Search

The extent to which commercial sex, particularly sex work, should be regulated is an important and controversial policy conversation in the United States. Despite the salience of religion to informing attitudes about morality and bodily ethics, little is known about how some key dimensions of U.S. religion (e.g., religious fundamentalism and Christian nationalism) influence the public's moral acceptance of prostitution. We investigate this gap using nationally representative survey data (n = 1,219). Fundamentalist beliefs and Christian statism are both associated with lower moral acceptance of prostitution, adjusting for other religious and sociopolitical characteristics. Disaggregated models also revealed differences in the strengths of these associations by sex. Implications for policy and opportunities for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines if, how, and when workplace spirituality promotes employee ethical voice. Specifically, it tests a mediated moderation model with psychological ownership as a mediator of the relationship between workplace spirituality and ethical voice, and moral identity internalization as a moderator of this indirect relationship. The hypothesized model was tested on two different samples from the IT (Study 1) and Hotel industry (Study 2). Study 1 adopted a cross-sectional time-lagged design to test the proposed hypotheses while Study 2 used a more robust longitudinal cross-lagged design to validate the results of Study 1. The conceptual model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and the results established a direct as well as an indirect effect of workplace spirituality on ethical voice via psychological ownership. However, moral identity internalization failed to moderate the effect of workplace spirituality on ethical voice through psychological ownership in both studies. The results established that workplace spirituality stimulates ethical voice through psychological ownership irrespective of the moral identity of employees. The study identifies workplace spirituality as a novel and significant predictor of ethical voice in organizations and advances the understanding of the psychological processes and contingencies of this relationship. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractUrban youth in China increasingly prioritize lianjie (连接)—a social matrix and lifestyle based on connections with strangers, distinguishing it from guanxi, which is rooted in acquaintance relations and obligations. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in two urban co-living houses in China, this paper explores the processes, motivations, and nuances of lianjie. Co-living youth develop lianjie through shared public activities that foster interaction, self-disclosure, and the creation of intimate encounters with strangers. Lianjie provides personal benefits such as social connection, emotional release, and potential friendships or co-living arrangements, while also emphasizing individual autonomy and boundaries. Lianjie represents a transformation in the relational self among youth, highlighting individuality and evolving moral attitudes toward strangers. This shift reflects a growing sense of social trust and solidarity within Chinese society. The article contributes to the study of strangership within Chinese culture and the evolving social networks of youth in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is present in preclinical, clinical and research work, in various branches of medicine. Researchers and teachers at school of medicines may have different ethical attitudes and perspectives about the implementation of AI systems in medicine. Methods: We conducted an online survey among researchers and teachers (RTs) at the departments and institutes of two Slovenian and four Croatian Schools of Medicine. Results: The sample included 165 and 214 researchers and teachers in Slovenia and Croatia, respectively. The sample of respondents in Slovenia and Croatia was comparable in demographical characteristics. All participants reported high emphasis on the bioethical principles when using artificial intelligence in medicine, its usefulness in certain circumstances, but also caution regarding companies providing AI systems and tools. Slovenian and Croatian researchers and teachers shared three similar perspectives on the use of AI in medicine–complying with highest ethical principles, explainability and transparency and usefulness of AI tools. Higher caution towards use of AI in medicine and effect on autonomy of physicians was expressed in Croatia, while in Slovenia high emphasis was put on understanding how AI works, but also the concerns regarding willingness and time of physicians to learn about AI. Conclusion: Slovenian and Croatian researchers and teachers share ethical attitudes and perspectives with international researchers and physicians. It is important to facilitate understanding of the implications of AI use in medicine and set a solid evidence-based ground to tackle ethical and legal issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various philosophical topics such as algorithmic risk assessment tools, recommender systems, large language models, generative artificial intelligence, automated influence, AI ethics, conspiracy theories, necessity, defensive force, Plato's views on the circulatory system, the value of nonhuman animals, prophecy and future contingency, Malebranche's moralities, substance, power, force, Ryle's theory of mind, and the ethics of praise. It also covers topics like the epistemology of ordinary modality, practical knowledge, future contingents, Nietzsche's views on art and truth, Nietzschean weakness of will, and Nietzsche's criticism of Christianity. The text delves into topics like the nature of philosophical progress, mathematical structuralism, relational properties, the theory of being, and the limits of compromise. [Extracted from the article]

