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This paper addresses the Harmful Dysfunction Analysis of mental disorder. We argue that some mental conditions meet both of its criteria--the dysfunction criterion and the harm criterion-- and yet should not count as mental disorders because of their value. We contend that the harm criterion, by taking harm as a proxy for disvalue, is an inadequate normative criterion in these cases. Therefore, further ethical considerations should be included as a normative criterion. To illustrate our view, we draw on the experience and reflections of Jean Améry, a philosopher and Holocaust survivor who resisted the diagnosis of KZ-Syndrom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El artículo analiza la corrupción como un fenómeno complejo y con frecuencia ambiguo, relacionado con comportamientos y mentalidades individuales y colectivas, que son percibidos como ilegítimos o inmorales y, por lo tanto, desviados de normas establecidas. Más allá de un acercamiento reduccionista u objetivista a lugares comunes de la corrupción política, o a delitos tipificados por la ley, esta contribución pretende destacar la relevancia del análisis histórico del discurso en el estudio del tema. Este enfoque nos permite reconstruir contextos en los que se identifica la corrupción, así como analizar relatos, no siempre unánimes, sobre estas prácticas. El trabajo se adentra en una época lejana, pero a la vez cercana a nuestro tiempo, el último siglo la República romana. La evidencia nos permite evaluar críticamente aspectos fundamentales de la construcción retórica de la corrupción y de sus zonas grises, como la distinción, a menudo borrosa, entre regalo y soborno.

Adolescence is a sensitive period for the neurodevelopment of social cognition (SC), and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can alter these processes. This study investigated the relationship between ACE and SC in 157 adolescents (66 females, 54 males) from a school in Bogota. The level of EAN was assessed through the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale. SC was assessed with mentalization, morality and self-control tasks. In addition, behavioral problems were probed with a scale based on DSM IV-R criteria. The accumulation of ACE was related to alterations in SC in a sex-dependent manner. Specifically: (a) women with high ACEs presented lower accuracy in mental inferences and instrumental moral decisions; (b) men under similar conditions presented self-control problems; (c) exposure to armed conflict correlated with higher latency in moral decisions; and (d) men with ACE accumulation, moral decisions based on immediate rewards and low self-control showed more externalizing behaviors. The social implications of these findings for the design of evidence-based, sectorized psychosocial interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morality is conceived as a form of cognition that determines social values and behaviors. Nevertheless, traditional representational cognitive explanations have been unsatisfactory. Alternative theories are the embodiment, which considers that the body, action, and context constitute cognition. These approaches offer a revolutionary perspective in the study of morality, making it possible to overcome the limitations of more traditional positions. Therefore, this work sought to analyze the characteristics and main results of the articles published between 1980 and 2022 that have addressed morality from an embodied cognition perspective. A scoping review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement. Fifty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. These papers showed that research on embodied morality has increased in the last decade, especially empirical research, and has been primarily concerned with the relationship between sensorimotor metaphors and moral behavior. In particular, the authors report the following associations: perception of disgust with immorality, cleanliness of body and hands with reduction of distress caused by wrong actions, body weight with guilt, and body openness with immorality. Furthermore, few studies were found outside of North America and Europe, showing a lack of research in other world areas where it could have critical applications, such as Africa or South America. The applications were primarily theoretical, although political, clinical, and social uses were also explored. We recommend several pathways for future research in this area based on these findings. First, sample diversity should be expanded regarding participants' age, social, cultural, and economic background. Future research should include practitioners from disciplines other than psychology and neuroscience, as embodied morality encompasses social, economic, and linguistic factors. Regarding the methods used, future research could implement more situated techniques that consider the body and environmental, relational, and cultural factors. Lastly, we recommend that researchers in this area continue replicating the results, which gives them greater validity and broadens their theories by implementing different and diverse methods and samples and studying new body aspects. 1) there is a gradual increase during the 20th century in publications, reflecting a developing disciplinary field; 2) the samples used to be university students, limiting the generalization of the results; 3) the most consistent association between morality and the body refers to the use of sensorimotor metaphors about disgust, cleanliness, openness, and body weight; and 4) the most used methods continue to be the classic moral dilemmas, which indicates that a methodological break towards more situated and ecological methods is still required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies classical republicanism in its catholic aspect within the patriotic discourses between 1824 and 1853. It postulates that it was understood not only as the antithesis of the monarchy, but also as a path towards virtue, the foundation of the political community. He proposes that this tradition was closely interrelated with Christianity. In addition, it shows that this Catholic republicanism is verifiable in the political culture and is not limited to prominent politicians or eminent theorists. He goes primarily to civic oratories, and relies on other sources such as brochures, newspapers and speeches of various kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ficha técnica: Rafael Gómez Pérez Editorial Rialp S.A. Madrid, 2023 130 pp. ISBN 978-84-321-6527-6

