Search

We present results from the remaining sources in our search for near-infrared (NIR) candidate counterparts to ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) within $\simeq$ 10 Mpc. We observed 23 ULXs in 15 galaxies and detected NIR candidate counterparts to six of them. Two of these have an absolute magnitude consistent with a single red supergiant (RSG). Three counterparts are too bright for a RSG and spatially extended, and thus we classify them as stellar clusters. The other candidate is too faint for a RSG. Additionally, we present the results of our NIR spectroscopic follow-up of five sources: four originally classified as RSG and one as a stellar cluster on the basis of previous photometry. The stellar cluster candidate is actually a nebula. Of the four RSGs candidates, one source has a broad H$\alpha$ emission line redshifted by $\sim z = 1$, making it a background AGN. Two other sources show stellar spectra consistent with them being RSGs. The final RSG candidate is too faint to classify, but does not show strong (nebular) emission lines in its spectrum. After our search for NIR counterparts to 113 ULXs, where we detected a candidate counterpart for 38 ULXs, we have spectroscopically confirmed the nature of 12: five sources are nebulae, one source is not classified, one source is an AGN and five are RSGs. These possible five ULX-RSG binary systems would constitute $\simeq$ $(4 \pm 2)\%$ of the observed ULXs, a fraction almost four times larger than what was predicted by binary evolution simulations., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 8 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present Very Large Telescope/X-shooter and Chandra X-ray observatory/ACIS observations of the ULX [SST2011] J110545.62+000016.2 in the galaxy NGC 3521. The source identified as a candidate near-infrared counterpart to the ULX in our previous study shows an emission line spectrum of numerous recombination and forbidden lines in the visible and near-infrared spectral regime. The emission from the candidate counterpart is spatially extended ($\sim$ 34 pc) and appears to be connected with an adjacent H II region, located $\sim$ 138 pc to the NE. The measured velocities of the emission lines confirm that both the candidate counterpart and H II region reside in NGC 3521. The intensity ratios of the emission lines from the ULX counterpart show that the line emission originates from the combined effect of shock and photoionisation of low metallicity (12 + log (O/H) = 8.19 $\pm$ 0.11) gas. Unfortunately, there is no identifiable spectral signature directly related to the photosphere of the mass-donor star in our spectrum. From the archival Chandra data, we derive the X-ray luminosity of the source in the 0.3-7 keV range to be (1.9 $\pm$ 0.8) $\times$ 10$^{40}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, almost a factor of four higher than what is previously reported., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present the results of our continued systematic search for near-infrared (NIR) candidate counterparts to ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) within 10 Mpc. We observed 42 ULXs in 24 nearby galaxies and detected NIR candidate counterparts to 15 ULXs. Fourteen of these ULXs appear to have a single candidate counterpart in our images and the remaining ULX has 2 candidate counterparts. Seven ULXs have candidate counterparts with absolute magnitudes in the range between -9.26 and -11.18 mag, consistent with them being red supergiants (RSGs). The other eight ULXs have candidate counterparts with absolute magnitudes too bright to be a single stellar source. Some of these NIR sources show extended morphology or colours expected for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), strongly suggesting that they are likely stellar clusters or background galaxies. The red supergiant candidate counterparts form a valuable sample for follow-up spectroscopic observations to confirm their nature, with the ultimate goal of directly measuring the mass of the compact accretor that powers the ULX using binary Doppler shifts., Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present H-band spectra of the candidate counterparts of five ULXs (two in NGC 925, two in NGC 4136, and Holmberg II X-1) obtained with Keck/MOSFIRE. The candidate counterparts of two ULXs (J022721+333500 in NGC 925 and J120922+295559 in NGC 4136) have spectra consistent with (M-type) red supergiants (RSGs). We obtained two epochs of spectroscopy of the candidate counterpart to J022721+333500, separated by 10 months, but discovered no radial velocity variations with a 2-$\sigma$ upper limit of 40 km/s. If the RSG is the donor star of the ULX, the most likely options are that either the system is seen at low inclination (< 40$^\circ$), or the black hole mass is less than 100 M$_\odot$, unless the orbital period is longer than 6 years, in which case the obtained limit is not constraining. The spectrum of the counterpart to J120922+295559 shows emission lines on top of its stellar spectrum, and the remaining three counterparts do not show absorption lines that can be associated with the atmosphere of a star; their spectra are instead dominated by emission lines. Those counterparts with RSG spectra may be used in the future to search for radial velocity variations, and, if those are present, determine dynamical constraints on the mass of the accretor., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