The change in moral attitude due to discrimination of the degree of reality of thought is an unexplored potential effect of mindfulness training. In this article we examine whether the mindfulness training of novices reduces the defensive reaction to normative transgressions when the threatening thought is salient, that is, a thought that stands out regardless of the objective reality that threatens self-survival. To test the study hypotheses, we used a bifactorial design mindfulness training (pre vs. post) x threatened thought salience (low vs high) in a sample of 115 participants. The dependent variable (punishment of social norm transgression) was measured on two different occasions: (1) pre-training (T1), (2) after training (T2). One group receives training in mindfulness in the threatened thought salience low condition (N = 47), and a second group receives the same training in the threatened thought salience high condition (N = 38). A third group did not receive training in threatening thought salience high condition (N = 30). The results show that training mindfulness reduces moral punishment with high threatening thought salience and reduces moral judgment with low threatening thought salience. The shift in reactivity (punishment) is more representative of a MT effect than the shift in moral judgment (seriousness). Implications of the results and limitations of the study are also explored [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that higher education promotes moral attitudes typical of the progressive left. What aspects of the university experience contribute to this moral change? We conduct an exploratory analysis unpacking how curricular content and peer networks—two aspects of the 'bundle' of social influences that occur in university settings—might affect moral attitudes. Using two waves of data from students at a Canadian university (n = 232), we find some evidence that exposure to content related to social justice and involvement in left-leaning university peer circles can promote more individualistic forms of morality over 'binding' moral concerns for traditional social order, and heighten a more absolutist endorsement of social justice. Taken together, the university experience appears to be morally formative, but not uniformly so: moral change is shaped by a combination of factors implicating both formal and informal aspects of university life which students experience at varying rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the pandemic experiences of Swedish welfare professionals and the philosophies of Hannah Arendt, Simone Weil, Jonna Bornemark, and Isabelle Stengers, this paper argues for approaching resilience as a transformative process rather than merely a restorative or protective one. We address resilience as connected to the capacity to act under conditions of uncertainty and where embodied and relational knowledge is central. This knowledge emerges from daily interactions in the world we share with others and to whom we hold a deep moral and ethical commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic misconduct remains a perennial concern in tertiary education around the globe. Research intended to explain this phenomenon has been conducted for almost 100 years. One of the most cited researchers is Donald McCabe, whose work was rooted in a survey instrument he developed in the late 1980s and distributed to 100,000 + students over the following two decades. Recognizing the need to continue to understand academic misconduct in the 21st century context, the present study updated and validated the original McCabe instrument as an inventory of academic misconduct behaviors, and derived psychometrically sound factors of the same to enable researchers to examine the predictors of these behaviors. Specifically, our updated instrument (named MIAMI: McCabe/ICAI Academic Misconduct Inventory) was shown to have construct validity through associations with the following predictors in a survey of tertiary students (n = 2329): academic integrity climate, peer norms, moral attitudes, and achievement goal structures. The updated survey will facilitate further research that will advance our understanding of academic misconduct and test the efficacy of interventions designed to promote academic integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated how dramatization simulation affected nursing students' ethical attitudes. Most nurses and nursing students encounter ethical issues in their healthcare practices. Students who receive an education in ethics are better equipped to solve ethical problems, develop ethical sensitivity, and adopt an ethical attitude. Dramatization simulation, which has recently been applied in nursing education, is said to be an effective teaching method. A mixed-method approach was employed in the research. The sample consisted of 60 students enrolled in the final year of the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences at a State university. Students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the dramatization simulation method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the training method. The data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, Ethical Principles Attitude Scale, and Semi-Structured Focus Group Interview Form. SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the quantitative data, and Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis and MAXQDA 2020 software were used to analyze the qualitative data. The post-test total score of the group ethical attitude scale for the students in the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05). Additionally, the students in the experimental group's post-test Ethical Attitude Scale total score outperformed those in the control group statistically significantly (p < 0.05). The following themes were found: (1) perspectives on dramatization simulation and (2) perspectives on ethical attitude. To help nursing students develop ethical attitudes, we recommend using dramatization simulation as a teaching method. In addition, we recommend that this study be conducted in larger sample groups and on different topics. The recommendations were explored in more detail in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our extensive history of embracing AI technological advances demonstrates that AI may be a useful tool if humans learn to use it intelligently, and that concerns about it replacing human occupations may be unwarranted. Indeed, a range of remarkable new AI approaches are fast transforming diverse human experiences and fundamentally disrupting our lives, but not without some drawbacks. This study reflects on how new engineers view AI's influence on trust and ethical attitudes. Data-driven perceptions drive educated debates, education initiatives, and legislative decisions aimed at effectively addressing non-scientific AI concerns. This contributes to improving the future of AI-based learning through transdisciplinary research that considers the evidence of ethical challenges raised by AI misapplication. Our analysis of quantitative data from a survey of 715 recently graduated engineers from diverse fields, who often use information technologies, reveals that many believed AI-related difficulties were scientifically uncertain. According to this study's findings, the observed variance in the trend relating to reduced fear of job losses due to AI (R2 = 0.1121) suggests that specialties heavily impacted by crucial decision making have a lower level of fear. This provides strong evidence for an optimistic path to AI breakthroughs boosting the level of confidence in and acceptance of AI across many industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the practical implementation of the course titled "Good Chemistry: Methodological, Ethical, and Social Implications" available on the EuChemS e-learning platform. This MOOC course has been used in various ways at several European universities and