Carnéades es un escéptico académico y un pragmático que quiere fundamentar la ética no en la idea de Bien o Valor, sino en la noción de bien útil, convincente y conveniente. Una noción basada no tanto en hacer algo grande que merezca la admiración o el elogio de las personas, sino en no hacer mal a nadie y extender el bienestar personal a la mayoría. Para ello creó una norma o guía, una regla de conducta probable o persuasiva que invitaba a actuar sin pretensiones ni orgullo, decidiendo en cada momento lo que parece más probable o persuasivo en cada ocasión para evitar la apraxia en la acción moral. Además, fue el primero en distinguir entre seguir una acción moral con la pauta de la probabilidad, y la imposibilidad de asentir a ella con seguridad de no equivocarnos.

La adolescencia es un periodo sensible para el neurodesarrollo de la cognición social (CS) y experiencias adversas en la niñez (EAN) pueden alterarlo. Este estudio indagó sobre la relación entre EAN y la CS en 157 adolescentes (66 mujeres, 54 hombres) de una escuela de Bogotá. El nivel de EAN fue valorado a través de la Escala de experiencias adversas durante la niñez. La CS se evaluó con tareas de mentalización, moralidad y autocontrol. Además, se indagaron problemas de conducta con una escala basada en criterios DSM IV-R. La acumulación de EAN se relacionó con alteraciones en la CS de una forma dependiente del sexo. Puntualmente: (a) mujeres con altos EAN presentan menor precisión en inferencias mentales y decisiones morales instrumentales; (b) hombres bajo condiciones similares presentan problemas de autocontrol; (c) la exposición al conflicto armado correlacionó con mayor latencia en las decisiones morales; y (d) hombres con acumulación de EAN, decisiones morales basadas en recompensas inmediatas y bajo autocontrol muestran más conductas externalizantes. Se discuten las implicancias sociales de estos resultados en el diseño de intervenciones psicosociales sectorizadas y basadas en evidencias.

Las relaciones de afinidad entre la belleza y el bien moral que establece la filosofía crítica plantean la posibilidad de favorecer la formación moral del carácter humano mediante la potenciación de la apreciación estética. En el fundamento de esta posibilidad se encuentra la común remisión a lo suprasensible que se hace en lo estético y en lo moral. Tanto el interés empírico como el intelectual que en lo bello se tienen favorecen el desarrollo de las disposiciones humanas al bien. La obra de arte constituye un medio adecuado para la exposición estética de las ideas de la razón. ORCID

El principal objetivo de este artículo es demostrar que la correspondencia entre Hegel y Schelling constituye uno de los elementos fundamentales para comprender la influencia y el sentido del pensamiento ilustrado en la obra del joven Hegel titulada La vida de Jesús. Por eso, el desarrollo del presente escrito se dividirá en: 1) destacar –mediante las consideraciones de algunos intérpretes de La vida de Jesús– la influencia del pensamiento ilustrado en la obra, fundamentalmente a partir de la teología moral de Kant; 2) exponer la temática principal del opúsculo: la moralidad en tanto ley de la razón; y 3) considerar la situación de la teología protestante a fines del siglo XVIII desde el punto de vista del joven Hegel –expresado en su intercambio epistolar con Schelling–, con el fin argumentar que La vida de Jesús es una obra que responde a la disputa entre el pensamiento ilustrado y la teología protestante ortodoxa.

