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GeoERA Minerals projects have produced data aimed at supporting Europe’s minerals sector and to assist the European Commission to realise its goals for raw materials. Data has been compiled on mineral occurrences and mineral provinces across Europe, in particular, areas with potential to host Critical Raw Materials. Anecdotal evidence from the minerals sector provides an indication of the likelihood of exploration leading to mine development. For every 1,000 mineral showings examined, only 100 may receive further exploration work and of those 100, only 10 may warrant more detailed sampling either through trenching, drilling or other means and of those 10 only 1 may proceed to an evaluation through a full feasibility study which itself has only 50% chance of being positive. Following this, any project for which a mine proposal is made must undergo a full evaluation and permitting by authorities including full public consultation. The proposal may or may not pass this scrutiny. In terms of a schedule, the generally accepted minimum time frame from discovery to production is 10 years and usually much more, up to 20 years. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Covering 15,000,000 km2, the pan-European seas represent a promising new frontier for the exploration of mineral resources. The GeoERA-MINDeSEA consortium, a cooperative network of 12 Geological Surveys and Marine Institutes, is facing this exploration challenge. 688 seabed mineral occurrences are described in the MINDeSEA database, GIS cartographies and reports, containing valuable information on geology, metallogeny, critical raw materials prospectivity and mineral potential. Five types of mineral deposits are investigated, including seafloor massive sulphides, ferromanganese crusts, phosphorites, polymetallic nodules and placers. Many of the deposits exhibit a polymetallic nature that include one or more battery metals such as cobalt, lithium, manganese, tellurium, nickel, rare earth elements, copper, and other strategic and critical metals. These deposits are being explored using cutting-edge technologies both onboard ship and at labs, as well as in seabed mineral occurrences under the jurisdiction of European coastal states, all of which may provide an alternative sustainable resource to land-based mineral deposits. Maps on the seafloor mineral occurrences and their metallogeny for energy-critical elements are being produced for the first time to support European climate actions and growth strategies. An enormous challenge in terms of research, technological innovation, environmental protection, spatial planning and social license is facing the European and international research and sustainable development plans. MINDeSEA will identify areas for sustainable development and information to support decision-making on management and Marine Spatial Planning in pan-European seas as part of its core actions. The dedicated website (https://geoeramindesea.wixsite.com/mindesea) and Social Media (https://twitter.com/MINDeSEA) provide more detailed information about the project MINDeSEA.

Covering 15,000,000 km2, the pan-European seas represent a promising new frontier for the exploration of mineral resources and an enormous challenge in terms of research, technological innovation, environmental protection, spatial planning and social acceptance. The GeoERA-MINDeSEA project is an ERA-NET action (Horizon 2020) a transnational cooperative network of 12 geological surveys and marine institutes for investigation and exploration of seafloor mineral deposits in pan-European seas. MINDeSEA is producing cartography, datasets, genetic models and case studies to help the EC, stakeholders and society assess possibilities. These are based on detailed studies and compiled data on geology, geochemistry, mineralogy, and environmental and regulatory issues. Strategic and critical metals are being investigated in several seabed mineral deposits, looking for alternative sources to land-based mined deposits. MINDeSEA’s task is to identify areas for sustainable resourcing and information to support decision-making on management and marine spatial planning in pan-European seas as part of its core activities.

International audience; Recent investigations have shown that the continental shelf west of Ireland contains sedimentary landforms recording occupation by grounded, lobate ice sheet margins that extended from Ireland during at least the last glacial cycle. This paper reviews some of the offshore evidence of past glacial events available from high-resolution bathymetry, 2D/3D seismic datasets (Fig. 1), and shallow sediment cores providing information on the sedimentology, rheology and age of glacigenic stratigraphic units. The available data suggest that the continental shelf has been repeatedly occupied by tidewater ice margins characterised by ice streaming, possibly since the mid-Pleistocene transition. The offshore record provides as yet incomplete information on the extent and timing of glaciation from multiple centres of dispersal in Ireland. The dynamics of former ice sheets in Ireland, downwind of the climatically important central North Atlantic region, makes them of wider interest in the study of partially marine based ice sheet-ocean interactions in rapidly changing environments.

