilapia were collected from streams on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Moloka'i, and the Big Island (Hawai'i) and were screened using a combination of molecular, bacteriological, and histological techniques. Result: Although signs of infection (i.e., granulomas) were observed in fish on all five islands, molecular screening using quantitative polymerase chain reaction only detected the presence of F. orientalis on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Kauai. Conclusion: These findings suggest that F. orientalis is prevalent in feral tilapia populations across the Hawaiian Islands. Impact StatementEvidence of Francisella orientalis in multiple species and hybrids of wild tilapia populations from the Hawaiian Islands renders the 1998 moratorium on tilapia exportation by Oahu producers no longer necessary, and the moratorium should be revoked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical data are essential to assess the outcomes of management decisions in the context of adaptive management. We used flyway‐level population indices of a declining game bird to assess population changes after introducing hunting management measures as part of the European Union (EU)‐wide Adaptive Harvest Management mechanism (AHMM). In one flyway, a full hunting ban led to the start of population recovery; numbers increased by 25% in 2 years and the 10‐year population trend improved from "moderate decline" to "stable." In the other flyway, harvest was only reduced (allegedly by 60% although statistics from key countries were incomplete), and numbers continued to fall (−15% decline). Our study shows positive results of the leading AHMM for a landbird in Europe and provides empirical evidence of the speed of population response and the timeframe needed for change to occur and to be detected. It showcases the successful application of policy mechanisms underpinned by science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments implemented eviction moratoria to prevent landlords from removing tenants due to unpaid rent. Rather than reduce evictions, what if these new tenant protections merely shifted the tactics used by landlords to displace tenants? This study draws on an original survey, administrative data, and in-depth interviews with low-income tenants to uncover the changing role of formal and informal evictions and eviction tactics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings indicate that the moratorium was associated with fewer formal evictions and eviction tactics, but this coincided with a higher prevalence of informal evictions and eviction tactics. Landlords unable to use housing courts to formally evict a tenant turned to informal, and often illegal, actions to remove tenants. These findings highlight the importance of measuring informal evictions and eviction tactics and the limitations of eviction moratoria in protecting low-income renters from displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Career Identity Development Inventory (CIDI) was designed to be used at the person level to assign individuals in a career identity status that would indicate how they approached a career identity crisis and identify developmental needs to resolve career identity concerns. However, given that CIDI has not been tested using a person-centered approach, the first aim of this study was to demonstrate whether and how CIDI can be used to determine individuals' career identity statuses that are theoretically informed by Marcia's identity status paradigm and neo-Eriksonian identity literature. Using a sample of 410 US college graduates, we identified, through a cluster analytic approach, eight groups of distinct career identity profiles, from which four groups resembled Marcia's identity statuses and four other groups were unique variants of identity statuses that extended this paradigm and illustrated a more gradual process of career identity development. This person-centered approach enabled us to subsequently provide evidence of the criterion validity of CIDI, which was the second aim of this study. We examined how the eight career identity statuses derived from the cluster analysis differed according to validation-criterion variables and found that individuals assigned to statuses characterized by high levels of career identity commitments tended to have better career and psychosocial functioning than individuals assigned to statuses characterized by low levels of career identity commitments. Implications along with directions for future research are discussed with respect to developmental challenges associated with career exploration and critical processes of forming a constructed career identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fear of insurance discrimination can inhibit genetic research participation. In 2019, an industry‐led partial moratorium on using genetic results in Australian life insurance underwriting was introduced. This mixed‐methods study used online surveys (n = 59 participants) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 22 participants) to capture researchers' perceptions about the moratorium. 66% (n = 39/59) were aware of the moratorium before the survey. Of researchers returning genetic results, 56% (n = 22/39) reported that insurance implications were mentioned in consent forms, but a minority reported updating consent forms post‐moratorium (n = 13/39, 33%). Most researchers reported that concerns regarding life insurers utilizing research results inhibited recruitment (35/59, 59%), and few perceived that the moratorium positively influenced participation (n = 9/39, 23%). These findings were supported by qualitative findings which revealed that genetic discrimination concerns were a major issue for some individuals, though these concerns could be eclipsed by the promise of a diagnosis through research participation. The majority thought a regulatory solution should be permanent (n = 34/51, 67%), have financial limits of at least ≥1,000,000 AUD (37/51, 73%), and involve government oversight/legislation (n = 44/51, 86%). In an era where an increasing number of research studies involve genomics as a primary or secondary objective, it is crucial that we have regulatory solutions to address participants' hesitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on external debt and human capital development in Nigeria. It sought to assess the significance of external debt, and to suggest measures that could enhance its effectiveness and human capital development in Nigeria. To achieve the objective of the research, some external debt and human development capital indicators, using the ex-post facto research design was applied. The data were collated, analyzed and tested using the descriptive statistics and the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) data analysis techniques. From the analysis, external debt service payment and external debt burden both non-significantly, but adversely affect human development index in the Nigerian economy. Based on the findings, the study recommended that external debt finance should be channeled to only projects with the highest priority. In doing so, defining the purpose, duration, moratorium requirements and commitments, negotiation fees, etc, including the conditions under which the government can approve and guarantee external loans. Also, one superior method of negotiation should be maintained by the government for varying amortization and fixed interest payment. Also, multi-year rescheduling should be adopted, rather than the year-by-year approach.

