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The Simons Observatory will map the temperature and polarization over half of the sky, at millimeter wavelengths in six spectral bands from the Atacama Desert in Chile. These data will provide new insights into the genesis, content, and history of our Universe; the astrophysics of galaxies and galaxy clusters; objects in our solar system; and time-varying astrophysical phenomena. This ambitious new instrument suite, initially comprising three 0.5 m small-aperture telescopes and one 6 m large aperture telescope, is designed using a common combination of new technologies and new implementations to realize an observatory significantly more capable than the previous generation. In this paper, we present the pre-deployment performance of the first mid-frequency "optics tube" which will be fielded on the large aperture telescope with sensitivity to the 90 and 150 GHz spectral bands. This optics tube contains lenses, filters, detectors, and readout components, all of which operate at cryogenic temperatures. It is one of seven that form the core of the large aperture telescope receiver in its initial deployment. We describe this optics tube, including details of comprehensive testing methods, new techniques for beam and passband characterization, and its measured performance. The performance metrics include beams, optical efficiency, passbands, and forecasts for the on-sky performance of the system. We forecast a sensitivity that exceeds the requirements of the large aperture telescope with greater than 30% margin in each spectral band, and predict that the instrument will realize diffraction-limited performance and the expected detector passbands.

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5,200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of $\sigma(r)=0.002$, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT is a self-contained cryogenic telescope with a 35$^\circ$ field of view, 42 cm diameter optical aperture, 40 K half-wave plate, 1 K refractive optics, and $<0.1$ K focal plane that holds $>12,000$ TES detectors. We describe the nominal design of the SATs and present details about the integration and testing for one operating at 93 and 145 GHz.

We use public data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) to measure radial profiles of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and dust emission around massive quiescent galaxies at $z\approx1.$ Using survey data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Wide-Field infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), we selected $387,627$ quiescent galaxies within the ACT field, with a mean stellar $\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})$ of $11.40$. A subset of $94,452$ galaxies, with a mean stellar $\log_{10}(M_{\star}/\rm{M_{\odot}})$ of $11.36,$ are also covered by SPT. In $0.5$ arcminute radial bins around these galaxies, we detect the tSZ profile at levels up to $11\sigma$, and dust profile up to $20\sigma.$ Both profiles are extended, and the dust profile slope at large radii is consistent with galaxy clustering. We analyze the thermal energy and dust mass versus stellar mass via integration within $R=2.0$ arcminute circular apertures and fit them with a forward-modeled power-law to correct for our photometric stellar mass uncertainty. At the mean log stellar mass of our overlap and wide-area samples, respectively, we extract thermal energies from the tSZ of $E_{\rm{pk}}=6.45_{-1.52}^{+1.67}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}}$ and $8.20_{-0.52}^{+0.52}\times10^{60}{\rm{ erg}},$ most consistent with moderate to high levels of active galactic nuclei feedback acting upon the circumgalactic medium. Dust masses at the mean log stellar mass are $M_{\rm{d,pk}}=6.23_{-0.67}^{+0.67}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}}$ and $6.76_{-0.56}^{+0.56}\times10^{8}\rm{ M_{\odot}},$ and we find a greater than linear dust-to-stellar mass relation, which indicates that the more massive galaxies in our study retain more dust. Our work highlights current capabilities of stacking millimeter data around individual galaxies and potential for future use., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Mod-Cam is a first light and commissioning instrument for the CCAT-prime project's six-meter aperture Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST), currently under construction at 5600 m on Cerro Chajnantor in Chile's Atacama Desert. Prime-Cam, a first-generation science instrument for FYST, will deliver over ten times greater mapping speed than current and near-term facilities for unprecedented 280-850 GHz broadband and spectroscopic measurements with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). CCAT-prime will address a suite of science goals, from Big Bang cosmology to star formation and galaxy evolution over cosmic time. Mod-Cam deployment on FYST with a 280 GHz instrument module containing MKID arrays is planned for early science observations in 2024. Mod-Cam will be used to test instrument modules for Prime-Cam, which can house up to seven instrument modules. We discuss the design and status of the 0.9 m diameter, 1.8 m long Mod-Cam receiver and 40 cm diameter 280 GHz instrument module, with cold stages at 40 K, 4 K, 1 K, and 100 mK. We also describe the instrument module's cryogenic readout designs to enable the readout of more than 10,000 MKIDs across 18 networks., Comment: Presented at SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XI

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that consists of three 0.5 m small-aperture telescopes (SATs) and one 6 m large-aperture telescope (LAT), sited at an elevation of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. In order to meet the sensitivity requirements set for next-generation CMB telescopes, the LAT will deploy 30,000 transition edge sensor (TES) detectors at 100 mK across 7 optics tubes (OT), all within the Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR). Additionally, the LATR has the capability to expand to 62,000 TES across 13 OTs. The LAT will be capable of making arcminute-resolution observations of the CMB, with detector bands centered at 30, 40, 90, 150, 230, and 280 GHz. We have rigorously tested the LATR systems prior to deployment in order to fully characterize the instrument and show that it can achieve the desired sensitivity levels. We show that the LATR meets cryogenic and mechanical requirements, and maintains acceptably low baseline readout noise.

