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1. Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Author

Sorokowski, P., Kowal, M., Sternberg, R. J., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Conroy-Beam, D., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Pejicic, M., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, A. F., Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Walter, K. V., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Sorokowska, A., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Sorokowski, P., Kowal, M., Sternberg, R. J., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Conroy-Beam, D., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Pejicic, M., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, A. F., Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Walter, K. V., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Sorokowska, A., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Published
2023

3. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios

Author

Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Ottesen Kennair, L. E., Kervyn, N., Khanh Ha, T. T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Luot, N. V., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Correa Varella, M. A., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M. M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Ottesen Kennair, L. E., Kervyn, N., Khanh Ha, T. T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Luot, N. V., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Correa Varella, M. A., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M. M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.

Published
2021

4. Universality of the Triangular Theory of Love: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Triangular Love Scale in 25 Countries

Author

Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Groyecka, A., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Chabin, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Frackowiak, T., Graduno, J. C., Guemaz, F., Ha Thu, T., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Krasnodebska, A., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Lopez, Giulia, Alhabahba, M. M., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Sainz Martinez, M., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pawlowski, B., Pazhoohi, F., Pejicic, M., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Plohl, N., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Przepiorka, A., Quang Lam, T., Rizwan, M., Rozycka-Tran, J., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Shaikh, R., Sharad, S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Thi Khanh Ha, T., Ugalde Gonzalez, K., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Wojciszke, B., Yoo, G., Zadeh, Z. F., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Sternberg, R. J., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Groyecka, A., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Chabin, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Frackowiak, T., Graduno, J. C., Guemaz, F., Ha Thu, T., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Krasnodebska, A., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Lopez, Giulia, Alhabahba, M. M., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Sainz Martinez, M., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pawlowski, B., Pazhoohi, F., Pejicic, M., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Plohl, N., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Przepiorka, A., Quang Lam, T., Rizwan, M., Rozycka-Tran, J., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Shaikh, R., Sharad, S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Thi Khanh Ha, T., Ugalde Gonzalez, K., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Wojciszke, B., Yoo, G., Zadeh, Z. F., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Sternberg, R. J., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

The Triangular Theory of Love (measured with Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale–STLS) is a prominent theoretical concept in empirical research on love. To expand the culturally homogeneous body of previous psychometric research regarding the STLS, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study with the use of this scale. In total, we examined more than 11,000 respondents, but as a result of applied exclusion criteria, the final analyses were based on a sample of 7332 participants from 25 countries (from all inhabited continents). We tested configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance, all of which confirmed the cultural universality of the theoretical construct of love analyzed in our study. We also observed that levels of love components differ depending on relationship duration, following the dynamics suggested in the Triangular Theory of Love. Supplementary files with all our data, including results on love intensity across different countries along with STLS versions adapted in a few dozen languages, will further enable more extensive research on the Triangular Theory of Love.

Published
2021

5. Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Author

Sorokowska, A., Saluja, S., Sorokowski, P., Frackowiak, T., Karwowski, M., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Chabin, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Graduno, J., Varella, M. A. C., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Esteves, C. S., Guemaz, F., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N. O., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Lopez, Giulia, Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pejicic, M., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Plohl, N., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Shaikh, R., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Ugalde Gonzalez, K., Uhryn, O., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega Araya, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zadeh, Z. F., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Croy, I., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Sorokowska, A., Saluja, S., Sorokowski, P., Frackowiak, T., Karwowski, M., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Chabin, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Graduno, J., Varella, M. A. C., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Esteves, C. S., Guemaz, F., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N. O., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Kostic, A., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Lopez, Giulia, Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pejicic, M., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Plohl, N., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Shahid, A., Shaikh, R., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Tadinac, M., Ugalde Gonzalez, K., Uhryn, O., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega Araya, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zadeh, Z. F., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Croy, I., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch.

Published
2021

6. Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 Countries: A large-scale replication

Author

Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Khanh Ha, T. T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zat'Kova, M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Khanh Ha, T. T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zat'Kova, M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives-an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective-offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries.