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The COVID-19 outbreak forced Slovakia to quickly adapt its bankruptcy legislation and introduce temporary measures to alleviate the pandemic’s economic impact. However, the uptake of these pandemic-specific insolvency provisions remained modest, possibly due to extensive government financial support. As the pandemic wanes, future economic challenges, such as rising inflation and interest rates, may test the durability and effectiveness of these legislative adjustments. This period of regulatory adjustment underscores a broader shift in insolvency laws, signalling a shift towards prioritising business continuity and value in the face of economic crises.

Copyright of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay argues that the popular misrepresentation of the nature of AI has important consequences concerning how we view the need for regulations. Considering AI as something that exists in itself, rather than as a set of cognitive technologies whose characteristics—physical, cognitive, and systemic—are quite different from ours (and that, at times, differ widely among the technologies) leads to inefficient approaches to regulation. This paper aims at helping the practitioners of responsible AI to address the way in which the technical aspects of the tools they are developing and promoting directly have important social and political consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has given rise to the intersection of foreign investment protection in connection with adverse regulatory changes and the right of host states to regulate the public interest. Countries have enacted a multitude of policies in pursuit of public health and in handling the repercussions of the pandemic including losses to foreign investors, thus giving rise to arbitral claims. In response, governments may impose customary law defense through the doctrine of police powers under the banner of health reasons. This article features an analysis of Indonesia as a sample country to illustrate possible claims that could arise from its regulatory responses to COVID-19 and possible protections that it can rely upon. In recalibrating the investor-State dispute settlement system, a moratorium on investment claims arising from the pandemic should be endorsed as part of a wider set of reforms.

Der Beitrag thematisiert die im November über verschiedene Kanäle veröffentlichte Forderung nach einem „Moratorium der Digitalisierung in KITAs und Schulen“ durch den Verein „Gesellschaft für Bildung und Wissen e.V.“. Wie kommt es, dass medienpädagogische Verbände und Einzelpersonen sich hiervon distanzieren? Was genau ist an den Forderungen umstritten und wo sollten Schwerpunkte in der Medienbildungspolitik liegen? Der Beitrag nimmt diesen aktuellen Diskurs zum Anlass, den IST-Zustand der Medienbildung zu überdenken

Socialization theories suggest that, due to social change and technological transformation, peers and media have become important institutions of socialization for young people. Assuming that male adolescents use digital games for processes of peer self-socialization, this article investigates the values they mediate in digital games and how these values are related to their practice (with a focus on harassment) in digital games. Applying a qualitative research design, 36 male adolescents who frequently play various (multiplayer) online games were interviewed about their values and practices when gaming. The results show that the young gamers share individualistic values promoting performance, competition, and achievement, which seem to facilitate practices of online harassment. We conclude that, in their gaming practices, male adolescents mediate and reproduce neoliberal values as increasingly shared by society. Regarding their practices of harassment, however, they seem to use digital games as a moratorium that lets them break free from societal restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On August 4, 1958, a moratorium was declared in the Republic of Türkiye. Before the emergence of this fiscal event, initially it was abandoned from the liberalization policies. Then, the Democratic Party had to adopt an interventionist policy. Hence, the investments were realized by the public sector rather than the private sector. While imports became more profitable, this circumstance caused the depletion of foreign exchange reserves. In addition, inflation increased. In other words, the prices of goods and services exhibited a quite high increase. The common trait of such hitches was their expenditure-orientation. The circumstances in question implied a budget deficit. On the other hand, it was resorted to borrowing in order to meet the budget deficit. However, as borrowing couldn't be used efficiently, the phenomenon of bankruptcy arose. And the process in question mainly arose due to compromises made on concepts such as national sovereignty and full independence acquired in the Treaty of Lausanne. In this study, the referred issues were examined, and some suggestions were offered to avoid such problems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Papua region, the expansion of the palm oil industry increased by up to 71% from 2011 to 2019, with