through blended learning at Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Poland), which is discussed in this article. Since the groups of students participating in the course were not large and it is worth taking a closer look/insight at this issue, the case study method was used. Sample materials and activities for this course are presented. The survey responses of lecturers and students, as well as the activities and posts of Jagiellonian University in Krakow students on the remote learning platform, were analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of the course were identified, and the need for continuous efforts by lecturers to develop ethical attitudes, critical thinking, and communication skills in students, especially in the field of socioscientific issues, was emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influencer marketing has become a mainstream advertising format on the internet. However, only a handful of studies focused on its ethical dilemmas. This experimental work examines the effect of sharenting – sharing content about one's child on social media – in sponsored social media posts on the ethical perception and the evaluation of the posts. Results indicated that both student and parent respondents perceived the post featuring the child as less ethical when the post promoted an adult-related product. This effect was mediated by more negative ad and brand attitudes and was related to a lower purchase intent for the advertised product. It appears that sharenting in sponsored posts leads to negative ethical attitudes that diminish the advertising effectiveness of influencer marketing when the product is adult-related. However, we did not observe the same effect among parents when the advertised product is child-related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study utilizes a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) questionnaire to investigate the awareness of medical professionals in the Ningxia region regarding research integrity and their attitudes towards academic misconduct. A comprehensive analysis of the factors contributing to academic misconduct is performed, with the aim of providing insights for the formulation of policies to enhance research integrity. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study. It performed between May 2023 and October 2023, and the questionnaires were distributed and collected through Wenjuanxing and WeChat platforms. The research employs a self-designed KAP survey questionnaire distributed online for clinical doctors and nurses in hospital, faculty members in medical higher education institutions, and undergraduates enrolled in medical schools in the Ningxia region. Results: A total of 1013 valid questionnaires were collected, with a majority of participants (76.2%) having received training in research integrity. The survey results indicate that a significant majority of participants (75.04%) cannot tolerate academic misconduct. More than 70% of respondents believe that the main reasons for academic misconduct are a lack of understanding of academic ethical norms, a deficiency in personal integrity awareness, individual inadequacy in research capabilities, and excessive pressure. When it comes to measures for academic misconduct reduction, over 70% of individuals believe that strengthening research integrity training, improving the assessment methods for research outcomes, and enhancing personal research capabilities can decrease instances of academic misconduct. Most respondents demonstrated a basic understanding of research integrity and maintained a resistant attitude towards academic misconduct. However, there exists an insufficient awareness of certain forms of academic misconduct. The study recommends implementing multifaceted measures to enhance the ethical awareness and attitudes of researchers. Conclusion: In this study, a KAP questionnaire was administered to clinicians, nurses, medical faculty and students to find out their understanding of research integrity and their attitudes towards academic misconduct. Most of the respondents had a negative attitude towards academic misconduct, but their understanding of research integrity could be improved. Furthermore, university teachers' understanding of research integrity and their attitudes towards academic misconduct were better than other groups, and university students had lower scores in this area, so it is recommended to take various measures to improve their understanding of research integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explores how having pets influences Chinese university students' attitudes and willingness to buy animal welfare certified products. It finds that students from households with pets are more empathetic toward animals and show a greater willingness to support animal welfare certified products, even if it means paying a premium. The research highlights the important role of pet ownership in shaping ethical attitudes toward animals and suggests that this background could be valuable for promoting animal welfare more broadly across society. Additionally, the study emphasizes that policies, businesses, and education should work together to raise awareness about animal welfare and encourage ethical consumption. As global awareness of animal welfare continues to rise, it has become essential to understand the factors that shape individual attitudes and consumption behaviors related to animal welfare. This study empirically investigates how pet ownership influences attitudes towards animal welfare and related consumption intentions among Chinese university students. Findings demonstrate that students from pet-owning households exhibit significantly more favorable attitudes and behaviors concerning animal empathy, awareness of animal welfare, willingness to purchase animal welfare certified products, and the willingness to pay a premium for animal welfare labels. Pet ownership fosters emotional resonance, enhancing empathy and perceptions regarding animal welfare, and influences preferences for animal welfare certified products through simulated consumer choices. By applying propensity score matching (PSM) to mitigate endogeneity concerns, this research advances theoretical discussions surrounding animal welfare attitudes and consumption behaviors. Looking ahead, the promotion of animal welfare should involve coordinated efforts across educational institutions, policy frameworks, and market mechanisms to cultivate a broader understanding and adoption of animal welfare principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concept of "de-moralizing ethics," which challenges the traditional use of moral concepts in ethical theorizing. Topics include the critical evaluation of moral concepts like "right" and "wrong," the influence of cultural and historical frameworks on ethical ideas, and alternative approaches emphasizing virtue and rational reasoning over moral obligation.

