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contain. The study focuses on America over which the Inter-American System of Human Rights exercises its jurisdiction, given that Human Rights normativism (promoted by the UN and the Human Rights regional systems) prevails at the legislative and public policy agenda of the States. Specifically, it is considered that the doctrine, concepts and principles established by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR), are nowadays the valid patterns to explain the conceptions and reasoning schemes that lead the legislative and public policy activity in America. Additionally, the “control de Convencionalidad” developed in the region, encourages the constitutional judgments issued within the States to reproduce these concepts and principles, which have the effect of the non-application or expulsion of legal rules and, through normative or structural judgements, the courts projects specific public policy, all of which could be considered a morphogenetic system. Thus, the main jurisprudential lines of the IACHR and the México’s Supreme Court will be analyzed in order to extract the elements and their attributes that make up the systemic toolkit for policy modelling and lawmaking and identify which behavioral patterns have been displaced to the environment that affects the system.

Se realizó la caracterización morfológica de 114 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum provenientes de Tailandia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia y Papúa Nueva Guinea. Dicho material vegetal hace parte del banco de germoplasma del programa de forrajes del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Estas accesiones se utilizan en alimentación animal e inicialmente fueron sembradas en el invernadero del programa de forrajes del CIAT Palmira y después de 8 semanas se trasplantaron al sitio definitivo en los terrenos de la subestación experimental del CIAT Santander de Quilichao. Cada accesión fue sembrada en una hilera de tres plantas, a las cuales se les realizó descripciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de cada uno de los órganos de la planta (hojas, tallo, inflorescencia, flor, fruto y semilla).Se observaron tres tipos de hojas según la forma; oblongas, ovadas y entre oblongas y ovadas. También se hallaron tres tipos de hábito de crecimiento; erecto, ascendente y postrado. Además se encontró que la especie presenta hojas compuestas, pinnadas con terminación aguda, y peciolo alado, tallos con ramas simpondiales no leñosas, de crecimiento herbáceo, con inflorescencias de tipo racimosas simples axiales y terminales, flores completas con los cuatro verticilos, hermafroditas, de estambres cognados diadelfos y con un promedio de diez estambres por flor, los frutos son legumbres dehiscentes con un promedio de 4 semillas por vaina que se caracterizan por ser tridimensionales con un peso promedio de 0,37 g por 100 semillas.

Nitrification of high total ammonia nitrogen-strength wastewaters is challenging due to free ammonia (FA) inhibition of nitrification. FA inhibition can potentially be alleviated by temporarily adsorbing ammonium (NH 4 + ) to natural zeolite, such as chabazite, followed by direct zeolite bioregeneration via nitrification. In this research, the effectiveness of chabazite addition for reducing nitrification inhibition during treatment of centrate from anaerobic digestion of swine waste was quantified. A mathematical model was developed that accounts for ion exchange of NH 4 + and sodium at the chabazite surface, surface diffusion of adsorbed NH 4 + within the chabazite grains, sequential nitrification of aqueous NH 4 + to nitrite and nitrate, and inhibition of nitritation and nitratation rates by NH 4 + . The model was calibrated using results of abiotic ion exchange and nitrification studies. Subsequently, nitrification tests were carried out with synthetic wastewater with a NH 4 + -N concentration of 1000 mg L -1 , with and without chabazite. A chabazite dose of 150 g L -1 decreased the FA concentration to below the inhibitory level and increased the nitrification rate from 0.16 to 0.36 mg-N (g-VSS) -1 h -1 . Following calibration, the model could predict the experimental data with no additional fitting parameters or parameter adjustment, in both the presence and absence of chabazite. The results suggest that the mathematical model provides a theoretically sound conceptual understanding of ion exchange assisted nitrification.

Polymyxin B (PMB) is a cyclic decapeptide antibiotic which also binds and neutralizes endotoxin. Unfortunately, PMB can be considerably nephrotoxic at clinically utilized doses, thereby limiting its utility as a therapeutic antiendotoxin reagent. We sought to change the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile of PMB by covalently linking it to a human immunoglobulin G (IgG) carrier. Conjugates of PMB with IgG were prepared by EDAC [1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide]-mediated amide formation. Analysis by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with an anti-PMB monoclonal antibody showed that the purified conjugate contained bound PMB. The IgG-PMB conjugate reacted with lipid A and J5 lipopolysaccharide in Western blot assays in a manner comparable to that of whole antiserum with anti-lipid A reactivity; unconjugated IgG had no reactivity. The PMB bound in the conjugate retained its endotoxin-neutralizing activity compared to that of unbound PMB as evidenced by its dose-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor release by endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes in vitro; unconjugated IgG had no activity. By this assay, the PMB-IgG conjugate was determined to have approximately 3.0 microg of bound functional PMB per 100 microg of total protein of conjugate (five molecules of PMB per IgG molecule). The PMB-IgG conjugate was also bactericidal against clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to unconjugated IgG with MBCs of <4 microg of conjugate per ml for each of the tested strains. The conjugate appeared to be nontoxic at the highest doses deliverable and provided statistically significant protection from death to galactosamine-sensitized, lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice in a dose-dependent fashion when administered prophylactically 2 h before challenge. However, neither free PMB nor the PMB-IgG conjugate could protect mice challenged with endotoxin 2 h after administration. This suggests that these reagents can play a role in prophylaxis but not in therapy of sepsis. These experiments demonstrated that the PMB-IgG conjugate retains bound yet functional PMB as evidenced by its endotoxin-neutralizing activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further work is required to define the role that this or related conjugate compounds may play in the prophylaxis of endotoxin-mediated disease.