the largest affected area located in Merauke regency. The objective of this research is to develop policy strategies with impact simulations related to economic, socio-cultural, and environmental issues for the sustainability of the palm oil industry with or without a moratorium on further expansion of land area. This study employs a system dynamics approach. The dynamic system is carried out through conceptual development, model specification, model verification, scenario development, and validity testing by measuring the absolute percentage error (MAPE). Model development and validation were carried out using PowerSim v.7 software. The policy scenario is simulated from the palm oil expansion policy beguan in 2018, until the research year ends in 2030. The validated results, forming the basis for simulations, exhibit high accuracy with a MAPE of less than 5%. The percentage deviations of 4.21% for production and 0.28% for land area is observed based on actual data from 2018 to 2022. The simulation of a 20% expansion scenario shows a significant increase in production to 1 million metric tons per year but also a 1.3% rise in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 350,000 tons per year. The expanded area will experience a 50% increase in the labor force to meet the higher production demand. The proposed comprehensive strategy includes regional contract regulations, diligent monitoring of land clearing, community empowerment, and indigenous peoples' involvement. It also promotes smallholder plantations, the utilization of waste for energy, and alternative markets for crude palm oil (CPO). Conversely, the dynamic model scenario with a moratorium on land expansion resulted in a production output of 600,000 metric tons, slower job market growth, and a 1.3% increase in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 195,000 tons per year. The strategy proposed uses proper waste processing, production adjustments, regulation of community rights and boundaries, resource development, and involvement of local palm farmers. These simulations offer valuable insights for sustainable decision-making, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and community well-being in the development of the palm oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bankruptcy and PKPU mechanism is the best debt moratorium at this moment because the creditor may estimate the debtor's ability to pay by looking at his good faith and the peace plan's debt moratorium. The surge in commercial court lawsuits and other economic repercussions led to the bankruptcy and PKPU moratorium, which is not the proper solution. If unsure, the moratorium can be reviewed. The moratorium on bankruptcy and PKPU cases is not an effective solution because bankruptcy institutions and PKPU were born from Law Number 37 of 2004, so the idea of a moratorium must go through a legislative process to be in sync with that law, which is difficult and takes a long time. Technically, this moratorium limits commercial courts' competence, requiring legislative and judicial responsibilities to be synchronized. Implementing it will generate several issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on debt enforcement and insolvency law in Switzerland. Despite the absence of strict lockdown measures, many sectors of the Swiss economy suffered significant losses. The government responded by introducing generous public support schemes to keep businesses afloat. The article focuses on the modifications made to Swiss law during the pandemic to avoid mass bankruptcies and facilitate restructurings. The government first introduced a general stay of proceedings, preventing debt collection but not affecting the underlying obligation to pay, and later the Covid-19 Ordinance on Insolvency Law, which provided relief to companies, especially SMEs, to implement the necessary restructuring measures. Some unsuccessful initiatives, such as a special moratorium introduced for SMEs, are also discussed. Finally, the article considers the limited take-up of some of the insolvency measures and discusses the possible consequences of the obligation to repay Covid-19 loans in the future. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of the pandemic on debt enforcement and insolvency law in Switzerland and the measures taken to mitigate its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debtor, who is willing to implement the rehabilitation regime, needs proper support in order to maintain and protect insolvency, increase the liquidity of the entity, etc. The moratorium measure ensures all of the aforementioned in insolvency law, in particular in the rehabilitation regime. The use of the moratorium measure in the rehabilitation regime should not be understood solely in favour of the debtor. It is a means of protecting the interests of creditors along with the interests of the debtor. The law distinguishes between mandatory and additional moratorium measures. As soon as the court issues a ruling on opening the rehabilitation regime, certain measures of the moratorium are automatically put into effect, and in certain cases, based on the court's decision, it is possible to apply additional measures of the moratorium. Consequently, the moratorium measure requires the court's involvement and caution. When applying the moratorium, the court must act in accordance with the principles of justice and proportionality. The use of the moratorium measure in the rehabilitation regime can be considered an important means of implementation of one of the important principles of the law, "- Maintaining and increasing the insolvency and business value as much as possible". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using insights from complex systems theory, it is argued that financially distressed large corporates will seek the protection of a moratorium when the benefits it brings outweigh its signalling and information-processing problems – likely to be in the later stages of distress. Applying this insight, the article offers a somewhat gloomy assessment of the Part A1 moratorium introduced in the UK by the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020. It is suggested that the UK administration moratorium may be more fit for purpose, but that serious signalling and information processing concerns remain. After touching on possible adaptations of the tools, the article concedes that there may have been a deliberate decision to restrict the usefulness of both of them. The article ends by arguing that if this the case, the decision may not be sustainable in a rapidly changing economic environment, and that recent suggestions for reform should be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In 1971, John Gatu called for a moratorium on missionary funds and personnel from Europe and North America. This call stirred a debate among Christian churches and organizations in Africa and beyond. The moratorium received positive and negative responses. Two leaders of the Church of Uganda responded to the moratorium. After 50 years of the discussion of Gatu's call for a moratorium, the Church of Uganda has developed and yet she has other issues of selfhood of the church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cost containment is a major issue for health policy, in many countries. Policymakers have used various measures to deal with this problem. In Switzerland, the national parliament and subnational (cantonal) governments have used moratoriums to limit the admission of specialist doctors and general practitioners. Methods We analyze the impact of these regulations on the number of doctors billing in free practice and on the health costs created by medical practice based on records from the data pool of Swiss health insurers (SASIS) from 2007 to 2018 using interrupted time series and difference-in-differences models. Results We demonstrate that the removal of the national moratorium in 2012 increased the number of doctors, but did not augment significantly the direct health costs produced by independent doctors. Furthermore, the reintroduction of regulations at the cantonal level in 2013 and 2014 decreased the number of doctors billing in free practice but, again, did not affect direct health costs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that regulating healthcare supply through a moratorium on doctors’ admissions does not directly contribute to limiting the increase in health expenditures.

Introduction: Genetic discrimination (GD) in the context of life insurance is a perennial concern in Australia and internationally. To address such concerns in Australia, an industry self-regulated Moratorium on Genetic Tests in Life Insurance was introduced in 2019 to restrict life insurers from using genetic test results in underwriting for policies under certain limits. Financial advisers (FAs) are sometimes engaged by clients to provide financial advice and assist them to apply for life insurance. They are therefore well-placed to comment on GD and the operation of the Moratorium. Despite this, the financial advising sector in Australia has yet to be studied empirically with regards to GD and the Moratorium. This study aims to capture this perspective by reporting on interviews with the financial advising sector. Methods: Ten semi-structured qualitative in- terviews were conducted with FAs and key informants and were analysed using thematic analysis. Conclusion(s): Participants' level of awareness and understanding of the Moratorium varied. Participants reported mixed views on the Moratorium's effectiveness, how it operates in practice, and perceived industry compliance. Participants also provided reflections on Australia's current approach to regulating GD, with most participants supporting the concept of industry self-regulation but identifying a need for this to be supplemented with external oversight and meaningful recourse mechanisms for consumers. Our results suggest that there is scope to increase FAs' awareness of GD, and that further research, consultation, and policy consideration are required to identify an optimal regulatory response to GD in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aims to analyze and compare the development of the legal solutions for the eviction crisis that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic in the New York State by each branch of the authorities. The issue will be studied by analyzing documents introduced by the legislature, executive