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that consists of three 0.5 m small-aperture telescopes and one 6 m large-aperture telescope, sited at an elevation of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. SO will utilize more than 60,000 transition edge sensors (TES) to observe CMB temperature and polarization in six frequency bands from 27-280 GHz. Common to both the small and large aperture telescope receivers (LATR) is the 300K-4K Universal Readout Harness (URH), which supports up to 600 DC bias lines and 24 radio frequency (RF) channels consisting of input and output coaxial cables, input attenuators and custom high dynamic range 40K low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) on the output readout coaxial cable. Each RF channel can read out up to 1000 TES detectors. In this paper, we will present the design and characterization of the six URHs constructed for the initial phase of SO deployment., Comment: 12 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to Proc. SPIE 12190, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XI

The Simons Observatory (SO) Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR) will be coupled to the Large Aperture Telescope located at an elevation of 5,200 m on Cerro Toco in Chile. The resulting instrument will produce arcminute-resolution millimeter-wave maps of half the sky with unprecedented precision. The LATR is the largest cryogenic millimeter-wave camera built to date with a diameter of 2.4 m and a length of 2.6 m. It cools 1200 kg of material to 4 K and 200 kg to 100 mk, the operating temperature of the bolometric detectors with bands centered around 27, 39, 93, 145, 225, and 280 GHz. Ultimately, the LATR will accommodate 13 40 cm diameter optics tubes, each with three detector wafers and a total of 62,000 detectors. The LATR design must simultaneously maintain the optical alignment of the system, control stray light, provide cryogenic isolation, limit thermal gradients, and minimize the time to cool the system from room temperature to 100 mK. The interplay between these competing factors poses unique challenges. We discuss the trade studies involved with the design, the final optimization, the construction, and ultimate performance of the system.

Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT-1) is the first CMB degree-scale polarimeter to be deployed on the Tibetan plateau at 5,250m above sea level. AliCPT-1 is a 90/150 GHz 72 cm aperture, two-lens refracting telescope cooled down to 4 K. Alumina lenses, 800mm in diameter, image the CMB in a 33.4{\deg} field of view on a 636mm wide focal plane. The modularized focal plane consists of dichroic polarization-sensitive Transition-Edge Sensors (TESes). Each module includes 1,704 optically active TESes fabricated on a 150mm diameter silicon wafer. Each TES array is read out with a microwave multiplexing readout system capable of a multiplexing factor up to 2,048. Such a large multiplexing factor has allowed the practical deployment of tens of thousands of detectors, enabling the design of a receiver that can operate up to 19 TES arrays for a total of 32,376 TESes. AliCPT-1 leverages the technological advancements in the detector design from multiple generations of previously successful feedhorn-coupled polarimeters, and in the instrument design from BICEP-3, but applied on a larger scale. The cryostat receiver is currently under integration and testing. During the first deployment year, the focal plane will be populated with up to 4 TES arrays. Further TES arrays will be deployed in the following years, fully populating the focal plane with 19 arrays on the fourth deployment year. Here we present the AliCPT-1 receiver design, and how the design has been optimized to meet the experimental requirements., Comment: Proc. SPIE, 11453, 114532A (2020)

The Simons Observatory (SO) will observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert of Chile. The observatory consists of three 0.5 m Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) and one 6 m Large Aperture Telescope (LAT), covering six frequency bands centering around 30, 40, 90, 150, 230, and 280 GHz. The SO observations will transform the understanding of our universe by characterizing the properties of the early universe, measuring the number of relativistic species and the mass of neutrinos, improving our understanding of galaxy evolution, and constraining the properties of cosmic reionization. As a critical instrument, the Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR) is designed to cool $\sim$ 60,000 transition-edge sensors (TES) to $<$ 100 mK on a 1.7 m diameter focal plane. The unprecedented scale of the LATR drives a complex design. In this paper, we will first provide an overview of the LATR design. Integration and validation of the LATR design are discussed in detail, including mechanical strength, optical alignment, and cryogenic performance of the five cryogenic stages (80 K, 40 K, 4 K, 1 K, and 100 mK). We will also discuss the microwave-multiplexing ($\mu$Mux) readout system implemented in the LATR and demonstrate the operation of dark prototype TES bolometers. The $\mu$Mux readout technology enables one coaxial loop to read out $\mathcal{O}(10^3)$ TES detectors. Its implementation within the LATR serves as a critical validation for the complex RF chain design. The successful validation of the LATR performance is not only a critical milestone within the Simons Observatory, it also provides a valuable reference for other experiments, e.g. CCAT-prime and CMB-S4., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, submitted to the 2020 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation