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Background: Stress and anxiety are psychosocial factors that can have potential effects on oral health. In addition to concerns about physical health, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to psychological disorders (including stress) in the general population. Moreover, life has not returned to normal in most parts of the world. Therefore, physicians and specialists should pay special attention to the psychological effects of COVID-19 on the onset and exacerbation of oral diseases. Methods: A search was performed (last update in June 2021) in the Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The related keywords were bruxism, morsicatio, myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS), temporomandibular (TMD) disorder, burning mouth syndrome (BMS), xerostomia, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), lip herpes, and oral lichen planus. Of the 510 papers found, about 206 were related to the subject, which were further analyzed. All study types, except case reports and case series, were included in the review. Results: The current article reviewed stress-related disorders with clinical manifestations related to the oral cavity and maxillofacial disorders that have been significantly increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. These disorders are bruxism, morsicatio, MPDS, TMD disorders, BMS, xerostomia, RAS, recurrent lip herpes, and oral lichen planus The clinical manifestation and management of each disorder are presented in this article. Conclusion: It can be concluded that various causes and conditions play a role in the pathology, disease course, prognosis, treatment, and recurrence rate of oral diseases., In addition to examining the psychological background of treatment in the diagnosis and treatment stages, a variety of psychotherapy methods can be used to increase the effectiveness of medical treatments. The stress caused by COVID-19 in psychologically and medically susceptible people can intensify the pathology of these diseases in all its dimensions, and therefore, special attention should be paid to this aspect in the care and treatment of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Oral cavity cancer is one of the most common and deadly malignancies of the head and neck, and is considered the sixth common cancer worldwide. Usual treatments have not been able to increase the survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) over decades, indicating a need for alternative and complementary treatments. This review study aims to gather components that may be effective in the prevention or inhibition of the progress of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Method We searched, gathered and assessed English articles in the databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed and Science Direct using keywords of oral squamous cell carcinoma or OSCC and herbal medicine from 1960 to February 2020. Results and Conclusion This overall review could be used firstly at the prevention phase through dietary recommendations and medication prescriptions regarding the effective dose for individuals with premalignant lesions or who are at risk; additionally, the components could help people to have a healthier lifestyle, thereby reducing the early occurrence and high global prevalence of OSCC over the following decades. Moreover, these components could be used as a complementary treatment with high efficiency, low toxicity and long survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingivitis can trigger gingival diseases such as periodontitis. Since the complete removal of microbial plaques by mechanical procedures is not conceivable in some conditions and also chemical mouthwashes have a lot of side effects, finding a new treatment strategy would be useful. In the present study, for the first time, the effects of oral nano‐curcumin on gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis and mild periodontitis were assessed. Forty eight patients with gingivitis and mild periodontitis participated in this clinical trial. In one group the patients were treated with Sina curcumin capsules 80 mg and the other group received a placebo. Clinical parameters, including modified gingival index, papillary bleeding index, and plaque index were determined on days 0, 7, 14, and 28. There were no significant differences in age, sex, papillary bleeding index (PBI), and modified gingival index (MGI) between the two groups at baseline. There was a dropout of two patients (both from the placebo group). The MGI and PBI have a significantly decreasing trend in both case and control groups and the decreases were severe in the case group. The differences between PBI and MGI in the two groups were significant at 14 and 28 days. The plaque index did not significantly change in either group over the study period. The trend of changes in plaque index was not different between the two groups of the study. In the current study, no side effect was found in the patients. Oral nano‐curcumin has positive effects on the decrease of inflammation and gingival bleeding in patients with gingivitis and mild periodontitis. Nano‐curcumin capsules have a systemic target site with more bioavailability than topical forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is among the most frequent complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). GVHD has several clinical manifestations in the oral cavity, including painful desquamative erythema, ulcerative mucosal lesions, and lichenoid lesions. The patients presenting with oral GVHD complain of oral sensitivity, pain, dysgeusia, and xerostomia. The treatment of oral GVHD includes a proper systemic therapy combined with a good oral hygiene and the use of local and topical steroids. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are used for the treatment of chronic oral GVHD; however, they are associated with different complications. Evidence shows that curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The treatment of lichen planus and oral mucositis with curcumin has been successful. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of topical curcumin in Orabase and triamcinolone in Orabase in the patients affected by oral GVHD. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients presenting with oral GVHD were randomly divided into two groups of 13 using block randomization. The control group used triamcinolone in Orabase, and the case group received curcumin in Orabase. Results: The two groups were not significantly different in terms of the alleviated severity of the lesions at the end of the treatment (P=0.052). The comparison of the pain score via the visual analog scale (VAS) at the onset of the treatment and at days 14 and 28 (completion of the treatment) showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Curcumin has comparable efficacy to that of triamcinolone and may be prescribed for the patients presenting with oral GVHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Over the past three decades, significant improvements have been achieved in the survival of children with cancer. However, the considerable morbidity which occurs as a result of chemotherapy often restricts the treatment intensity. One of the important dose-limiting and costly adverse effects of cancer therapy is mucositis. Children with hematological malignancies are greatly at risk of developing mucositis. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of palifermin in preventing mucositis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who undergo chemotherapy. Materials and Method: In this clinical trial, 90 children with ALL were randomized to receive chlorhexidine (n=45) or palifermin (n=45). One group received 60 μg/ kg/ day palifermin as an intravenous bolus once daily for 3 days before and 3 days after the chemotherapy. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was administered once daily for 3 days before and 3 days after the chemotherapy. The world health organization (WHO) oral toxicity scale was employed for grading the mucositis. The data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA. Results: The two groups were matched for age and gender. The study groups were significantly different in terms of mucositis grading (P values after 1 and 2 week therapy were 0.00). Palifermin decreased the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Conclusion: Palifermin reduces the oral mucositis in children with ALL. Several mechanisms of action are suggested for keratinocyte growth factor (such as palifermin) including promotion of cell proliferation and cytoprotection, restraining the apoptosis, and changing the cytokine profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder with unknown etiology. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known as a prototypic autoimmune disease. Cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Various cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon alpha (INF-a), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) can serve as biomarkersto predict SLE severity and monitor disease activity. In this review, we compare interleukins in oral lichen planus and lupus erythematosus as an autoimmune disease prototype. So, this review may provide insight for researchers in completing the cytokine network in OLP. Among the etiologic factors, the imbalance between Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production plays an important role in the development of both diseases. By understanding cytokines and immunoregulatory networks of cytokines in these patients, appropriate treatment can be offered. There are many limitations in cytokine studies, which we have described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents letter in response to research work titled "Correlation of salivary pH, Incidence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Status in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-sectional Study" by Seethalakshmi C et al.,

Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with some cytokine involvement, associated with several risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, etc., Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new viral infection, also appears to be related to cytokine storm and similar risk factors. In this review, we intend to evaluate the possible relationship between PD and COVID-19. For data collection, English literature was searched in databases including PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords searched were COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, PD, respiratory Impact of Oral pathogens on respiratory diseases: Epidemiological studies indicated that oral pathogens are related to acute and chronic lung disease, and dental plaque is a likely reservoir for respiratory pathogens. Viral presence in the periodontal pocket: SARS-CoV-2 may be released from infected periodontal cells into periodontal pockets. Common inflammatory mediators: Several studies showed that the serum levels of interleukins (IL)-1, 6, 17, etc., increase in most patients with severe COVID-19. C-reactive protein (CRP) and endothelin 1(ET-1) may also be related to COVID-19 progression, and these mediators also increase in periodontitis. Common risk factors: Due to studies, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, aging, and male sex are the most important risk factors common between PDs and COVID-19 and may affect treatment outcomes and prognosis. PD seems to play a significant role in exacerbating COVID-19 and even affects the mortality rate of disease., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Advanced Biomedical Research.)

Patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) may develop immune sialadenitis that causes a dry mouth. The role of cortisol in autoimmune diseases is well known; yet studies on this subject are controversial. In this study, the salivary flow rate and salivary cortisol level were compared among subtypes of OLP. This study involved three groups of patients: (1) 11 with reticular OLP, (2) 20 with atrophic-erosive OLP, and (3) 30 with no apparent oral lesion. The salivary flow rate in the control group was significantly higher than in OLP patients. The mean level of cortisol in atrophic-erosive cases was higher than in reticular cases and in the control group; however, there was no significant difference between the three study groups. In a previous study, there was moderate to severe acinar atrophy in two-thirds of patients with OLP, which may explain the decreased salivary flow rate in these patients.