The article focuses on whether ethics should be "de-moralized" by moving away from traditional moral concepts like duty, right, and wrong, with the author arguing against this in the context of Kantian ethics. Topics include the nuanced understanding of duty in Kantian ethics, the balance between perfect and imperfect duties, and the interplay between Kantian and virtue ethics, ultimately asserting the richness and adaptability of Kantian moral concepts.

Many bioliberals endorse broadly consequentialist frameworks in normative ethics, implying that a progressive stance on matters of bioethical controversy could stem from outcome‐based reasoning. This raises an intriguing empirical prediction: encouraging outcome‐based reflection could yield a shift toward bioliberal views among nonexperts as well. To evaluate this hypothesis, we identified empirical premises that underlie moral disagreements on seven divisive issues (e.g., vaccines, abortion, or genetically modified organisms). In exploratory and confirmatory experiments, we assessed whether people spontaneously engage in outcome‐based reasoning by asking how their moral views change after momentarily reflecting on the underlying empirical questions. Our findings indicate that momentary reflection had no overall treatment effect on the central tendency or the dispersion in moral attitudes when compared to prereflection measures collected 1 week prior. Autoregressive models provided evidence that participants engaged in consequentialist moral reasoning, but this self‐guided reflection produced neither moral "progress" (shifts in the distributions' central tendency) nor moral "consensus" (reductions in their dispersion). These results imply that flexibility in people's search for empirical answers may limit the potential for outcome‐based reflection to foster moral consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article responds to the familiar characterisation of Mary Warnock as someone whose major achievements as a public intellectual, such as the Report on human fertilisation and embryology, were at the expense of philosophical rigour and integrity. I explicate her lifelong commitment to practical morality, and her understanding of ethics and of the role of feelings in moral judgments, before analysing her important distinction between the private and public moral attitude. 'Public philosophy' is what she believes is necessary for those seeking to make a difference in the world of law and policy. I highlight the importance for her of securing 'acceptable' legal outcomes, especially on issues of bioscientific development which are the subject of irreconcilable moral disagreements. I compare her distinction with others and contrast its use with relevant writing by John Rawls and Thomas Nagel. Finally, I defend her against misjudged criticism from her philosophical contemporaries, most notably Richard Hare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Celia Harding's book on the superego, which explores the relevance of this concept in contemporary analytic practice. The book is divided into three sections, covering theoretical, developmental, and clinical aspects of the superego. Various contributors examine different perspectives on the superego, including its impact on individuals' sense of self, morality, and psychic growth. The article highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the superego in therapeutic settings to promote ethical thinking and agency over one's internalized judgments. [Extracted from the article]

In Morality and Socially Constructed Norms, I argue that norms that exist as a matter of social fact have moral force, when they do, by virtue of what I call the 'agency-respect principle.' In what follows, I address the comments and criticisms of my view kindly offered by N. P. Adams, Åsa Burman, George Klosko, Katharina Nieswandt, and Titus Stahl, and which have appeared in a previous issue of this journal. My responses, just like the corresponding criticisms, will address some of the core themes of the book, including: the nature of socially constructed norms, the plausibility of the agency-respect principle, how to best understand and ground political obligation, and, in general, whether we should think that socially constructed norms have (primarily) moral normativity, as opposed to some other type of normativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Disease, Corruption, and Contempt for Weakness; Rereading a Doll's House" in Ibsen Studies examines Torvald Helmer's character in Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House." The author, Lisbeth P. Wærp, analyzes Helmer's illness, work-related stress, and potential corruption, revealing social criticisms of dishonesty and contempt for weakness in bourgeois society. The text offers a fresh perspective on Helmer, exploring his past crime, fear of exposure, and how these factors impact the characters and themes in the play. It delves into the interconnected themes of fear, illness, corruption, and contempt for weakness, shedding light on the complex dynamics within the narrative. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Academic misconduct remains a perennial concern in tertiary education around the globe. Research intended to explain this phenomenon has been conducted for almost 100 years. One of the most cited researchers is Donald McCabe, whose work was rooted in a survey instrument he developed in the late 1980s and distributed to 100,000 + students over the following two decades. Recognizing the need to continue to understand academic misconduct in the 21st century context, the present study updated and validated the original McCabe instrument as an inventory of academic misconduct behaviors, and derived psychometrically sound factors of the same to enable researchers to examine the predictors of these behaviors. Specifically, our updated instrument (named MIAMI: McCabe/ICAI Academic Misconduct Inventory) was shown to have construct validity through associations with the following predictors in a survey of tertiary students (n = 2329): academic integrity climate, peer norms, moral attitudes, and achievement goal structures. The updated survey will facilitate further research that will advance our understanding of academic misconduct and test the efficacy of interventions designed to promote academic integrity.