branch and judiciary, dealing with the prohibition of evicting tenants from residential and commercial premises during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper will analyze short-term solutions in the form of ordinances, as well as long-term solutions in the form of laws. Furthermore, it will try to demonstrate the minor contradictions, problems, and complexities involved with the bifurcation of the introduced legal solutions, and to show that eviction moratoria in the New York State did not provide total protection and assistance to tenants, as well as that their solutions were rather short-term. The paper will also present solutions from the federal level and compare them to state solutions in order to show the difference in approach. The article will also demonstrate that acting at the state and local level, on a smaller scale, is more effective because it is easier to reach a specific group of stakeholders. Moreover, a change in the nature of legal solutions introduced at the state level will be observed, which was caused by the change of a governor general of the New York State and the Supreme Court's ruling that one of the laws was illegal -- the paper will show how this ban was circumvented by the new state authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak forced Slovakia to quickly adapt its bankruptcy legislation and introduce temporary measures to alleviate the pandemic's economic impact. However, the uptake of these pandemic-specific insolvency provisions remained modest, possibly due to extensive government financial support. As the pandemic wanes, future economic challenges, such as rising inflation and interest rates, may test the durability and effectiveness of these legislative adjustments. This period of regulatory adjustment underscores a broader shift in insolvency laws, signalling a shift towards prioritising business continuity and value in the face of economic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethik in der Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Francisella orientalis is a bacterial pathogen that is responsible for substantial mortalities in warmwater fish, such as tilapia, and has negatively impacted the aquaculture industry globally. Starting in the mid-1990s, periodic F. orientalis outbreaks in Hawai'i led to severe mortalities in cultured and feral tilapia populations on Oahu. In an attempt to limit the outbreak's impact on tilapia aquaculture in Hawai'i, the Hawai'i Department of Agriculture Plant Quarantine Division issued a moratorium on the export of tilapia from Oahu to the other Hawaiian Islands. Despite reported high incidences of F. orientalis from cultured tilapia on Oahu and from around the world, the moratorium continues to remain in effect to this day., Methods: To assess the prevalence of F. orientalis in feral tilapia populations across the Hawaiian Islands, tilapia were collected from streams on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Moloka'i, and the Big Island (Hawai'i) and were screened using a combination of molecular, bacteriological, and histological techniques., Result: Although signs of infection (i.e., granulomas) were observed in fish on all five islands, molecular screening using quantitative polymerase chain reaction only detected the presence of F. orientalis on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Kauai., Conclusion: These findings suggest that F. orientalis is prevalent in feral tilapia populations across the Hawaiian Islands., (© 2024 American Fisheries Society.)

Education financing is a key retail banking product for most commercial banks and a lifeline for large numbers of students seeking professional courses. This study aimed to identify the impediments in the successful delivery of this loan product in India, where it is marketed majorly by public sector banks under a common scheme devised by the government. The study adopted a qualitative approach to probe behavioral issues related to the credit appraisal process, which is the most suitable approach for unstructured exploratory design. Since credit managers in banks work with applicants for education loans, their insight becomes essential to understanding the issues plaguing with the smooth implementation and delivery of this scheme. Thus, ten public sector bank managers working in different geographical locations were selected using a homogeneity purposive sampling technique. The study collected 41 responses, which were then divided into 4 major categories. The responses were simultaneously transcribed manually to ensure that data remained close to the original verbatim of the participant. All transcribed interviews were imported into ATLAS.ti 8 Software for analysis. The 4 observational categories lead to a broad understanding that product accessibility, operational hurdles, scheme features and limitations in bad loan recovery are key bottlenecks in managing education loans. These responses had over 80% commonality on key issues of product feature and cost. It was concluded that education financing can perform better by improving access, rationalizing interest rates and liberalizing repayment terms. These findings can be used as input for tweaking the product for better performance.