A través de este escrito nos adentraremos en el contexto histórico y social de la edad victoriana y de algunos de sus autores. Analizaremos temas inherentes a la sexualidad, sus leyes y prohibiciones. En contraste con el progreso tecnológico que experimentó la sociedad británica durante el siglo XIX, la época victoriana se caracterizó por un puritanismo exagerado, una tremenda represión sexual y la infravaloración de la mujer, transformada en responsable de todos los males sociales. Moral que fue duramente criticada por algunos de sus contemporáneos, como los escritores Oscar Wilde y Bernard Shaw, que reflejaron en sus obras la mediocridad y la estrechez de miradas de aquella sociedad. Por lo tanto, a lo largo de este artículo, examinaremos leyes represivas y restrictivas que dan crédito a tal afirmación. La dualidad de la época victoriana será el tema y núcleo principal del estudio, en relación con el contexto histórico, social y político de la sociedad inglesa durante el periodo en cuestión. Las conexiones literarias entre transformación psicológica, dualidad y carácter del personaje literario, entendido en sentido genérico o bien como un yo literario, serán determinantes, pues nos remiten a las concepciones de los autores en torno a la personalidad dualista como reelaboración o como metáfora de la existencia humana y de la vida en su transformación material. Los resultados de esta investigación, a lo largo de sus detalladas cinco secciones y su conclusión, nos inducen a creer que la victoriana fue una sociedad plenamente dual, donde, por un lado, se emanaron leyes represivas de género y, por el otro, se dio total desenfreno al libertinaje.

Este trabajo de investigación se nutre de la producción artística contemporánea en materia visual para motivar un estudio pertinente y necesario sobre los límites de su propia legitimidad al basarse en manifestaciones altamente polémicas que, además de plantear constructos de reivindicación, son también cuestionables en sí mismas en lo ético y moral por la naturaleza en que han sido conformadas. El objetivo cardinal de esta premisa dilucida en identificar esas líneas rojas de lo inaceptable a la hora de crear una obra de arte que, si bien pretende denunciar situaciones de injusticia, acaba distorsionando su foco de atención hacia un debate político-social sobre la tolerancia de su propia existencia como aporte en el universo del arte socialmente comprometido. A través de teóricos como Adut, Rancière o Krauss, y de las producciones de artistas como Delvoye, Martens o Habacuc, se desentrañan los entresijos aquí planteados. Como aspectos concluyentes a destacar, se desafía a la comunidad artística a repensar no solo en la emisión de un mensaje concreto que invite al cambio, sino también en la recepción de este, implicando toda clase de factores, desde el contexto para el que se dirige hasta el propio estilo inherente de la obra.

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This article examines the relevance of the images-altars located in an open penal institution in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The main problem lies in understanding how these images are the result of the pragmatic spirituality of individuals who are in the final stage of their sentences. Therefore, it reconstructs the institutional principles that allow interpreting the control over what, how and where these images can be located, and describes the strategies used by inmates to maintain their devotional practices. Through a socio-anthropological approach, this study analyses the levels of relative creativity with which these productions are carried out and how they are integrated into an articulated repertoire of meanings, classifications and moral boundaries. In addition, it examines certain disputes regarding the moral regulation of religion, which are related to a particular form of visual presentation in space that strengthens the connection between the established order and Catholicism. Finally, it argues that institutional morphology is associated with ambivalent patterns of classification, distinction and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Este artículo estudia un aspecto del proceso de adquisición de las primeras conductas morales por parte de niños y niñas de entre dos y tres años en el contexto de la escuela infantil: los encuentros morales entre iguales y la regulación que a veces llevan a cabo las personas adultas. Durante un año se realizó una investigación etnográfica que proporcionó doscientas dieciséis escenas de episodios de relación entre iguales. Este material nos permitió definir qué es un encuentro moral, qué tipos de retos y conductas morales distintas surgen en los encuentros y qué modalidades de ayuda llevan a cabo las educadoras durante los encuentros morales. Los resultados han mostrado que la adquisición de la moralidad es un proceso psicopedagógico complejo que al menos articula tres dinamismos: la puesta a punto de la intencionalidad conjunta, el desarrollo de las actitudes morales que se manifiestan en la relación y el aprendizaje moral mediante el cual se transmiten pautas de conducta y valores de referencia. Asimismo, hemos podido constatar que en los encuentros morales entre iguales aparecen conductas morales de justicia, cooperación y cuidado. Unas conductas que son la base de la futura moralidad adulta, así como del desarrollo de varias teorías éticas. Finalmente, el artículo concluye dando indicaciones prácticas sobre cómo implementar un modelo de formación moral para la educación infantil atento a la relación entre iguales y la regulación adulta.