Robots are thought to be able to address some of society's challenges in autism care and education. Robots may extend services and provide them in personalised, repeated, and playful ways. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent professionals intend to use robots and what determines their intentions. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework, we aimed to better understand the determinants behind professionals' intentions to use robots with their clients with autism. We conducted an online survey, to which 447 professionals (e.g., psychologists) working with people with autism answered. Our results indicate moderate and well-predicted intentions for the enquired professionals to use a robot with their clients with autism. We found that attitude and perceived social norms are the main predictors of their intentions. Our results also point to the significant and positive influence of moral norms on the attitudes of professionals. Additionally, our preliminary analysis of underlying beliefs to the assessed predictors of intention enables a better understanding on how professionals perceive the place of robots in their work. These results can inspire roboticists who want to build assistive robots for the real world and guide stakeholders when implementing such robots in the health and education sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his final notebooks, published posthumously as On Certainty, Wittgenstein set forth a radical picture of the structure of rational evaluation, one that has arational hinge commitments at its heart. Much of the focus of discussion of hinge commitments has been on the commonsense, Moorean, factual commitments that fall into this class (such as that one has hands, one's name is such-and-such, and so on). But on a plausible rendering of the Wittgensteinian position, there ought to also be hinge commitments of a broadly axiological nature, which express the subject's fundamental values (moral, political, and so forth) that comprise her worldview. Various recent proposals for understanding axiological hinge commitments are considered, with most of them found to be problematic. A particular conception of axiological hinge commitments is offered, and their philosophical relevance is explored by considering how they relate to deep moral disagreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to expressivism, moral utterances express non-cognitive attitudes like approval or disapproval. However, [Woods, J. 2014. “Expressivism and Moores Paradox.” Philosophers' Imprint 14:1–12] has presented a difficulty for expressivism. He argues that expressivism predicts that there are moral versions of Moore's paradox but in fact there aren't any. The present paper investigates what the relation between moral utterances and non-cognitive attitudes consists in if Woods's rebuttal of expressivism is correct and it is not the expression relation. It argues for a minimal account, according to which moral utterances only provide evidence for the speakers's non-cognitive attitudes. Such an account, the paper argues, explains Woods's observation while it avoids the pitfalls of its non-minimal competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many previous studies have documented the detrimental effects of social loafing on others (interpersonal impacts) at the between-person level. However, social loafing may carry underappreciated intrapersonal functional effects at the within-person level. Our research develops a novel theoretical framework to investigate when and how engaging in social loafing enhances one's job performance. Drawing on the effort-recovery model and moral cleansing theory, we propose that social loafing may improve subsequent job performance by enhancing recovery and guilt. Specifically, we argue that among employees who experience higher job demands or have higher moral identity, social loafing in the morning enhances their job performance in the afternoon by facilitating recovery or guilt in the morning. Two-wave daily data collected across ten consecutive workdays using the experience sampling method (ESM) supports this model. We discuss how this research identifies a functional basis for social loafing and provides implications for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diagnosis of and life-sustaining treatment (LST) for patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) and locked-in syndrome (LIS) have been the subject of intense debate. Objective: We aim to investigate the application of diagnostic knowledge, opinions about the administration of LST, and ethical challenges related to DoC and LIS. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A survey was conducted among Chinese neurologists. Questionnaires included three vignettes (unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS); minimally conscious state (MCS), and LIS). They were randomly distributed among neurologists from August 2018 to December 2019. Results: A sample of 360 questionnaires was included (response rate: 78%). Overall, 63% of the participants chose the correct diagnostic category. The neurologists who received the MCS case chose the category more accurately than the neurologists with the UWS (p < 0.001) and LIS case (p = 0.002). Most neurologists preferred never to limit LST for their patients (47%, 63%, and 67% in UWS, MCS, and LIS groups, p = 0.052). A large group of neurologists believed UWS patients could feel pain (73%), with no difference from MCS and LIS patients (p > 0.05). Deciding for patients in the absence of surrogates was rated extremely challenging. Conclusion: A large proportion of Chinese neurologists in our study didn't apply the accurate diagnostic categories to the description of DoC and LIS patients. This calls for more education and training. Most Chinese neurologists were reluctant to limit LST for patients. This