Published
2020

8. Contrasting computational models of mate preference integration across 45 Countries

Author

Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Thi Khanh Ha, T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Thi Linh, T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Garduno, J. C., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Thi Khanh Ha, T., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Thi Linh, T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Humans express a wide array of ideal mate preferences. Around the world, people desire romantic partners who are intelligent, healthy, kind, physically attractive, wealthy, and more. In order for these ideal preferences to guide the choice of actual romantic partners, human mating psychology must possess a means to integrate information across these many preference dimensions into summaries of the overall mate value of their potential mates. Here we explore the computational design of this mate preference integration process using a large sample of n = 14,487 people from 45 countries around the world. We combine this large cross-cultural sample with agent-based models to compare eight hypothesized models of human mating markets. Across cultures, people higher in mate value appear to experience greater power of choice on the mating market in that they set higher ideal standards, better fulfill their preferences in choice, and pair with higher mate value partners. Furthermore, we find that this cross-culturally universal pattern of mate choice is most consistent with a Euclidean model of mate preference integration.

Published
2019

9. Assortative mating and the evolution of desirability covariation

Author

Conroy-Beam, D., Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bertoni, Anna Marta Maria, Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Donato, Silvia, Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Contreras Garduno, J., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Iafrate, Raffaella, Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Bertoni A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7228-8718), Donato S. (ORCID:0000-0002-8406-4604), Iafrate R. (ORCID:0000-0003-1311-8983), Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636), Conroy-Beam, D., Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamturk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bertoni, Anna Marta Maria, Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Butovskaya, M., Can, S., Cantarero, K., Carrier, A., Cetinkaya, H., Croy, I., Cueto, R. M., Czub, M., Donato, Silvia, Dronova, D., Dural, S., Duyar, I., Ertugrul, B., Espinosa, A., Estevan, I., Esteves, C. S., Fang, L., Frackowiak, T., Contreras Garduno, J., Gonzalez, K. U., Guemaz, F., Gyuris, P., Halamova, M., Herak, I., Horvat, M., Hromatko, I., Hui, C. -M., Iafrate, Raffaella, Jaafar, J. L., Jiang, F., Kafetsios, K., Kavcic, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Kervyn, N., Ha, T. T. K., Khilji, I. A., Kobis, N. C., Lan, H. M., Lang, A., Lennard, G. R., Leon, E., Lindholm, T., Linh, T. T., Lopez, Giulia, Van Luot, N., Mailhos, A., Manesi, Z., Martinez, R., Mckerchar, S. L., Mesko, N., Misra, G., Monaghan, C., Mora, E. C., Moya-Garofano, A., Musil, B., Natividade, J. C., Niemczyk, A., Nizharadze, G., Oberzaucher, E., Oleszkiewicz, A., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Onyishi, I. E., Ozener, B., Pagani, Ariela Francesca, Pakalniskiene, V., Parise, Miriam, Pazhoohi, F., Pisanski, A., Pisanski, K., Ponciano, E., Popa, C., Prokop, P., Rizwan, M., Sainz, M., Salkicevic, S., Sargautyte, R., Sarmany-Schuller, I., Schmehl, S., Sharad, S., Siddiqui, R. S., Simonetti, F., Stoyanova, S. Y., Tadinac, M., Varella, M. A. C., Vauclair, C. -M., Vega, L. D., Widarini, D. A., Yoo, G., Zatkova, M., Zupancic, M., Bertoni A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7228-8718), Donato S. (ORCID:0000-0002-8406-4604), Iafrate R. (ORCID:0000-0003-1311-8983), Lopez G. (ORCID:0000-0002-9188-0650), Pagani A. F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7149-9350), and Parise M. (ORCID:0000-0003-2150-6636)

Abstract

Mate choice lies close to differential reproduction, the engine of evolution. Patterns of mate choice consequently have power to direct the course of evolution. Here we provide evidence suggesting one pattern of human mate choice—the tendency for mates to be similar in overall desirability—caused the evolution of a structure of correlations that we call the d factor. We use agent-based models to demonstrate that assortative mating causes the evolution of a positive manifold of desirability, d, such that an individual who is desirable as a mate along any one dimension tends to be desirable across all other dimensions. Further, we use a large cross-cultural sample with n = 14,478 from 45 countries around the world to show that this d-factor emerges in human samples, is a cross-cultural universal, and is patterned in a way consistent with an evolutionary history of assortative mating. Our results suggest that assortative mating can explain the evolution of a broad structure of human trait covariation.

Published
2019

16. Preservation of High-Moisture Milo with Urea: Grain Properties and Animal Acceptability

Author

Russell, R. W., Lin, J.C.M., Thomas, E. E., and Mora, E. C.