Supernova (SN) 1987A was a peculiar H-rich event with a long-rising (LR) light curve (LC), stemming from a compact blue supergiant star (BSG). Only a few similar events have been presented in the literature. We present new data for a sample of 6 LR Type II SNe (SNe II), 3 of which were discovered and observed by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and 3 observed by the Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP). Our aim is to enlarge the family of LR SNe II, characterizing their properties. Spectra, LCs, and host-galaxies (HG) of these SNe are presented. Comparisons with known SN 1987A-like events are shown, with emphasis on the absolute magnitudes, colors, expansion velocities, and HG metallicities. Bolometric properties are derived from the multiband LC. By modeling the early-time LCs with scaling relations derived from the SuperNova Explosion Code (SNEC) models of MESA progenitor stars, we estimate the progenitor radii of these SNe and other progenitor parameters. We present PTF12kso, a LR SN II with the largest amount of 56Ni mass for this class. PTF09gpn and PTF12kso are found at the lowest HG metallicities for this SN group. The variety of early LC luminosities depends on the wide range of progenitor radii, from a few tens of solar radii (SN 2005ci) up to thousands (SN 2004ek) with intermediate cases between 100 (PTF09gpn) and 300 solar radii (SN 2004em). We confirm that LR SNe II with LC shapes closely resembling that of SN 1987A generally arise from BSGs. However, some of them likely have progenitors with larger radii (~300 solar radii, typical of yellow supergiants) and can thus be regarded as intermediate cases between normal SNe IIP and SN 1987A-like SNe. Some extended red supergiant (RSG) stars such as the progenitor of SN 2004ek can also produce LR SNe II if they synthesized a large amount of 56Ni. Low HG metallicity is confirmed as a characteristic of BSG SNe., Comment: Accepted for publication, 26 pages, 16 figures. Abstract shortened by ~25% to match the ArXiv character limit

We present two epochs of near-infrared spectroscopy of the candidate red supergiant counterpart to RX~J004722.4-252051, a ULX in NGC 253. We measure radial velocities of the object and its approximate spectral type by cross-correlating our spectra with those of known red supergiants. Our VLT/X-shooter spectrum is best matched by that of early M-type supergiants, confirming the red supergiant nature of the candidate counterpart. The radial velocity of the spectrum, taken on 2014, August 23, is $417 \pm 4$ km/s. This is consistent with the radial velocity measured in our spectrum taken with Magellan/MMIRS on 2013, June 28, of $410 \pm 70$ km/s, although the large error on the latter implies that a radial velocity shift expected for a black hole of tens of $M_\odot$ can easily be hidden. Using nebular emission lines we find that the radial velocity due to the rotation of NGC 253 is 351 $\pm$ 4 km/s at the position of the ULX. Thus the radial velocity of the counterpart confirms that the source is located in NGC 253, but also shows an offset with respect to the local bulk motion of the galaxy of 66 $\pm$ 6 km/s. We argue that the most likely origin for this displacement lies either in a SN kick, requiring a system containing a $\gtrsim 50$ $M_\odot$ black hole, and/or in orbital radial velocity variations in the ULX binary system, requiring a $\gtrsim 100$ $M_\odot$ black hole. We therefore conclude that RX~J004722.4-252051 is a strong candidate for a ULX containing a massive stellar black hole., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present the identification and characterization of the optical counterpart to 2XMM J011942.7+032421, one of the most luminous and distant ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs). The counterpart is located near a star forming region in a spiral arm of the galaxy NGC 470 with u, g, and r magnitudes of 21.53, 21.69, and 21.71 mags, respectively. The luminosity of the counterpart is much larger than that of a single O-type star, indicating that it may be a stellar cluster. Our optical spectroscopic observations confirm the association of the X-ray source and the optical counterpart with its host galaxy NGC 470, which validates the high, > 10^41 erg/s, X-ray luminosity of the source. Its optical spectrum is embedded with numerous emission lines, including H recombination lines, metallic forbidden lines and more notably the high-ionization HeII (lambda 4686 A) line. This line shows a large velocity dispersion of $\simeq$ 410 \kms, consistent with the existence of a compact (< 5 AU) highly-ionized accretion disc rotating around the central X-ray source. The 1.4 x 10^37 erg/s luminosity of the HeII line emission makes the source one of the most luminous ULXs in the emission of that line. This, together with the high X-ray luminosity and the large velocity dispersion of the HeII emission, suggests that the source is an ideal candidate for more extensive follow-up observations for understanding the nature of hyper-luminous X-ray sources, a more luminous subgroup of ULXs and more likely candidates for intermediate-mass black holes., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical journal Letters, 14 pages, 3 figures

We present detailed optical photometry for 25 Type Ibc supernovae within d\approx150 Mpc obtained with the robotic Palomar 60-inch telescope in 2004-2007. This study represents the first uniform, systematic, and statistical sample of multi-band SNe Ibc light curves available to date. We correct the light curves for host galaxy extinction using a new technique based on the photometric color evolution, namely, we show that the (V-R) color of extinction-corrected SNe Ibc at t\approx10 days after V-band maximum is tightly distributed, (V-R)=0.26+-0.06 mag. Using this technique, we find that SNe Ibc typically suffer from significant host galaxy extinction, E(B-V)\approx0.4 mag. A comparison of the extinction-corrected light curves for SNe Ib and Ic reveals that they are statistically indistinguishable, both in luminosity and decline rate. We report peak absolute magnitudes of M_R=-17.9+-0.9 mag and M_R=-18.3+-0.6 mag for SNe Ib and Ic, respectively. Focusing on the broad-lined SNe Ic, we find that they are more luminous than the normal SNe Ibc sample, M_R=-19.0+-1.1 mag, with a probability of only 1.6% that they are drawn from the same population of explosions. By comparing the peak absolute magnitudes of SNe Ic-BL with those inferred for local engine-driven explosions (GRB-SN 1998bw, XRF-SN 2006aj, and SN2009bb) we find a 25% probability that they are drawn from the SNe Ic-BL population. Finally, we fit analytic models to the light-curves to derive typical Ni-56 masses of M_Ni \approx0.2 and 0.5 M_sun for SNe Ibc and SNe Ic-BL, respectively. With reasonable assumptions for the photospheric velocities, we extract kinetic energy and ejecta mass values of M_ej \approx 2 M_sun and E_K\approx1e+51 erg for SNe Ibc, while for SNe Ic-BL we find higher values, M_ej\approx5 M_sun and E_K\approx1e+52 erg. We discuss the implications for the progenitors of SNe Ibc and their relation to engine-driven explosions [ABRIDGED]., Comment: 44 pages, 23 figures, 7 tables, as published in ApJ

We use new large area far infrared maps ranging from 65 - 500 microns obtained with the AKARI and the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) missions to characterize the dust emission toward the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant (SNR). Using the AKARI high resolution data we find a new "tepid" dust grain population at a temperature of ~35K and with an estimated mass of 0.06 solar masses. This component is confined to the central area of the SNR and may represent newly-formed dust in the unshocked supernova ejecta. While the mass of tepid dust that we measure is insufficient by itself to account for the dust observed at high redshift, it does constitute an additional dust population to contribute to those previously reported. We fit our maps at 65, 90, 140, 250, 350, and 500 microns to obtain maps of the column density and temperature of "cold" dust (near 16 K) distributed throughout the region. The large column density of cold dust associated with clouds seen in molecular emission extends continuously from the surrounding interstellar medium to project on the SNR, where the foreground component of the clouds is also detectable through optical, X-ray, and molecular extinction. At the resolution available here, there is no morphological signature to isolate any cold dust associated only with the SNR from this confusing interstellar emission. Our fit also recovers the previously detected "hot" dust in the remnant, with characteristic temperature 100 K., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. Maps and related data are available at http://blastexperiment.info/

Supernovae (SNe) are thought to arise from two different physical processes. The cores of massive, short-lived stars undergo gravitational core collapse and typically eject a few solar masses during their explosion. These are thought to appear as as type Ib/c and II SNe, and are associated with young stellar populations. A type Ia SN is thought to arise from the thermonuclear detonation of a white dwarf star composed mainly of carbon and oxygen, whose mass approaches the Chandrasekhar limit. Such SNe are observed in both young and old stellar environments. Here we report our discovery of the faint type Ib SN 2005E in the halo of the nearby isolated galaxy, NGC 1032. The lack of any trace of recent star formation near the SN location (Fig. 1), and the very low derived ejected mass (~0.3 M_sun), argue strongly against a core-collapse origin for this event. Spectroscopic observations and the derived nucleosynthetic output show that the SN ejecta have high velocities and are dominated by helium-burning products, indicating that SN 2005E was neither a subluminous nor a regular SN Ia (Fig. 2). We have therefore found a new type of stellar explosion, arising from a low-mass, old stellar system, likely involving a binary with a primary white dwarf and a helium-rich secondary. The SN ejecta contain more calcium than observed in any known type of SN and likely additional large amounts of radioactive 44Ti. Such SNe may thus help resolve fundamental physical puzzles, extending from the composition of the primitive solar system and that of the oldest stars, to the Galactic production of positrons., Comment: Revised to reflect published version in Nature, May 20th, 2010. Additional data and analysis are included

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are widely believed to be highly-collimated explosions (opening angle theta ~ 1-10 deg). As a result of this beaming factor, the true energy release from a GRB is usually several orders of magnitude smaller than the observed isotropic value. Measuring this opening angle, typically inferred from an achromatic steepening in the afterglow light curve (a "jet" break), has proven exceedingly difficult in the Swift era. Here we undertake a study of five of the brightest (in terms of the isotropic prompt gamma-ray energy release, E(gamma, iso)) GRBs in the Swift era to search for jet breaks and hence constrain the collimation-corrected energy release. We present multi-wavelength (radio through X-ray) observations of GRBs 050820A, 060418, and 080319B, and construct afterglow models to extract the opening angle and beaming-corrected energy release for all three events. Together with results from previous analyses of GRBs 050904 and 070125, we find evidence for an achromatic jet break in all five events, strongly supporting the canonical picture of GRBs as collimated explosions. The most natural explanation for the lack of observed jet breaks from most Swift GRBs is therefore selection effects. However, the opening angles for the events in our sample are larger than would be expected if all GRBs had a canonical energy release of ~ 10e51 erg. The total energy release we measure for those "hyper-energetic" (E(total) >~ 10e52 erg) events in our sample is large enough to start challenging models with a magnetar as the compact central remnant., Comment: Submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

We present multi-color optical observations of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) made over a three year period with the robotic Palomar 60 inch telescope (P60). Our sample consists of all 29 events discovered by Swift for which P60 began observations less than one hour after the burst trigger. We were able to recover 80% of the optical afterglows from this prompt sample, and we attribute this high efficiency to our red coverage. Like Melandri et al. (2008), we find that a significant fraction (~ 50%) of Swift events show a suppression of the optical flux with regards to the X-ray emission (so-called "dark" bursts). Our multi-color photometry demonstrates this is likely due in large part to extinction in the host galaxy. We argue that previous studies, by selecting only the brightest and best-sampled optical afterglows, have significantly underestimated the amount of dust present in typical GRB environments., Comment: 49 pages, including 6 figures and 3 tables (one of which is quite long). Re-submitted to ApJ following referee report. Comments welcome. v2: Corrected minor typos

