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Context: One of the most common cancers in men is prostate cancer, which can lead to death. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are drugs that have been proposed in recent years as proposed treatments for prostate cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the efficacy and tolerability of ICIs in these patients. Data Sources: From January 1,1990, to January 1, 2022, using the keywords in checkpoint inhibitors, prostate cancer, efficacy, and tolerability, systematically reviewed databases such as PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar based on the protocol registered in Prospero were identified as CRD42021252562. Results: Out of 690 studies found, 43 studies were reviewed for evaluation in terms of inclusion criteria, and finally 6 studies were included in the design. In the analysis of selected studies, 1800 patients were studied, and the range of sample size was from 23 to 799. According to the results of the meta-analysis, there was no significant difference in death risk compared to ICI + radiotherapy with radiotherapy+placebo (HR: 0.96,95% CI: 0.74,1.23, P = 0.74). Combined results from 2 clinical trials demonstrated that the risk of death in the radiotherapy + ICI group was less than in the group just treated with radiotherapy (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.77, (P < 0.001), 0.77, P< 0.001). To evaluate tolerability, the results showed a non-significant difference between the groups considering the overall prevalence of treatment-related side effects (RR: 1.59,95% CI: 0.75,3.39, I² = 98%). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis showed that the use of safety checkpoint inhibitors has been associated with improved survival without progression, but their effect on increasing overall survival has not been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive fluid administration for saving patients from hypovolemic shocks is one of the main causes of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this paper is to survey the relationship between fluid resuscitation and increase intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study recruited 100 patients with confirmed abdominal trauma and presenting to emergency departments. The cases with high IAP measured through the bladder were identified as developing ACS in case of having comorbidities involving two of the following systems: respiratory system, renal system or cardiovascular system. The volume of the fluids administered was compared in the first 24 h in subjects with and without ACS. Results: Of 100 patients with abdominal trauma, whose IAP was measured, 28 cases developed ACS. The mean volume of the fluids received was found to be significantly higher in the patients with ACS (8772 ml) compared to in those without (5404 ml). As a complication of excessive fluid administration, IAH can seriously threaten the patient's life. Conclusions: Excessive fluid resuscitation causes ACS among the critically ill or injured patients such as abdominal trauma, pelvic fracture and intra-abdominal organ injuries hence to prevent this complication in all patients requiring short-term excessive administration of fluids, great care, and sensitivity are required to constantly control IAP and adjust the fluid administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]