Abstract

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of urea in preserving high-moisture milo and the potential utility of milo so preserved in ruminant diets. In laboratory experiments, urea (2 to 6% dry wt basis) prevented the temperature rise in milo after reconstituting to 22 to 34% moisture (P< .01). Urea treatment reduced viable mold colonies in milo (P< .01). Added urea was hydrolyzed to NH3and increased grain pH to 9. Increased grain moisture resulted in large losses of N (P< .05) during the 1st wk of storage. In field experiments, urea treatment reduced mold (P< .01). There was no loss of N from urea-treated milo during storage. Within the stack of urea-treated milo, moisture content, amount of unhydrolyzed urea, NH3concentration and CP content differed (P< .05), but grain pH was constant throughout the stack. Urea treatment increased in vitro disappearance of DM at 48 h for both whole and ground grains (P< .05). Electron micrographs showed that urea treatment disrupts the milo seed coat. Urea treatment did not affect feed intake, feed/gain, rumen NH3concentrations or plasma urea concentrations. Steers fed ground urea-treated milo had lower ADG (P< .05) than steers fed a natural protein diet, but there was no difference in gain compared with steers fed ground dry milo with an equivalent amount of urea added. Urea was effective in preserving high-moisture milo and urea-treated milo was an acceptable feed for ruminants.

Published
1988
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17. Neural maps for target range in the auditory cortex of echolocating bats.

Author

Kössl M, Hechavarria JC, Voss C, Macias S, Mora EC, and Vater M

Subjects
Animals, Auditory Cortex physiology, Chiroptera physiology, Nerve Net physiology, Auditory Cortex anatomy & histology, Brain Mapping, Chiroptera anatomy & histology, Echolocation physiology, Nerve Net anatomy & histology
Abstract

Computational brain maps as opposed to maps of receptor surfaces strongly reflect functional neuronal design principles. In echolocating bats, computational maps are established that topographically represent the distance of objects. These target range maps are derived from the temporal delay between emitted call and returning echo and constitute a regular representation of time (chronotopy). Basic features of these maps are innate, and in different bat species the map size and precision varies. An inherent advantage of target range maps is the implementation of mechanisms for lateral inhibition and excitatory feedback. Both can help to focus target ranging depending on the actual echolocation situation. However, these maps are not absolutely necessary for bat echolocation since there are bat species without cortical target-distance maps, which use alternative ensemble computation mechanisms., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2014
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18. Effect of surgical and chemical in ovo bursectomy on lymphocyte density scores and histological evaluations of primary and secondary lymphoid organs in hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys.

Author

Whitesides JF, Krista LM, Mora EC, Klesius PH, Gray BW, Spano JS, and Drane JW

Subjects
Animals, Bursa of Fabricius surgery, Hypertension immunology, Hypertension pathology, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension immunology, Hypotension pathology, Hypotension veterinary, Leukocyte Count veterinary, Peyer's Patches pathology, Poultry Diseases immunology, Poultry Diseases pathology, Spleen pathology, Testosterone, Thymus Gland pathology, Bursa of Fabricius physiology, Lymphocytes, Lymphoid Tissue pathology, Turkeys immunology
Abstract

The effects of surgical and chemical in ovo bursectomy on the histology of primary and secondary lymphoid organs were studied in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys. The effects of bursectomy were measured by determining the presence of lymphatic nodules and the presence of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs: spleen, cecal tonsil, Meckel's diverticulum, and Peyer's patches; as well as in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius. No treatment effect on splenic nodule formation occurred, but a significantly lower lymphocyte density score was present in the surgically bursectomized group. Both nodule formation and lymphocyte density scores for the cecal tonsil and Peyer's patches were significantly reduced in the surgically bursectomized and testosterone-treated groups as compared with the control and sham groups. The most consistent depression in lymphatic scores in both the surgically and chemically bursectomized groups occurred in the Peyer's patches followed by cecal tonsils and Meckel's diverticulum. As expected, there were no differences in thymocyte density scores. There was no consistent effect on lymphatic scores due to blood pressure selection; however, the hypertensive line showed significantly lower scores than the hypotensive line in the bursa, cecal tonsils, and Peyer's patches. No differences between the sexes were noted in any organ.

Published
1991
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19. Effect of surgical and chemical in ovo bursectomy on hatchability, mortality rate, and antibody response in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys.