may indicate that there may be a need to emphasize the allocation of more resources toward long-term care in China. Plain language summary: Clinical and ethical challenges The diagnosis of and life-sustaining treatment (LST) for patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) and Locked-in syndrome (LIS) have been the subject of intense debate. To describe the knowledge and attitudes of physicians regarding patients with some DoC and LIS in Eastern countries we conducted a vignette-based survey among Chinese neurologists. This study reveals significant differences from previous studies, namely, lower diagnostic accuracy and less limitation of life-sustaining treatment. This may be closely related to policies, cultures, economies, and laws among countries. A deeper understanding of neurologists' moral beliefs and attitudes can inform healthcare policy and might point to areas of research and healthcare practice that need further regulatory attention. A normative orientation through institutional, regional, or national policies for decision-making can increase the likelihood of reaching consistent and transparent decisions about the care of patients with severe brain injury across different regions and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated whether ideological attitudes (beliefs about religion, social justice) are central to the self-concept. Participants rated ideological attitudes as more self-defining than relevant attitudes (about family, hometown), even though were liked equally (Study 1). Ideological attitudes were as self-defining as attitudes that were personally meaningful, even though the latter were liked more and more psychologically valuable (Study 2). In Study 3, participants reported that if they changed their ideological attitudes or their moral traits (honesty, generosity), they would see themselves as a different person more than if they changed their attitudes about relevant attitudes and their perceptual abilities (hearing, pain tolerance). These studies underscore the important role of ideological attitudes to the self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the demand for urban pocket parks near residential areas, posing new challenges for environmental governance. However, there is a lack of research on how to engage citizens in pocket-park governance to address both potential and unforeseen risks. This study combines social information processing theory with a norm activation model to develop a framework that identifies the shaping stages and influencing factors of citizens' intentions to participate in pocket-park governance. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling, this research analyzed the relationships among external factors, attitudes, moral norms, and intentions to participate based on 719 responses from an online survey targeting Chinese citizens in November and December 2023. Results indicate that health risks and pocket-park environmental quality positively affect perceived usefulness. Attitudes and moral norms are indeed important factors mediating the positive effect of the external environment on the intention to participate. The pathway of guiding citizens to participate in pocket-park governance is clarified, which helps bolster the resilience of urban green spaces and improve the quality of life of residents after public crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how Vietnamese former combatants navigate and contest the infrastructure of care and recognition (or lack thereof) for veterans, their families, and the war dead in postwar Vietnam. It examines efforts by veterans to establish their socio-political standing through acts of claim-making, including spiritual care for the dead. We argue that through these acts of claim-making, veterans forge an alternative modality of veteranhood based not simply on state-recognised war contributions, but also on moral commitments to social justice and care for the fallen and their bereaved families in the postwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continued spread of the rise of online teaching, and the massive use of 3C products (computer, communication, and consumer electronics), the cases of academic plagiarism or using others' works as own works caused by inappropriate use of the Internet are occurring all the time. However, very little research has been conducted on the cyber ethical climate in relation to cyber academic dishonesty. This study investigates the structural relationship between cyber ethical climate, cyber self-efficacy, cyber ethical attitude and cyber academic dishonesty, among university and graduate students, and develops a multiple mediation model. A total of 812 university and graduate students from 32 universities in Taiwan completed the online questionnaire. The results of the study show that the multiple mediation model is valid and find that the cyber ethical climate creates a favorable context for organizing members to demonstrate cyber ethical behavior, demonstrating the importance of mutual influence on cyber academic dishonesty between the cyber ethical climate created by teachers and the cyber ethical climate of class peers. Based on these results, we deeply examine the practical implications and make specific recommendations to improve the cyber ethical behavior of university and graduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how a continuum of individuals interacting in a binary public goods game can secure cooperation through transmitting and enforcing norms. The evolutionary model consists of three distinct dimensions: behavior, norms, and approval preferences. In line with the indirect approach proposed by Güth and Yaari (1992) , behavior results from utility maximization, while norms and approval preferences evolve over time. The underlying evolutionary processes differ concerning speed and nature. Whereas