Historically, variable and transient sources have both surprised astronomers and provided new views of the heavens. Here we report the discovery of an optical transient in the outskirts of the lenticular galaxy Messier 85 in the Virgo Cluster. With a peak absolute R magnitude of -12 this event is distinctly brighter than novae, but fainter than type Ia supernovae (expected from a population of old stars in lenticular galaxies). Archival images of the field do not show a luminous star at that position with an upper limit of ~-4.1, so it is unlikely to be a giant eruption from a luminous blue variable star. Over a two month period the transient emitted radiation energy of almost 10E47 erg and subsequently faded in the opical sky. It is similar to, but more luminous at peak by a factor of 6 than, an enigmatic transient in the galaxy M31. A possible origin of M85 OT2006-1 is a stellar merger. If so, searches for similar events in nearby galaxies will not only allow to study the physics of hyper-Eddington sources, but also probe an important phase in the evolution of stellar binary systems., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Appeared in Nature May 24. Supplementary information available at http://www.nature.com/nature

On 2006 May 5, a four second duration, low energy, ~10^49 erg, Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) was observed, spatially associated with a z=0.0894 galaxy. Here, we report the discovery of the GRB optical afterglow and observations of its environment using Gemini-south, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Chandra, Swift and the Very Large Array. The optical afterglow of this GRB is spatially associated with a prominent star forming region in the Sc-type galaxy 2dFGRS S173Z112. Its proximity to a star forming region suggests that the progenitor delay time, from birth to explosion, is smaller than about 10 Myr. Our HST deep imaging rules out the presence of a supernova brighter than an absolute magnitude of about -11 (or -12.6 in case of ``maximal'' extinction) at about two weeks after the burst, and limits the ejected mass of radioactive Nickel 56 to be less than about 2x10^-4 solar mass (assuming no extinction). Although it was suggested that GRB 060505 may belong to a new class of long-duration GRBs with no supernova, we argue that the simplest interpretation is that the physical mechanism responsible for this burst is the same as for short-duration GRBs., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, ApJ submitted

Using archival X-ray data, we find that the catalog location of the X-ray binary Scutum X-1 (Sct X-1) is incorrect, and that the correct location is that of the X-ray source AX J183528-0737, which is 15' to the west. Our identification is made on the basis of the 112-s pulse period for this object detected in an XMM-Newton observation, as well as spatial coincidence between AX J183528-0737 and previous X-ray observations. Based on the XMM-Newton data and archival RXTE data, we confirm secular spin-down over 17 years with period derivative Pdot~3.9e-9 s/s, but do not detect a previously reported X-ray iron fluorescence line. We identify a bright (Ks=6.55), red (J-Ks=5.51), optical and infrared counterpart to AX J183528-0737 from 2MASS, a number of mid-IR surveys, and deep optical observations, which we use to constrain the extinction to and distance of Sct X-1. From these data, as well as limited near-IR spectroscopy, we conclude that Sct X-1 is most likely a binary system comprised of a late-type giant or supergiant and a neutron star., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures. Revised following referee's comments. Accepted to ApJ

We present preliminary results from the Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP), a large observational program focused on the study of core-collapse SNe. Uniform, high-quality NIR and optical photometry and multi-epoch optical spectroscopy have been obtained using the 200'' Hale and robotic 60'' telescopes at Palomar, for a sample of 50 nearby core-collapse SNe. The combination of both well-sampled optical light curves and multi-epoch spectroscopy will enable spectroscopically and photometrically based subtype definitions to be disentangled from each other. Multi-epoch spectroscopy is crucial to identify transition events that evolve among subtypes with time. The CCCP SN sample includes every core-collapse SN discovered between July 2004 and September 2005 that was visible from Palomar, found shortly (< 30 days) after explosion (based on available pre-explosion photometry), and closer than ~120 Mpc. This complete sample allows, for the first time, a study of core-collapse SNe as a population, rather than as individual events. Here, we present the full CCCP SN sample and show exemplary data collected. We analyze available data for the first ~1/3 of the sample and determine the subtypes of 13 SNe II based on both light curve shapes and spectroscopy. We discuss the relative SN II subtype fractions in the context of associating SN subtypes with specific progenitor stars., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the meeting "The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins", Cefalu, Italy, June 2006, to be published by AIP, Eds. L. Burderi et al

Over the past decade our physical understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has progressed rapidly thanks to the discovery and observation of their long-lived afterglow emission. Long-duration (T < 2 s) GRBs are associated with the explosive deaths of massive stars (``collapsars''), which produce accompanying supernovae, while the short-duration (T > 2 s) GRBs arise from a different origin, which has been argued to be the merger of two compact objects, either neutron stars or black holes. Here we present observations of GRB060614, a 100-s long burst discovered by the Swift satellite, which require the invocation of a new explosive process: either a massive ``collapsar'' that powers a GRB without any associated supernova, or a new type of engine, as long-lived as the collapsar but without any such massive stellar host. We also discuss the properties of this burst's redshift z=0.125 host galaxy, which distinguish it from other long-duration GRBs and suggest that an entirely new type of GRB progenitor may be required.