Author

Whitesides JF, Krista LM, Mora EC, Klesius PH, Gray BW, Spano JS, and Drane JW

Subjects
Animals, Breeding, Bursa of Fabricius immunology, Hypertension genetics, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension genetics, Hypotension veterinary, Mortality, Poultry Diseases genetics, Turkeys embryology, Turkeys immunology, Antibody Formation, Bursa of Fabricius surgery, Fertility, Turkeys surgery
Abstract

The effect of in ovo bursectomy on hatchability, mortality rate, and antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys. Experiments were conducted to assess the optimal time to perform surgical in ovo bursectomy in turkey embryos for the lowest mortality rate. Factors such as the ease of operation, hatchability, and least deaths were considered. Surgical bursectomies at 25, 24, 23, and 22 day embryonation resulted in 75, 20, 0, and 10% hatchability, respectively. The surgical procedure performed at 25-day embryonation resulted in superior hatchability and ease of operation, and it was less traumatic as evidenced by fewer deaths. The hatchability of embryos injected with testosterone (TE) at 15 days incubation was 55%. Birds subjected to surgery or chemical treatment had increased mortality rates. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment at 1 and 2 days posthatch caused a significant increase in deaths over groups not treated with CY. Both primary and secondary KLH responses were significantly lower in bursectomized and TE-injected groups, than in shamoperated or nonoperated control groups.

Published
1991
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21. Effect of exercise on aortic atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular variables among hyper- and hypotensive turkeys.

Author

Bolden SL, Krista LM, McDaniel GR, Miller LE, and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Aorta pathology, Aortic Diseases pathology, Arteriosclerosis pathology, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Cholesterol blood, Hematocrit veterinary, Hemoglobins analysis, Hypertension pathology, Hypotension pathology, Male, Aortic Diseases veterinary, Arteriosclerosis veterinary, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension veterinary, Physical Exertion, Poultry Diseases pathology, Turkeys physiology
Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of physical training on the turkey cardiovascular system. Sexually mature (Experiment 1) and immature (Experiment 2) Large White turkeys were used. Equal numbers of genetically hypertensive and hypotensive birds were used in each experiment. In each experimental group, birds were randomly divided into exercise and control treatments. Assessments were made with regard to training effects and differences associated with genetic blood pressure strain. Exercise had no significant effect on the severity of atherosclerosis or serum lipid levels in either experiment. Significantly greater hematocrits were recorded among birds exercised in Experiment 1; however, hemoglobin concentration did not follow this trend. Exercise was also associated with increased cardiac dimensions (Experiment 1) and increased body weight (Experiment 2). Genetic hypertension was associated with accelerated atherogenesis and higher serum cholesterol levels in immature birds, and in mature birds cardiac enlargement was associated with hypertension. Differences in behavior response to exercise were observed between the two experiments. Sexually mature hypertensive turkeys showed less endurance to the walking regimen than the hypotensive turkeys, but no such differences were observed in immature hypertensive or hypotensive birds.

Published
1983
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22. Localization of herpesvirus of turkeys in blood cells.

Author

Hinshaw VL and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Blood Cells ultrastructure, Herpesviridae Infections microbiology, Turkeys microbiology, Blood Cells microbiology, Herpesviridae Infections veterinary, Poultry Diseases microbiology
Abstract

The buffy coat pellets of blood clots from Broad Breasted Large White turkeys were processed for electron microscopy. No viruses were found in extracellular spaces nor in the heterophils, eosinophils, or basophils. Enveloped virions, measuring approximately 135 nm in diameter consisting of a core 30 to 35 nm in diameter and a capsid 20 to 30 nm thick were found in cytoplasmic vacuoles in lymphocytes. No developmental stages of virus maturation were observed in the nuclei or cytoplasm of any of the lymphocytes. Virus-like particles were observed in the nuclei and perinuclear zones of many erythrocytes and were approximately 135 nm in diameter but did not possess herpesvirus morphology.

Published
1980
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23. Histological evaluation of the vascular system for the severity of atherosclerosis in hyper and hypotensive male and female turkeys: comparison between young and aged turkeys.

Author

Krista LM, McDaniel GR, Mora EC, Patterson R, and Whitesides JF

Subjects
Animals, Arteriosclerosis pathology, Arteriosclerosis physiopathology, Female, Hypertension pathology, Hypertension physiopathology, Hypotension pathology, Hypotension physiopathology, Male, Poultry Diseases physiopathology, Sex Factors, Aging pathology, Arteriosclerosis veterinary, Blood Vessels pathology, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension veterinary, Poultry Diseases pathology, Turkeys anatomy & histology
Abstract