This article examines morality in taste judgements. In response to Bourdieu's analysis of France in the 1960s, sociologists note that repertoires of moral evaluation vary across contexts. They typically highlight national variations, like Nordic egalitarianism weakens cultural boundaries, and temporal variations, with transformed values having made cultural hierarchies less defensible. The article investigates a neglected type of moral variation: contrasting cultural areas. In a study of class and culture in Stavanger, Norway, the authors combined oral interviews on taste with photo elicitation in the visual arts, literature and housing/architecture. While interviewees were often careful not to appear disdainful of other people's tastes, and expressed ambivalence about cultural boundaries, their thoughts on housing/architecture diverged. Here, people did not hesitate to criticise other people's taste, even to the point of ridiculing their houses. The authors discuss the implications for Lamont's symbolic boundary perspective, which is predicated on a separation of three types of symbolic boundaries (cultural, socioeconomic, moral). Morality can both weaken and reinforce cultural boundaries, depending on the areas under investigation. In conclusion, the authors suggest ways cultural sociology may conceive of different moral modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In discourse ethics, Habermas claims that solidarity is the reverse side of morality. However, in 2013 he rejects this thesis and now is seen as an ethical-political concept. According to Andrew Pierce, Habermas's post-secular turn explains this shift, insofar as he has become skeptic towards secular reason. Habermas has tried to find a resource in religion instead of morality to underpin solidarity. Pierce claims that this move is unnecessary. To certain extent, Pierce is right: Habermas should not have rejected the reverse side thesis, in the sense that still morality has a relationship with solidarity. However, Pierce's account is not complete, insofar as there are good reasons to provide a revision of the thesis. Relying on recent scholarship on post-secularism, the article develops a notion of morality which can have solidarity as its reverse side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las competencias socioemocionales y morales son el conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes que permite desarrollar relaciones prosociales, y comprender y gestionar las emociones propias y de los demás en contextos diversos. Se entiende que las competencias socioemocionales y morales son fundamentales para la convivencia adecuada en los centros escolares. Se han implementado intervenciones escolares para desarrollar dichas competencias en los estudiantes. Estas intervenciones son más efectivas si el profesorado es competente socioemocional y moralmente. Pero no se han encontrado estudios que analicen las competencias socioemocionales y morales del profesorado de enseñanzas no universitarias. Esta investigación persigue estudiar el nivel de competencias socioemocionales y morales del profesorado no universitario. MÉTODO: Se ha desarrollado un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal ex-post-facto, con 301 docentes de Educación Infantil a Educación Secundaria (70.80% mujeres, 27.90% hombres; Medad = 38.33, DT = 11.10). La investigación se ha realizado mediante encuesta (características sociolaborales y dos escalas, una sobre competencias socioemocionales y otra sobre emociones morales), con muestreo por conveniencia y accesibilidad. RESULTADOS: El profesorado presenta un nivel alto de competencias socioemocionales y morales. Las mujeres y quienes presentan mucha experiencia con alumnado de diferente origen étnico-cultural, con diferentes orientaciones sexuales y con discapacidad puntúan significativamente más alto en competencias socioemocionales y morales que los hombres y que quienes presentan poca o ninguna experiencia en los tres ámbitos mencionados. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de este estudio evidencian que el profesorado de Educación Infantil a Educación Secundaria se autopercibe competente a nivel socioemocional y moral. Este estudio señala además qué áreas pueden ser reforzadas en la formación inicial docente para que el profesorado sea competente socioemocional y moralmente, con implicaciones en la formación de profesionales de excelencia y, por ende, en el logro de una educación de calidad que responda a las características de todo el alumnado.