We present observations of the unusually bright and long gamma-ray burst GRB 050820A, one of the best-sampled broadband data sets in the Swift era. The gamma-ray light curve is marked by a soft precursor pulse some 200 s before the main event; the lack of any intervening emission suggests that it is due to a physical mechanism distinct from the GRB itself. The large time lag between the precursor and the main emission enabled simultaneous observations in the gamma-ray, X-ray, and optical band-passes, something only achieved for a handful of events to date. While the contemporaneous X-rays are the low-energy tail of the prompt emission, the optical does not directly track the gamma-ray flux. Instead, the early-time optical data appear mostly consistent with the forward shock synchrotron peak passing through the optical, and are therefore likely the beginning of the afterglow. On hour time scales after the burst, the X-ray and optical light curves are inconsistent with an adiabatic expansion of the shock into the surrounding region, but rather indicate that there is a period of energy injection. Observations at late times allow us to constrain the collimation angle of the relativistic outflow to theta = 6.8 - 9.3 degrees. Our estimates of both the kinetic energy of the afterglow and the prompt gamma-ray energy release make GRB 050820A one of the most energetic events for which such values could be determined., Comment: Accepted to ApJ; 18 pages, 8 figures; High resolution version available at http://www.srl.caltech.edu/~cenko/public/papers/grb050820a.ps

We present a study of the type IIn supernova (SN) 2005gl, in the relatively nearby (d~66 Mpc) galaxy NGC 266. Photometry and spectroscopy of the SN indicate it is a typical member of its class. Pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of the location of the SN, along with a precise localization of this event using the Laser-Guide-Star assisted Adaptive Optics (LGS-AO) system at Keck Observatory, are combined to identify a luminous (M_V=-10.3) point source as the possible progenitor of SN 2005gl. If the source is indeed a single star, it was likely a member of the class of luminous blue variable stars (LBVs). This finding leads us to consider the possible general association of SNe IIn with LBV progenitors. We find this is indeed supported by observations of other SNe, and the known properties of LBV stars. For example, we argue that should the prototypical Galactic LBV eta Carina explode in a phase similar to its current state, it will likely produce a type IIn SN. We discuss our findings in the context of current ideas about the evolution of massive stars, and review the census of SNe with identified progenitors. We introduce the concept of the progenitor-SN map as a convenient means to discuss the present status and future prospects of direct searches for SN progenitors. We conclude that this field has matured considerably in recent years, and the transition from anecdotal information about rare single events to robust associations of progenitor classes with specific SN types has already begun., Comment: Submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome

We present detailed optical, near-infrared, and radio observations of the X-ray flash 050416a obtained with Palomar and Siding Springs Observatories as well as HST and the VLA, placing this event among the best-studied X-ray flashes to date. In addition, we present an optical spectrum from Keck LRIS from which we measure the redshift of the burst, z=0.6528. At this redshift the isotropic-equivalent prompt energy release was about 10^51 erg, and using a standard afterglow synchrotron model we find that the blastwave kinetic energy is a factor of 10 larger, E_K,iso ~ 10^52 erg. The lack of an observed jet break to t ~ 20 days indicates that the opening angle is larger than 7 deg and the total beaming-corrected relativistic energy is larger than 10^50 erg. We further show that the burst produced a strong radio flare at t ~ 40 days accompanied by an observed flattening in the X-ray band which we attribute to an abrupt circumburst density jump or an episode of energy injection (either from a refreshed shock or off-axis ejecta). Late-time observations with HST show evidence for an associated supernova with peak optical luminosity roughly comparable to that of SN 1998bw. Next, we show that the host galaxy of XRF 050416a is actively forming stars at a rate of at least 2 M_solar per year with a luminosity of L_B ~ 0.5L* and metallicity of Z ~ 0.2-0.8 Z_solar. Finally, we discuss the nature of XRF 050416a in the context of short-hard gamma-ray bursts and under the framework of off-axis and dirty fireball models for X-ray flashes., Comment: ApJ in press (accepted version; 40 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables)

Over the last decade, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) including the subclass of X-ray flashes (XRFs) have been revealed to be a rare variety of Type Ibc supernova (SN). While all these events result from the death of massive stars, the electromagnetic luminosities of GRBs and XRFs exceed those of ordinary Type Ibc SNe by many orders of magnitude. The essential physical process that causes a dying star to produce a GRB or XRF, and not just an SN, remains the crucial open question. Here we present radio and X-ray observations of XRF 060218 (associated with SN 2006aj), the second nearest GRB identified to-date, which allow us to measure its total energy and place it in the larger context of cosmic explosions. We show that this event is 100 times less energetic but ten times more common than cosmological GRBs. Moreover, it is distinguished from ordinary Type Ibc SNe by the presence of 10^48 erg coupled to mildly-relativistic ejecta, along with a central engine (an accretion-fed, rapidly rotating compact source) which produces X-rays for weeks after the explosion. This suggests that the production of relativistic ejecta is the key physical distinction between GRBs/XRFs and ordinary SNe, while the nature of the central engine (black hole or magnetar) may distinguish typical bursts from low-luminosity, spherical events like XRF 060218., Comment: To appear in Nature on August 31 2006 (15 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, including Supplementary Information)

We present a monitoring study of SN 2004A and probable discovery of a progenitor star in pre-explosion HST images. The photometric and spectroscopic monitoring of SN 2004A show that it was a normal Type II-P which was discovered in NGC 6207 about two weeks after explosion. We compare SN 2004A to the similar Type II-P SN 1999em and estimate an explosion epoch of 2004 January 6. We also calculate three new distances to NGC 6207 of 21.0 +/-4.3, 21.4 +/-3.5 and 25.1 +/-1.7Mpc. The former was calculated using the Standard Candle Method (SCM) for SNe II-P, and the latter two from the Brightest Supergiants Method (BSM). We combine these three distances with existing kinematic distances, to derive a mean value of 20.3 +/-3.4Mpc. Using this distance we estimate that the ejected nickel mass in the explosion is 0.046(+0.031,-0.017) Msolar. The progenitor of SN 2004A is identified in pre-explosion WFPC2 F814W images with a magnitude of mF814W = 24.3 +/-0.3, but is below the detection limit of the F606W images. We show that this was likely a red supergiant (RSG) with a mass of 9(+3,-2) Msolar. The object is detected at 4.7 sigma above the background noise. Even if this detection is spurious, the 5 sigma upper limit would give a robust upper mass limit of 12 Msolar for a RSG progenitor. These initial masses are very similar to those of two previously identified RSG progenitors of the Type II-P SNe 2004gd 8(+4,-2) Msolar and 2005cs 9(+3,-2) Msolar)., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 20 pages, 14 figures; corrected scale on Fig. 1

The final chapter in the long-standing mystery of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) centres on the origin of the short-hard class, suspected on theoretical grounds to result from the coalescence of neutron star or black hole binary systems. Numerous searches for the afterglows of short-hard bursts have been made, galvanized by the revolution in our understanding of long-duration GRBs that followed the discovery in 1997 of their broadband (X-ray, optical, and radio) afterglow emission. Here we present the discovery of the X-ray afterglow of a short-hard burst whose accurate position allows us to unambiguously associate it with a star-forming galaxy at redshift z=0.160, and whose optical lightcurve definitively excludes a supernova association. Together with results from three other recent short-hard bursts, this suggests that short-hard bursts release much less energy than the long-duration GRBs. Models requiring young stellar populations, such as magnetars and collapsars, are ruled out, while coalescing degenerate binaries remain the most promising progenitor candidates., Comment: Nature in press (Oct 6 issue). 23 pages, 4 figures

Despite a rich phenomenology, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are divided into two classes based on their duration and spectral hardness -- the long-soft and the short-hard bursts. The discovery of afterglow emission from long GRBs was a watershed event, pinpointing their origin to star forming galaxies, and hence the death of massive stars, and indicating an energy release of about 10^51 erg. While theoretical arguments suggest that short GRBs are produced in the coalescence of binary compact objects (neutron stars or black holes), the progenitors, energetics, and environments of these events remain elusive despite recent localizations. Here we report the discovery of the first radio afterglow from a short burst, GRB 050724, which unambiguously associates it with an elliptical galaxy at a redshift, z=0.257. We show that the burst is powered by the same relativistic fireball mechanism as long GRBs, with the ejecta possibly collimated in jets, but that the total energy release is 10-1000 times smaller. More importantly, the nature of the host galaxy demonstrates that short GRBs arise from an old (>1 Gyr) stellar population, strengthening earlier suggestions, and providing support for coalescing compact object binaries as the progenitors., Comment: Accepted to Nature; revisions include broad-band afterglow model

We report the results of a high-spatial-resoltion search for the progenitor of type Ic supernova SN 2004gt, using the newly commissioned Keck laser-guide star adaptive optics system (LGSAO) along with archival Hubble Space Telescope data. This is the deepest search yet performed for the progenitor of any type Ib/c event in a wide wavelength range stretching from the far UV to the near IR. We determine that the progenitor of SN 2004gt was most likely less luminous than M_V=-5.5 and M_B=-6.5 magnitudes. The massive stars exploding as hydrogen-deficient core-collapse supernovae (SNe) should have lost their outer hydrogen envelopes prior to their explosion, either through winds -- such stars are identified within our Galaxy as Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars -- or to a binary companion. The luminosity limits we set rule out more than half of the known galactic W-R stars as possible progenitors of this event. In particular, they imply that a W-R progenitor should have been among the more-evolved (highly stripped, less luminous) of these stars, a concrete constraint on its evolutionary state just prior to core collapse. The possibility of a less luminous, lower-mass binary progenitor cannot be constrained. This study demonstrates the power of LGS observations in furthering our understanding of core collapse, and the physics powering supernovae, GRBs and XRFs., Comment: ApJ Letters, in press. Revised version to match accepted version, minor changes following referee report. Version with full resolution figures and some supplamentary information available at: http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~avishay/cccp/sn2004gt/index.html