norms evolve at the cultural level through peer interactions and socialization, approval preferences are (at least partly) biologically inherited and transmitted from parents to their offspring. We find that if cultural and biological reproductive fitnesses are derived from material and social factors, then an interplay of social disapproval mechanisms gives rise to stable equilibria in which positive cooperation levels persist. Moreover, we find stable equilibria characterized by heterogeneous behavior and moral attitudes across individuals. • We propose an evolutionary model with multiple dynamic dimensions. • We endogenize the formation of behavior, norms, and preferences. • Social disapproval enables stable equilibria of norm-driven cooperation. • Different dynamic dimensions introduce ambiguous effects of disapproval mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of implementing this program is to improve the moral attitudes of students in elementary schools. This program is based on social activities in the community. This Design Base Research (DBR) research focuses on developing educational interventions to improve the objectives of the intervention provided. Participants in this research were 42 students, 2 teachers, and parents of students who took part in the program. The forms of intervention carried out are, (1) Volunteer Club; (2) Moral Mentorship; and (3) Entrepreneurship Program. The research instruments to measure the intervention are student perception questionnaires, parental involvement questionnaires, and questions about moral issues which have been tested for validity and reliability. The results of this research are that students experience positive changes in moral attitudes at school and at home. In addition, it was found that there was no difference in moral attitudes for both male and female students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within scholarship on Islamic ethics, writings on consolation (taʿāzī) are a largely neglected genre. This article is a start on making good this scarcity in the secondary literature. It studies Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī's (d. 965/1558) Musakkin al-fuʾād , a treatise on the grief over the loss of a child and consolations for it. Al-ʿĀmilī's contribution to the genre presents a Shiʿi view, inflected by a Muʿtazilī understanding of divine justice and theodicy. According to this view, divine recompense (ʿiwaḍ) is offered to the bereaved on the condition of patient resignation with appreciation of the loss in relation to the ordeal and death suffered by the fourteen 'Infallibles' (al-maʿṣūmīn). Al-ʿĀmilī's disparaging outlook on the world (al-dunyā) encourages abandonment of its material attachments through ideal modes of patience (al-ṣabr) and contentment (al-riḍāʾ). Musakkin al-fuʾād imagines a system of reward and loss, calibrated to the lessons of sacred texts. I examine al-ʿĀmilī's use of these sources, including prophetic narratives, parables, and traditions (aḥādīth), to explore their implications for an idealized expression of Muslim mourning. From these examples, the personal becomes universal, generating moral criteria for an attitude to life, and necessitating appropriately modified responses to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1994 Nobel laureate Ōe Kenzaburō, (1935–) is well-known for his moral commitment as a writer to remind us of the dark legacy of WWII and the Japanese role in it by critically reexamining history. Representative of work in this regard, The Silent Cry (Man'en gan'nen no futtobôru 1967) introduces multiple perspectives on the past both diachronically and synchronically to challenge the normative perception of history. This article attempts to close-read the novel through the lens of affect theory by tracing the trajectories of affect that propel the narrative machinery forward and investigate how they influence the perception of history on the part of the characters. In contradistinction to more self-conscious emotions, affect often catches us unawares and gets us unhinged. Rereading the novel with focus on the affective unconscious among the characters, I hope to bring into relief their partiality, vulnerability, and limited self-knowledge, which according to Judith Butler, should be seen as a sign of our 'sociality', that which connects us rather than divides us. This may in turn guide us toward new Butlerian ethics 'based on our shared', 'partial blindness about ourselves', that is less judgmental and more generous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte is the property of Revista Virtual Universidad Catolica del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan (JRAK) is the property of Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper I focus on how the meritorious dimension (or latitude, Spielraum) involved in the promotion of the highest good is closely related to the constitution of an ethical community as a free, open and progressive moral society. I argue that since moral perfection and moral belief/faith as the grounding elements for the promotion of the highest good (synthesis of virtue and happiness) are not objective duties that must be promoted to a definite extent but involve a certain latitude in their employment, the ethical community that emerges out of the pursuit of the highest good does not prove to be a uniform society in terms of the degrees of the pursuit of moral perfection and moral commitment of its citizens. Rather, I point out that the latitude involved in the pursuit of moral perfection and the adoption of moral belief leads to the establishment of an ethical community that emerges as an open and free society entered by its citizens freely and willfully as part of their inner self-constraint. I thus hold that in such an ethical society agents can pursue and promote the highest good not in a strictly