Relationships among age, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis were studied in turkeys genetically selected for high and low systolic blood pressure ranging in age from 2 days to 104 weeks. Relationships between sex and atherosclerosis were studied only at 104 weeks of age. Abdominal aortas were examined in all birds in each age group. The left and right internal, external, and common carotid arteries, cranial and caudal thoracic aortas, area of coeliac orifice, sciatic junction, left and right sciatic arteries, left and right coronary arteries, and left and right deep branches of the coronary arteries were examined in the 104-week-old group. Mean abdominal aortic plaque scores for the different age groups increased linearly to the age of 12 weeks; after this time scores reached a plateau. Except for the first and last time period, the hypertensive group of males showed a significantly greater abdominal aortic plaque score than the hypotensive group. The right sciatic artery was the only other blood vessel in the 104-week-old group that had a significantly greater plaque score in the hypertensive line when compared with the hypotensive line. In the 104-week period, only the left and right sciatic arteries showed significantly higher plaque scores in the males than in the females. Also, only the male turkeys showed an increase in plaque scores with a concomitant rise in systolic pressure. In 104-week-old females there was no evidence of intimal change in either the left and right internal carotids, left and right common carotids, cranial thoracic aorta, or the right coronary artery. The hypertensive line had significantly greater blood pressure and greater ventricular weight, length, and sagittal width than the hypotensive line. The 104-week-old turkeys had more lipid staining material within the plaque than the younger birds, and calcification was evident in two of the older turkeys.

Published
1987
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24. Ultrastructural changes induced by chronic aflatoxicosis in chickens.

Author

Kelley VC and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Chronic Disease, Liver ultrastructure, Mitochondria, Muscle ultrastructure, Myocardium ultrastructure, Pancreas ultrastructure, Poultry Diseases chemically induced, Aflatoxins toxicity, Chickens, Poultry Diseases pathology
Abstract

Effects in chickens of a low concentration of aflatoxin in the diet were investigated. After eight weeks, heart, pancreas, and liver tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Most damage was to liver; changes were observed both in individual parenchymal cells and in tissue organization. Proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells was extensive. The pancreas showed little change and was, therefore, a good organ for observation of early and/or mild ultrastructural changes associated with aflatoxicosis. The priority of initial nuclear change over cytoplasmic change was indicated in this organ. In the myocardium, the only significant changes were in mitochondria. Mitochondria of liver and pancreas were not altered. Leukoviruses were observed in the tissues of one aflatoxin-treated bird.

Published
1976
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25. Photoinduced buphthalmic avian eyes. 1. Continuous fluorescent light.

Author

Whitley RD, Albert RA, McDaniel GR, Brewer RN, Mora EC, and Henderson RA

Subjects
Animals, Eye pathology, Hydrophthalmos etiology, Hydrophthalmos pathology, Intraocular Pressure, Male, Poultry Diseases pathology, Chickens, Hydrophthalmos veterinary, Light adverse effects, Poultry Diseases etiology
Abstract

Numerous investigations of light induced avian buphthalmia using incandescent light have not defined an etiology. Chickens raised from 2 weeks of age in continuous fluorescent light developed shallow anterior chambers and buphthalmos within the first month of treatment. Chickens raised in continuous fluorescent light developed ocular enlargement similar to that reported in chickens raised in continuous incandescent light. Corneal diameters and axial globe lengths were an inconsistent means of documenting ocular enlargement. Iridocorneal angles were narrowed on scanning electron microscopy.

Published
1984
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26. Blood plasma constituents in 14-week old hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys.

Author

Krista LM, Jackson S, Mora EC, McDaniel GR, and Patterson RM

Subjects
Alkaline Phosphatase blood, Animals, Aspartate Aminotransferases blood, Blood Glucose analysis, Blood Proteins analysis, Cholesterol blood, Hypertension blood, Hypotension blood, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase blood, Male, Uric Acid blood, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension veterinary, Poultry Diseases blood, Turkeys
Abstract

Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.

Published
1978
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27. Tissue residues and ultrastructural changes induced by DDT in chickens.

Author

de Los Reyes M and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Cerebral Cortex ultrastructure, DDT toxicity, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane analysis, Liver ultrastructure, Myocardium ultrastructure, Pancreas ultrastructure, Poultry Diseases chemically induced, Poultry Diseases metabolism, Sciatic Nerve ultrastructure, Chickens, DDT analysis, Pesticide Residues analysis, Poultry Diseases pathology
Published
1979
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28. Hemorrhagic syndrome of chicks produced by Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 contaminated corn.