We present optical, near-IR, and radio follow up of sixteen Swift bursts, including our discovery of nine afterglows and a redshift determination for three. These observations, supplemented by data from the literature, provide an afterglow recovery rate of 60% in the optical/near-IR, much higher than in previous missions (BeppoSAX, HETE-2, INTEGRAL, and IPN). The optical/near-IR afterglows of Swift events are on average 1.7 mag fainter at t=12 hr than those of previous missions. The X-ray afterglows are similarly fainter compared to those of pre-Swift bursts. In the radio the limiting factor is the VLA threshold and the detection rate for Swift bursts is similar to that for past missions. The redshift distribution of pre-Swift bursts peaked at z~1, whereas the five Swift bursts with measured redshifts are distributed evenly between 1.3 and 3.2. From these results we conclude that (i) the pre-Swift distributions were biased in favor of bright events and low redshift events, (ii) the higher sensitivity and accurate positions of Swift result in a better representation of the true burst redshift and brightness distributions (which are higher and dimmer, respectively), and (iii) as many as 1/3 of the bursts can be optically dark, as a result of a high redshift and/or dust extinction. We remark that the apparent lack of low redshift, low luminosity Swift bursts, and the lower event rate compared to pre-launch estimates (90 vs. 150 per year), are the result of a threshold that is similar to that of BATSE. In view of these inferences, afterglow observers may find it advisable to make significant changes in follow up strategies of Swift events. [abridged], Comment: Submitted to ApJ; 15 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Of the fourteen gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) localized to better than 2' radius with the SXC on HETE-2, only two lack optical afterglow detections, and the high recovery rate among this sample has been used to argue that the fraction of truly dark bursts is ~10%. While a large fraction of earlier dark bursts can be explained by the failure of ground-based searches to reach appropriate limiting magnitudes, suppression of the optical light of these SXC dark bursts seems likely. Here we report the discovery and observation of the radio afterglow of GRB 020819, an SXC dark burst, which enables us to identify the likely host galaxy (probability of 99.2%) and hence the redshift (z=0.41) of the GRB. The radio light curve is qualitatively similar to that of several other radio afterglows, and may include an early-time contribution from the emission of the reverse shock. The proposed host is a bright R = 19.5 mag barred spiral galaxy, with a faint R ~ 24.0 mag "blob'' of emission, 3" from the galaxy core (16 kpc in projection), that is coincident with the radio afterglow. Optical photometry of the galaxy and blob, beginning 3 hours after the burst and extending over more than 100 days, establishes strong upper limits to the optical brightness of any afterglow or associated supernova. Combining the afterglow radio fluxes and our earliest R-band limit, we find that the most likely afterglow model invokes a spherical expansion into a constant-density (rather than stellar wind-like) external environment; within the context of this model, a modest local extinction of A_V ~ 1 mag is sufficient to suppress the optical flux below our limits., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. ApJ, in press. For more info on dark bursts, see http://www.astro.ku.dk/~pallja/dark.html

We present the results from a {\it Hubble Space Telescope/ACS} study of the supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts 040924 ($z=0.86$) and 041006 ($z=0.71$). We find evidence that both GRBs were associated with a SN 1998bw-like supernova dimmed by $\sim 1.5$ and $\sim 0.3$ magnitudes, respectively, making GRB 040924 the faintest GRB-associated SN ever detected. We study the luminosity dispersion in GRB/XRF-associated SNe and compare to local Type Ibc supernovae from the literature. We find significant overlap between the two samples, suggesting that GRB/XRF-associated SNe are not necessarily more luminous nor produce more $^{56}$Ni than local SNe. Based on the current (limited) datasets, we find that the two samples may share a similar $^{56}$Ni production mechanism., Comment: ApJ accepted (in press). Revised version. High-resolution figures available at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~ams/GRB-SNe.html

We present optical and near-infrared searches for afterglow emission from the first four Swift bursts with accurate positions from the X-ray Telescope (XRT). Using telescopes at Las Campanas, Keck, and Palomar observatories we rapidly identified and followed up afterglows for three of the four bursts. The burst positions were also observed with the Very Large Array, but no radio afterglow emission was detected. The optical/NIR afterglows are fainter than about 75% of all afterglows detected to date, with GRB 050126 being the faintest, and were identified thanks to accurate and rapid positions from the XRT and rapid response with >1-m telescopes. This suggests that the fraction of dust-obscured bursts is small, <10% when combined with afterglows localized by the HETE-2 Soft X-ray Camera. The X-ray fluxes are typical of the known population, with the exception of GRB 050126 which has the faintest X-ray afterglow to date (normalized to t=10 hr), and was detected thanks to a response time of only 130 s after the burst. Finally, we find that all three optical/NIR afterglows are located <2 arcsec away from the nominal XRT positions, suggesting that the XRT is capable of delivering highly accurate positions, which will revolutionize afterglow studies., Comment: Submitted to ApJ; 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