prescribed and uniform manner but in various forms and degrees as long as they constantly progress towards a higher form of moral perfection and purer form of religious (or rational) belief/faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A debate has recently appeared regarding whether non-naturalism is better than other metaethical views at explaining moral progress. I shall take the occasion of this debate to present a novel debunking dilemma for moral non-naturalists, extending Sharon Street's Darwinian one. I will argue that moral progress indicates that our moral attitudes tend to reflect contingent sociocultural and psychological factors. For non-naturalists, there is then either a relation between these factors and the moral facts, non-naturalistically construed, or there is not. If there is no relation, the contingent factors are unlikely to lead to moral knowledge. If there is a relation, they must be likely to lead to non-naturalist-style moral knowledge, but no theoretically virtuous explanation of moral progress is likely to accommodate non-naturalist commitments. It follows that non-naturalist moral realism cannot explain our moral knowledge. I call this a contingentist challenge to non-naturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I discuss the relationship between Karl Popper's conception of critical rationalism and William Bartley's conception of pancritical rationalism. Both Popper and Bartley tended to identify rationality with openness to criticism, but they are usually considered to be disagreeing about whether rationality is limited or comprehensive and whether or not it applies to moral attitudes. These traditional interpretations are found wanting, and I make the case that there is—and was—no genuine, substantial conflict between Popper's critical and Bartley's pancritical rationalism. The apparent disagreement between Popper and Bartley about critical versus pancritical rationalism is nothing but a tangle of several factors, including the misconstrual of Popper's critical rationalism by Bartley, Popper's disagreement with Bartley's criticism of critical rationalism, Popper's disagreement with Bartley's claim that his formulation is superior to Popper's formulation of critical rationalism in The Open Society and Its Enemies , and the clash of Bartley's ambitions with Popper's rather cold attitude toward his cherished ideas. New (so far unpublished and not discussed) archival material—Popper's interview and two letters to Leslie Graves dated 1992—is invoked to provide crucial evidence for this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some cultures, merely exerting effort is considered virtuous, even when the effort is inefficient. Our study examines how this moral attitude towards effort (relative to efficiency) has evolved historically across two distinct sociopolitical and linguistic contexts: the People's Republic of China and the United States, using natural language processing techniques. Specifically, two formal political corpora were used—the People's Daily (1950–2021) and the Congressional speeches for the U.S. (1873–2011). We developed dictionaries for each concept based on pre-trained word embedding models in both languages. Moral attitudes towards effort and efficiency were calculated on a year-by-year basis as the cosine similarity between the dictionaries of these concepts and an existing dictionary of morality. We benchmarked the fluctuations of moral attitude towards inefficient effort against critical historical events in the two countries. Additional time series analysis and Granger tests revealed the association and potential directionality between the evolution of moral attitude towards inefficient effort and critical socio-cultural variables such as collectivism and cultural looseness. Our research sheds light on the historical and socio-cultural roots of moralization of effort and has implications for historical psychology research on moral attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion This study examines the relationship between dark personality traits and attitudes towards punishment.Considering the evidence, we propose two hypotheses to be tested in this study: Of four dark tetrad traits, Machiavellianism will be the most strongly related to punitiveness (deterrence, incapacitation, desertion and moral balance); high scores in conservatism/right‐wing ideology will be positively related to deterrence, incapacitation, desert and moral balance attitudes. People with a liberal/left‐wing ideology will score higher in restorative justice and rehabilitation.The study sample was composed of 1552 participants from Spain and Latin America (Mexico, Colombia and Peru). Participants responded to an adaptation of penal attitudes scale, the Short Dark‐Tetrad Questionnaire and a political ideology scale.The results indicated that among demographic characteristics, ideology was the best predictor of penal justice attitudes, whereas Machiavellianism surpassed other dark traits as a predictor.No previous research examined how De Keiser et al. scale of attitudes towards criminal justice relates to dark personality and ideology. This research shows that dark personality predicts punitiveness and how Machiavellianism plays a relevant role. Future research could also combine Big‐Five ‘bright personality’ variables and since Dark Personality variables.Of the four dark personality traits, Machiavellianism is the strongest predictor of all punitiveness penal attitudes (deterrence, incapacitation, desertion and moral balance). Conservative/right‐wing ideology is related to punitive attitudes; however, rehabilitation and restorative justice were unrelated to ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sociological Context / Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sociological Context and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)