Author

Roberts WT and Mora EC

Subjects
Anemia, Aplastic etiology, Anemia, Aplastic veterinary, Animals, Chickens, Food Microbiology, Hemorrhage veterinary, Penicillium, Poultry Diseases etiology, Zea mays microbiology
Abstract

Rations containing 0%, 6.2%, and 62% Penicillium citrinum contaminated corn were fed to White Leghorn chicks for 5 weeks. The 62% ration induced hemorrhaging throughout the digestive tract which resembled the lesions observed in acute cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The 6.2% ration caused atrophy of lymphoid tissue, anemia, leucopenia, and fatty bone marrow which resembled the lesions observed in chronic cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The syndrome was reproduced in chicks using ethanol and chloroform extracts of the P. citrinum contaminated corn.

Published
1979
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29. Properties of a new chloramine disinfectant and detoxicant.

Author

Mora EC, Kohl HH, Wheatley WB, Worley SD, Faison JH, Burkett HD, and Bodor N

Subjects
Aflatoxin B1, Animals, Body Weight, Disinfectants pharmacology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxazoles pharmacology, Water, Aflatoxins antagonists & inhibitors, Chickens physiology, Disinfectants toxicity, Oxazoles toxicity, Oxazolidinones
Published
1982
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30. Noncitrinin toxicity of Penicillium citrinum contaminated corn.

Author

Roberts WT and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Female, Foodborne Diseases mortality, Male, Organ Specificity, Poultry Diseases mortality, Chickens, Food Contamination, Foodborne Diseases pathology, Mycotoxins toxicity, Penicillium, Zea mays
Abstract

Day-old white Leghorn chicks were fed P. citrinum-contaminated corn at 3.88, 7.75, 31, or 62% levels in the ration for a period of 5 weeks. High treatment levels (31 and 62%) of contaminated corn in the ration caused severe growth depression, high mortality, and significant decreases in feed consumption. Necrosis of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes, glomerular atrophy and hyperplasia, degeneration and necrosis of tubular cells, lymphoid depletion, suppression of hematopoiesis, necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells, and a cardiac and skeletal myopathy were observed microscopically in chicks fed 31 and 62% contaminated corn in the rations. Low levels of contaminated corn in the ration (3.88 and 7.75%) caused few clinical effects; however, liver and kidney changes were observed microscopically. Ultrastructural observation of affected tissues showed swelling of mitochondria, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum, increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles and paramyelin figures, and lipoprotein peroxidation of organelles. The toxin (s) present in the P. citrinum contaminated ration have not been identified.

Published
1982
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31. Enhanced inhibition of both cellular protein synthesis and malate dehydrogenase by aged aquoplatinum(II) complexes.

Author

Kohl HH, Friedman ME, Melius P, Mora EC, and McAuliffe CA

Subjects
Animals, Antimetabolites pharmacology, Cricetinae, Depression, Chemical, In Vitro Techniques, Molecular Conformation, Solutions, Water, Cisplatin pharmacology, Malate Dehydrogenase antagonists & inhibitors, Protein Biosynthesis
Abstract

Previous studies have shown cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (Cis) an effective anti-tumour agent in man and animals. Evidence is presented here that formation of aquo complexes of this platinum derivative will significantly enhance its inhibitory properties with respect to two separate biochemical functions, namely inhibition of protein synthesis in hamster medulloblastoma cells and in inhibiting the activity of L-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in a cell free system. Inhibition of cell protein synthesis rises from 8% using freshly dissolved drug to 30% when aged solutions of drug are employed at an inhibitor concentration of 0.1 mM. The inhibitory enhancement seen using purified malic dehydrogenase increases from 16% (fresh) to 57% (aged) at an inhibitor concentration of 1 mM.

Published
1979
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32. The effect of controlled temperature variations on growth rate and blood pressure, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values in the turkey.

Author

Krista LM, McDaniel GR, Mora EC, and Patterson RM

Subjects
Animals, Environment, Controlled, Environmental Exposure, Hypertension physiopathology, Hypertension veterinary, Poultry Diseases physiopathology, Stress, Physiological physiopathology, Stress, Physiological veterinary, Turkeys blood, Turkeys growth & development, Blood Pressure, Hematocrit, Hemoglobins analysis, Temperature, Turkeys physiology
Abstract

Hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys were observed for the possibility of a synergistic response between hypertension and temperature stress. The birds in four experiments were placed in chambers with temperature settings of 15.6, 26.7, and 37.8 C (humidity approximately 60%) and an ambient control. The temperature effect was measured by comparing the responses in body weight-gain, systolic blood pressure, and hematocrit and hemoglobin values. In each experiment both hypertensive and hypotensive strains in the 37.8 C chamber had a significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) weight gain than those in the other chambers. The 26.7 C chamber had the next lowest weight gain. Considerably more variability in weight gain was observed in the hypertensive strain. Systolic blood pressure data were similar for all experiments. The lowest average blood pressures were recorded in the 37.8 C chamber. The high and low blood pressure strains showed overall average decreases in blood pressure of 28% and 14%, respectively. There was no consistent response in hematocrit and hemoglobin values due to temperature stress. Overall average hematocrit values were 39.1 and 38.0% for the hypertensive and hypotensive strains, respectively, while average hemoglobin values were 11.8 and 12.2 g/dl. The hypertensive strain showed more variation in weight gain, a greater percentage drop in blood pressure, and a 19% mortality rate in the high temperature chambers. These factors indicate that hypertension is an added factor in the overall stress of these birds.