The cosmological utility of type Ia Supernovae (SNe) prompted numerous studies of these events, and they are now well characterized observationally, both as individual objects and as a population. In contrast, all other types of SNe (i.e., core-collapse events) are not as well observationally characterized. While some individual events have been studied in great detail (e.g., SN 1987A or SN 1998bw), the global properties of the core-collapse SN population are little known. However, in recent years, major drivers for change have emerged, among them the verification of the connection between core-collapse SNe and long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), the possible utility of some core-collapse SNe (type II-P) as independent cosmological probes, and studies of core-collapse SNe as high redshift targets for missions like SNAP and JWST. The Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP) is a large observational program using the Hale 200'' and the robotic 60'' telescopes at Palomar observatory to obtain optical photometry, spectroscopy and IR photometry of ~50 nearby core-collapse SNe. The program is designed to provide a complete sample of core-collapse events, with well-defined selection criteria and uniform, high-quality optical/IR observations, as well as radio and X-ray light curves for some events. We will use this sample to characterize the little-studied properties of core-collapse SNe as a population. The sample will be used as a comparison set for studies of SNe associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts, to promote and calibrate the use of SNe II-P for cosmography, and to set the stage for investigations of SNe at high-z using coming space missions such as SNAP and JWST., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of "Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses", Padua, 2004, ASP conference Series

Over the six years since the discovery of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425, associated with the nearby (distance, ~40 Mpc) supernova 1998bw, astronomers have fiercely debated the nature of this event. Relative to bursts located at cosmological distances, (redshift, z~1), GRB 980425 was under-luminous in gamma-rays by three orders of magnitude. Radio calorimetry showed the explosion was sub-energetic by a factor of 10. Here, we report observations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of the recent z=0.105 GRB 031203 and demonstrate that it too is sub-energetic. Our result, when taken together with the low gamma-ray luminosity, suggest that GRB 031203 is the first cosmic analogue to GRB 980425. We find no evidence that this event was a highly collimated explosion viewed off-axis. Like GRB 980425, GRB 031203 appears to be an intrinsically sub-energetic gamma-ray burst. Such sub-energetic events have faint afterglows. Intensive follow-up of faint bursts with smooth gamma-ray light curves (common to both GRBs 031203 and 980425) may enable us to reveal their expected large population., Comment: To Appear in Nature, August 5, 2004

The radio pulsar B1951+32 and the supernova remnant CTB 80 provide a rich laboratory for the study of neutron stars and supernova remnants. Here, we present ground-based optical and near-infrared observations of them, along with X-ray observations with Chandra and a re-analysis of archival data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. The X-ray observations reveal a cometary pulsar wind nebula which appears to be confined by a bow shock produced by high-velocity motion of the pulsar, making PSR B1951+32 a rare pulsar exhibiting both an H alpha bow shock and a shocked X-ray pulsar wind nebula. The distribution of H alpha and radio continuum emission is indicative of a contact discontinuity of the shocked pulsar winds and shocked ambient medium at \~0.05 pc. On the other hand, the optical synchrotron knot of PSR B1951+32 likely has a flat spectrum in the optical and near-infrared wavebands, and our astrometry is consistent with only one of the two reported optical counterpart candidates for the pulsar., Comment: To appear in ApJ Letters

At z=0.1055, the gamma-ray burst GRB 031203 is one of the two nearest GRBs known. Using observations from the Very Large Array (VLA) and Chandra X-ray Observatory, we derive sub-arcsecond localizations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of this GRB. We present near-infrared observations of the supernova SN 2003lw, which exploded in the host galaxy of the GRB 031203. Our deep, high resolution Magellan/PANIC data establish that this SN is spatially coincident with the radio and X-ray localizations of the afterglow of GRB 031203 to sub-arcsecond precision, and is thus firmly associated with the GRB. We use image differencing to subtract the bright emission from the host galaxy, and measure the time evolution of the SN between ~5 and ~50 days after the GRB. The resulting light curve has a shape which is quite different from that of the two SNe previously associated with GRBs, SN 1998bw and SN 2003dh. With SN 2003lw securely associated with this burst, we confirm that all three GRBs with redshifts z<0.3 were accompanied by SN explosions., Comment: Submitted to ApJL. See full resolution version at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~avishay/grb031203.pdf

We present detailed optical, near-infrared, and radio observations of the X-ray flash 050416a obtained with Palomar and Siding Springs Observatories as well as HST and the VLA, placing this event among the best-studied X-ray flashes to date. In addition, we present an optical spectrum from Keck LRIS from which we measure the redshift of the burst, Z=0.6528. At this redshift the isotropic-equivalent prompt energy release was about 10(exp 51) erg, and using a standard afterglow synchrotron model we find that the blastwave kinetic energy is a factor of 10 larger, E-K,iso approximately equals 10 (exp 52) erg. The lack of an observed jet break to t - 20 days indicates that the opening angle is larger than 7 deg and the total beaming-corrected relativistic energy is larger than 10 exp (50) erg. We further show that the burst produced a strong radio flare at t is similar to 40 days accompanied by an observed flattening in the X-ray band which we attribute to an abrupt circumburst density jump or an episode of energy injection (either from a refreshed shock or off-axis ejecta). Late-time observations with HST show evidence for an associated supernova with peak optical luminosity roughly comparable to that of SN 1998bw. Next, we show that the host galaxy of XRF 050416a is actively forming stars at a rate of at least 2 M-solar per year with a luminosity of L-B is similar to 0.5L* and metallicity of Z is similar to 0.2-0.8 Z-solar. Finally, we discuss the nature of XRF 050416a in the context of short-hard gamma-ray bursts and under the framework of off-axis and dirty fireball models for X-ray flashes.