Death Penalty is one of the most common punishments that have existed throughout history and was considered an effective measure to reduce criminal activities. Capital Punishment is being viewed as a violation of humanistic approach which guides the foundational infrastructure of International Organization like United Nations establishing regimes on the grounds that negate violation of right to life. United Nations Resolution 62/149 calls for removal of Death Penalty, or imposing moratorium on death penalty as part of its adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Nevertheless, there are domestic compulsions which may push the states to lift moratorium on Death penalty despite their adoption of UDHR and considering right to life as fundamental human right established in their constitutional law. There are two different approaches to view this dichotomy, on one hand adoption of moratorium on death penalty is considered humane, while on the other hand it is a burden on a state’s counter terrorism mechanism which requires a decisive action against the terrorists. The researcher has conducted a qualitative and descriptive research. Both primary and secondary data has been utilized in order to draw results about the impact of moratorium on death penalty in the context of terrorism specifically in Pakistan. The research concludes that lifting of moratorium on death penalty and establishing death penalty as a punishment to deter crime and violence has not proven successful as there are several other factors that are also crucial in reduction of violence.

This paper examines the moratorium on loan repayments, which was intended to relieve debtors in a difficult situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, various aspects of such moratoria are critically discussed and compared from an international perspective. Some debtors were significantly hit hard by the pandemic, whereas others were no. But should the moratoria apply to all of them? The free-rider problem, or even harm to some clients, are among the unintended results of the moratorium. Moreover, the loan repayment moratorium has different effects on the traditional banking sector and on P2P lending platforms. Such differences were not discussed sufficiently before adopting the moratoria. The different effects might have a negative impact on some debtors, on some creditors, or on the market and society in general. Along with using some traditional legal research methods, this paper takes a comparative perspective on loan repayment moratoria in different EU countries among. The conclusions of the paper may help regulators and lawmakers prepare more balanced regulations of loan repayments in the next crisis. Future regulations should reflect the perspectives of both debtors and creditors.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the violation of land ownership rights and the moratorium on the purchase and sale of land plots limit the development of the national economy in general and the land market in particular, contributing to the operation of shadow agribusiness. However, starting from 01.07.2021, all restrictions on the sale of agricultural land are lifted, and new opportunities and threats arise. The purpose of the study is to analyse the new legislation regulating the launch of an open land market in Ukraine. To obtain scientific results, the following methods are used: dialectical, comparison, analogies and comparisons, monographic, benchmarking, expert evaluation method, SWOT analysis, forecasting method, analysis and synthesis. In accordance with this, the current state of land in Ukraine and European countries is considered. The existing land market in Ukraine and the world is analysed. A historical retrospective inquiry of events related to the lifting of the land moratorium is carried out. The law that ensures the launch of an open land market is characterised. Significant additions are identified in the law between the first and second readings. The mechanism of regulating the launch of the Ukrainian open land market is clarified. This study considers the international experience of operation of the open-type land market and reflects competitive prices for 1 hectare of land in comparison with Ukraine. According to this, the positive impact of land reform in European countries is determined. The main factors of effectiveness of the open land market model in foreign countries are presented. The main opportunities and threats for an open land market in Ukraine are analysed. The findings of the study reflect both the positive and negative consequences of launching an open market in Ukraine, citing expert opinions of supporters and opponents of such a market transformation

In recent years, advocates have expressed concern about the exponential growth of dollar stores in low-income communities, given their limited stock of healthy foods, and several municipalities in the U.S. have passed novel policies to curb the proliferation of these stores. The purpose of this scan is to create a legal database to inform future healthy retail policies and programs. Legal mapping methods were used to identify local policies aimed at moderating dollar store proliferation. A search yielded 25 policies that met the inclusion criteria, all enacted between 2018 and 2020. Recent policies aiming to slow local dollar store growth were mostly passed in low-income communities of color. All identified policies were passed in either the Midwest or South. The majority of municipalities that passed the policies had populations where more than half of residents identified as non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic and where the poverty rate was greater than the national average. Twelve (48%) municipalities imposed temporary moratoria halting new dollar stores from opening, and ten (40%) banned new construction within a specified distance of an existing dollar store. Key themes identified from analysis of policies' purpose statements included increasing healthy food availability, diversifying local businesses, and improving community safety. These findings may be useful to leaders in other communities seeking to potentially moderate the impact of dollar stores on community health, as well as researchers and policy makers seeking to evaluate the efficacy of existing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]