Communication between scientists and animal technicians is considered important for creating a 'culture of care' in facilities that use animals in scientific research. For example, the Brown report, which investigated alleged failures of animal care at Imperial College London, noted the physical and social separation between animal technicians and scientists as a problem that delimited a culture of care. This paper seeks to better understand the communicative relationships between scientists and animal technicians in this context. We conducted a survey of scientists working in the UK who use animals in their research (n = 230), asking who they spoke with about various aspects related to using animals in research. We found that scientists communicated with technicians about operational issues, while they spoke with other scientists about experimental design as well as moral questions and concerns. We probe the meaning of these communicative relationships using narrative analysis of semi-structured, qualitative interviews conducted with consenting survey respondents (n = 14). Analytically, this paper seeks to bridge social network analysis with geographies of care through a shared concern with relations of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens are obliged to pay taxes, although, from a rational perspective, many individuals decide to pay their dues, even if they could evade. This research note contributes to the literature on fiscal compliance by combining existing theoretical approaches from different perspectives in a unique comprehensive model applied to Spain, with the goal of providing new further factors to the theoretical corpus that help explain fiscal compliance in our society. This study has been conducted through an online survey to 2 048 respondents and applies for this aim a factorial survey. This method combines a set of situational factors with personal characteristics, which influence the level of fiscal compliance. The study shows how the standard economic model does not fully explain compliance, and provides evidence on how which moral, attitudinal and value dimensions contribute to the explanation of the behaviour of tax evasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with giftedness have specific characteristics such as, above average skills, creativity and involvement with the task. Such characteristics must be recognized in the educational and social environment, including with regard to moral development. This article aims to discuss aspects related to the construction of intelligence and morality in people with giftedness from the perspective of genetic epistemology, highlighting its importance for the educational context. The methodology used consisted of bibliographic research using a systematic review method on the date of Scielo. This is exploratory research on the constructs: intelligence and morality in Piaget's view. In the search, thirty-four articles were found. Thirty-one were excluded for not addressing the topic. The synthesis of the results points to a lack of evidence from studies because only three articles were found in the last decade. It was necessary to expand the search with the magazine Schème - Electronic Journal of Psychology and Genetic Epistemology. The researches analyzed show that in giftedness there is a complexity in the formation of thought structures, there is an anticipation of the stages of intelligence development, a keen sense of morality and peculiar characteristics such as reversibility and awareness. It is suggested, therefore, that a teaching that presupposes such characteristics provides appropriate challenges to the development of intelligence and morals considering the specificities of gifted subjects, who will not always be aligned with their age group. Therefore, it is suggested that further research be carried out in order to elucidate the gap found to deepen the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Political extremism represents a collective threat to open and democratic societies, a hazard that has grown in recent times. The main goal of the present research is to test one novel construct, the Monopoly on Truth (MoT), by examining its association with illegal and violent extremist acts in a cross-cultural setting. Thus, the association between MoT and extremism has been tested in several countries with different cultures and socio-political landscapes: Brazil, Colombia and Spain (N = 785). Results support configural and metric invariance of the MoT scale, supporting construct validity. The obtained data also replicate the original validation by showing a curvilinear relation between ideology and MoT. Crucially, the correlational analysis shows that MoT is associated with extremism in all countries participating in the study, even when controlling for ideology. This research contributes to the literature on the psychological underpinnings of extremism by introducing a novel correlate of illegal and violent political action based on a notion of moral superiority unbiased by ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Indigenous Knowledge Systems and their underlying ethical qualities guide social interaction and the process by which Indigenous children learn what it means to be a person within family and community life. Using the Learning by Observing and Pitching In (LOPI) framework as a starting point, this paper explores a case study of a death in the Cowichan Tribes community to illuminate four ethical qualities (relationality, reciprocity, responsibility, respect) associated with (1) the social organization of the community guided by a sense of community consciousness and (2) Indigenous concepts of time and space. Using the social organization of the community and Indigenous concepts of time and space as broad themes, we aim to illustrate how culturally determined ethical qualities guide every social interaction and thus inform human development and learning, broadly. By including ethics that guide social relationships in the LOPI framework, educators and researchers may gain a deeper understanding of how children learn in communities and how their participation in community activities informs their sense of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En el presente estudio se analiza el impacto de la calidad de los argumentos y la experticia de la fuente en la persuasión moral, así como el cambio de un juicio moral en función de un mensaje persuasivo. La investigación sobre el efecto de la calidad de los argumentos y la experticia de la fuente en la persuasión moral es escasa, a pesar de que las teorías del intuicionismo social, del proceso dual y de las convicciones morales sugieren algunos apuntes al respecto. En este trabajo, para estudiar el impacto de estos dos factores en la persuasión moral, se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental con un diseño factorial 2 (experticia de la fuente) × 2 (calidad del argumento), con la participación de 433 personas. Específicamente, para evaluar el juicio moral y su eventual cambio, se construyó un dilema moral que contrapone los fundamentos morales de daño-cuidado y justicia-reciprocidad en el marco del posconflicto en Colombia. Los resultados muestran que si bien la mayoría de los participantes presentaron resistencia a la persuasión, tanto la calidad del argumento como la experticia de la fuente facilitan la persuasión, pero de forma independiente. Los resultados permiten varias reflexiones sobre las teorías del proceso dual de la persuasión y las teorías del juicio moral.