Published
1979
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33. Cultivation of medulloblastoma cells derived from simian adenovirus SA7-induced hamster brain tumor.

Author

Chen TT, Mora EC, and Mealey J Jr

Subjects
Animals, Cell Division, Cricetinae, Cytoplasm ultrastructure, Inclusion Bodies ultrastructure, Neoplasm Transplantation, Transplantation, Homologous, Adenoviridae, Adenoviruses, Simian, Brain Neoplasms etiology, Brain Neoplasms pathology, Cell Line, Medulloblastoma etiology, Medulloblastoma pathology, Neoplasms, Experimental etiology, Neoplasms, Experimental pathology
Abstract

In vitro cultivation of medulloblastoma cells was successfully established from hamster brain tumors induced by simian adenovirus SA7. These tumor cells possess morphological features in cultures that are very similar to those of the original tumor. Both tubular and rosette growth patterns were evident. At the ultrastructural level only small numbers of cytoplasmic organelles could be detected in the tumor cells, typical of generally immature and/or undifferentiated cells. The proliferation of these tumor cells depended upon properly dense initial platings. In addition, it was found that single medulloblastoma cells could be stimulated to produce colonies if treated for 10 days with conditioned medium. Inoculation of these cells into synergenic animals resulted in 100% uptake. Survival of the hamsters was directly correlated with the number of cells injected. This new medulloblastoma cell line may prove to be a useful model for experimental brain tumor studies.

Published
1975

34. Replication of herpesvirus of turkeys in chick fibroblasts.

Author

Stephens J and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Cells, Cultured, Chick Embryo, Fibroblasts, Turkeys microbiology, Virus Replication, Herpesviridae growth & development
Abstract

An ultrastructural study of chick embryo fibroblasts infected with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) revealed that infection produced degenerative effects in the cells ranging from alteration of cellular structures to complete lysis of the cells. Infection was indicated by margination of the nuclear chromatin, the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic virions, destruction of mitochondria, loss of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and polykaryocytosis. Viruses entered the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane, and replication took place within the nucleus. Small nuclear particles observed as aggregates in the presence of few herpesvirions appeared to be a part of the replication of the virus. Viruses were released from the cell nucleus either naked or enveloped. Where karyolysis occurred, naked viruses were released as the karyoplasm diffused into the cytoplasm. Enveloped viruses were not observed leaving the nucleus, but it appeared that departure could have occurred by the budding of the viruses through the nuclear membrane. Where complete lysis of the cells occurred, the naked viruses were released into the extracellular fluid. Enveloped viruses were observed only in intact cells. Viruses which were observed extracellularly were naked viruses, and those that were observed entering the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane were also naked. This evidence suggests that in vitro HVT does not require the envelope to be infective.

Published
1976
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35. Toxic shock-like syndrome in hens and its relationship to shell-less eggs.

Author

Roland DA Sr, Mora EC, and Hoerr FJ

Subjects
Animals, Calcification, Physiologic drug effects, Cyclophosphamide pharmacology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Foreign Bodies physiopathology, Foreign Bodies veterinary, Humans, Prednisolone analogs & derivatives, Prednisolone pharmacology, Shock, Septic physiopathology, Tampons, Surgical, Chickens, Egg Shell, Poultry Diseases physiopathology, Shock, Septic veterinary
Abstract

Foreign materials were inserted into the hens' uteri and anti-inflammatory and immune suppressant drugs were used to determine possible causes of shell-less eggs. The presence of foreign shell-membranes and tampons in the uteri (shell glands) of hens caused a toxic shock-like syndrome ( TSLS ). Primary clinical signs were high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and death. The presence of other materials, including inflated rubber balloons, had no adverse affect on the hens. Calcium carbonate deposits occurred on the surface of the balloons but not on other material inserted into the uteri. Injection of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs did not increase shell weight in hens laying shell-less eggs. The hens' reproductive system was found to be sensitive in varying degrees to different types of foreign materials; thus, the avian female might serve as an animal model for studying toxic shock syndrome.