Este trabajo pretende exponer algunos aspectos en los que la autonomía moral kantiana y la autonomía personal pueden relacionarse con el principio de daño defendido en el liberalismo. Para ello, en las secciones primera y segunda presentaré brevemente el principio y cómo éste podría justificarse según el enfoque kantiano de la autonomía y el enfoque de la autonomía personal, tomando la versión de Raz como un ejemplo relevante de esta idea. En la segunda parte, argumentaré que en algunos aspectos como el respeto por los demás, el contenido moral sustantivo y la reflexión crítica como capacidad de autenticidad, estas relaciones son más visibles. En la parte final, presentaré algunas conclusiones al respecto.

This article analyzes the political debate that originated in the events of the Paris Commune and took place in Mexico during the summer of 1871. Representatives of two segments of the political spectrum took part in that debate: liberals, especially its moderate wing, and a group of democratic republicans, supporters of federalism and self-government. I discuss the way in which both segments of public opinion constructed their speeches and outlined their republican models, using the Paris Commune as a reference point for their political reflections and as a framework for the definition of their positions. The article is based on an approach to the history of political ideas that seeks to show the richness and complexity of Mexican political thought during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La ingente demanda global de proteínas de origen animal junto al colapso ecológico y las subsiguientes desigualdades alimentarias ha estimulado a académicos, científicos y empresarios de todo el mundo a buscar alternativas. Una de éstas es la investigación con células animales para producir carne cultivada de laboratorio. Este proceso de generación de alimentos cárnicos in vitro se presenta como una solución ante los crecientes problemas socioecológicos. Sin embargo, en este artículo se cuestionarán algunas de sus tentadoras promesas de contribuir a una mayor sostenibilidad, bienestar animal y justicia alimentaria. Más aún, se explorarán qué desafíos bioéticos plantea el polémico medio de cultivo donde se usan fetos bovinos para desarrollar este tipo de carne sintética. Desde una ética no antropocéntrica se abordarán cuatro tipos de argumentos diferentes a fin de dilucidar algunas de las limitaciones morales que conlleva esta investigación alimentaria: desde una posición deontológica, desde criterios utilitaristas, desde el enfoque de las capacidades y desde una ética de las virtudes. La suma de estos planteamientos filosóficos orientados a reflexionar sobre la carne cultivada conducirán a la conclusión de que una defensa a ultranza de este proceso es razonablemente controvertido.

Human Rights are the result of a search to create a system where legal protection to the individual is given based on their quality of human being. Hence, this article, the result of a theoretical reflection, is presented with the aim of verifying the universality of Human Rights, based on five arguments. On the one hand, Human Rights are an expression of a morality applicable to every person by virtue of being moral agents. In addition, the categorization of Human Rights as principles due to their indeterminacy, allows their application in different contexts. In this sense, Human Rights do not belong to a specific territory, rather are generally available and allow a friendly dialogue with non-Western schools. Aligned with this, the applicability of Human Rights is extraterritorial, giving the concept of jurisdiction a greater scope than that normally attributed to it. Finally, there is an important international theory according to which Human Rights are norms of jus cogens, international jurisprudence supports this thesis whose natural consequence is the binding nature of Human Rights to all state activities. It is inevitably concluded that Human Rights are an instrument that seeks to ensure guarantees to the individual, regardless of his nationality but on the basis of his humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper consists of a reflection on the way in which Greek tragedy can be understood, morally speaking. In other words, what the article tries to show is that tragedy has an important moral meaning, a meaning that can be explored with the intention of enriching our understanding of the problems of human behavior that are of interest for ethical reflection. In this sense, the reading of the chosen tragedies is based on the consideration that, besides being understood in an essentially literary and artistic context, they can also be understood as sources of inquiry on human behavior, more specifically on moral behavior. It is about the possibility to enrich our current understanding of ethics and the way in which the problems that are of interest to it can also be conceived. That is why, in order to do this, not only a rereading of the tragedies was carried out, in the context of moral reflection, but also an attempt was made to offer an interpretation that helps justify this point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]