Published
1984
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36. Photoinduced buphthalmic avian eyes: II. Continuous darkness.

Author

Whitley RD, Albert RA, Brewer RN, McDaniel GR, Pidgeon GL, and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Cornea pathology, Eye pathology, Hydrophthalmos etiology, Hydrophthalmos pathology, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Chickens, Darkness, Hydrophthalmos veterinary
Abstract

Chickens raised from 2 to 14 weeks of age in continuous darkness (OL:24D) developed shallow anterior chambers and buphthalmos (megaloglobus). Chickens raised in continuous darkness developed ocular changes similar to that reported in chickens raised in continuous fluorescent and incandescent light and in dim light. Corneal diameters and axial globe lengths were an inconsistent means of documenting ocular enlargement. Iridocorneal angles were narrowed on scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was not different from control chickens. The chicken is proposed as a model to study ocular development, the effects of lid suture on infants, axial myopia, preglaucomatous changes, and possibly pharmacologic effects of antiglaucoma preparations.

Published
1985
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37. Plasma corticosterone values in genetic hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys.

Author

Krista LM, Lisano ME, McDaniel GR, and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Hypertension blood, Hypertension genetics, Hypotension blood, Hypotension genetics, Poultry, Poultry Diseases genetics, Species Specificity, Corticosterone blood, Hypertension veterinary, Hypotension veterinary, Poultry Diseases blood, Turkeys
Abstract

Plasma corticosterone levels of hypertensive and hypostensive turkeys were 2.50 and 2.19 micrograms/dl, respectively. Male turkeys of both strains had a mean plasma levels of 2.47 micrograms/dl and female turkeys had a mean level of 2.21 micrograms/gl. The average plasma corticosterone level for all turkeys was 2.35 micrograms/dl. Although the plasma corticosterone levels were higher at 1200 hr than at either 0800 or 1600 hr, the differences were not statistically significant. It was condluded that blood pressure selection had no significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels.

Published
1979
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38. A comparison between aortic lumen surfaces of hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys.

Author

Krista LM, Mora EC, and McDaniel GR

Subjects
Animals, Aorta ultrastructure, Hypertension pathology, Male, Aorta pathology, Hypertension veterinary, Poultry Diseases pathology, Turkeys anatomy & histology
Abstract

Some features of the aortic intima were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and found to contribute to the etiology of dissecting aneurysm. The endothelium over intimal plaques was not as pendulous as endothelium surrounding plaques. The pendulous appearance of aortic endothelial cells could be associated with the contractile nature of these cells. Some undescribable factor, which has been termed stress or atherosclerosis, seemed to reduce the contractile nature of endothelial cells on the plaque areas. Analyses with SEM revealed a probable cause of a dissecting aneurysm. The effect of pulsating blood pressure on an inelastic endothelium could create a separation between endothelial cells and the fluid pressure of blood could then separate the tissue until the vessel ruptured into the body cavity or back into the aorta. Because all abdominal aortic segments examined had atherosclerosis, it was not possible to show the amount of intimal alteration between normal and atherosclerotic aortas. Each blood pressure line showed a similar change which was 4.52 and 4.95% for the high and low blood pressure lines, respectively. There were no demonstrable correlations in this study between either high or low blood pressure lines of turkeys and atherosclerosis.

Published
1979
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42. Viral susceptibility range of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) poikilothermic cell line.

Author

Solis J and Mora EC

Subjects
Animals, Cell Line, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Fishes, Temperature, Viruses pathogenicity, Culture Techniques, Virus Cultivation, Viruses growth & development
Abstract

The viral susceptibility range of a poikilothermic cell line derived from the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (FHM) to infection by a number of homoiothermic viruses representing most of the presently recognized viral groups and a member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma group of agents was studied. All infectious agents, except poliovirus types 1 and 3, infectious bursal agent, and an avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain, readily multiplied in the FHM cell culture system, producing a detectable cytopathic effect. Although inconclusive evidence was obtained with two other avian IBV strains, these results indicated the ability of the FHM cell culture system to readily support the propagation of a variety of cytopathogenic homoiothermic viral agents.

Published
1970
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43. Analyses of Ludwigia alternifolia L. for fatty acids.

Author

Crevar GE, Wilken LO Jr, Mora EC, and Daron HH

Subjects
Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Antineoplastic Agents analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Esters isolation & purification, Plant Extracts analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Fatty Acids analysis, Plants analysis
Published
1972
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