International audience; Ice sheets have occupied the Atlantic continental margin of Europe as far south as the Celtic Sea, where the maximum extent of glaciation remains in question. The Celtic Sea contains no obvious glacial landforms, but is dominated by a system of shelf-crossing seafloor megaridges, up to 60 m high and 10 km wide, that extend seaward up to 300 km in water depths of 100-200 m. The last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) was thought to have reached a limit on the mid-shelf, based on glacigenic sediments sampled on and between megaridges in the Irish-UK sectors, but recent work in this area has shown that the BIIS extended at least 150 km farther, at minimum to the UK shelf edge at 48˚20'N. Stratigraphic analysis of newly acquired core and seismic data has indicated the megaridges to be eroded sand bodies, which can be interpreted as a) glaciofluvial ridges modified by post-glacial megatides, or b) tidal banks truncated by wave energy. Here we examine megaridge morphology using a regional bathymetric grid and multibeam data across a 25x100 km area of the mid-shelf. At regional scale, the megaridges fan seaward to meet the shelf edge near-transversely along 600 km of its length, their axes rotating by 80˚ from W-E (Irish shelf) to almost N-S (French shelf). The fan-shaped network points to an apex in the north Celtic Sea, yet axial convergences are more common to seaward than landward. Individual megaridges consist of segments tens of kms long, of differing orientation, that form bathymetric highs. On the Irish-UK mid-shelf, multibeam imagery show that en echelon megaridge segments (up to 40 km long, 7 km wide, 55 m high) give way both axially and laterally to transverse 'ribs' (up to 10 km long, 10 m high). The ribs vary in form and spacing, distinct from asymmetric regularly-spaced sand waves within the multibeam data. Glacigenic sediments have been reported near seabed on and between both the megaridges and ribs, but subglacial lineations are not observed at seafloor. We hypothesise that the rectilinear network of megaridges and ribs are the eroded remnants of giant eskerine ridges flanked by glaciofluvial De Geer moraines, formed time-transgressively along an ice sheet margin during its retreat from the shelf edge. If correct, this interpretation would have broad implications for the dynamics of the last BIIS, and for the supply of meltwater and sediment across the shelf and slope to the North Atlantic at the LGM. Glaciofluvial vs tidal models for the formation of Celtic Sea bedforms invite testing through the targeted acquisition of core data, notably from areas of existing multibeam data in both the Irish-UK and French sectors.

La casa puede hoy mirar al jardín como inspiración. De hecho, en distintos proyectos de viviendas publicados en los últimos años apreciamos unos rasgos comunes, dichos rasgos se concretan en un uso despreocupado y a la vez práctico de elementos que o bien ya estaban allí o bien se han recuperado, algunas veces es el enfoque que proponen algunas fotografías de los interiores, otras la manera de amueblar y especialmente de concebir el equipamiento de la cocina el que evoca más una reunión de cosas traídas de distintos lugares, que una sola bancada. Hay más una reunión armónica que una idea unitaria, estamos más interesado por «el sucio» que por «el limpio». El jardín, con su orden no aparente, abierto a la contingencia y ligado a la idea de la colección puede ser un inspirador para una manera de entender la casa contemporánea., The house can now take the garden as inspiration. In fact, in various housing projects recently published we appreciate some common features, these are specified in a carefree and practical use of the elements that either were already there or have been recovered. Sometimes it is the approach that some photographs propose of the interiors, others the way of furnishing and especially the way of conceiving the equipment of the kitchen —which evokes more a meeting of things brought from different places, than a single bench. There is more a harmonic meeting than a unitary idea, we are more interested in «the dirty» than in «the clean». The garden, with its not apparent order, open to contingency and linked to the idea of the collection can be an inspiration for a way to understand the contemporary house.

La casa puede hoy mirar al jardín como inspiración. De hecho, en distintos proyectos de viviendas publicados en los últimos años apreciamos unos rasgos comunes, dichos rasgos se concretan en un uso despreocupado y a la vez práctico de elementos que o bien ya estaban allí o bien se han recuperado, algunas veces es el enfoque que proponen algunas fotografías de los interiores, otras la manera de amueblar y especialmente de concebir el equipamiento de la cocina el que evoca más una reunión de cosas traídas de distintos lugares, que una sola bancada. Hay más una reunión armónica que una idea unitaria, estamos más interesado por «el sucio» que por «el limpio». El jardín, con su orden no aparente, abierto a la contingencia y ligado a la idea de la colección puede ser un inspirador para una manera de entender la casa contemporánea. The house can now take the garden as inspiration. In fact, in various housing projects recently published we appreciate some common features, these are specified in a carefree and practical use of the elements that either were already there or have been recovered. Sometimes it is the approach that some photographs propose of the interiors, others the way of furnishing and especially the way of conceiving the equipment of the kitchen —which evokes more a meeting of things brought from different places, than a single bench. There is more a harmonic meeting than a unitary idea, we are more interested in «the dirty» than in «the clean». The garden, with its not apparent order, open to contingency and linked to the idea of the collection can be an inspiration for a way to understand the contemporary house.

During the last glaciation, most of the British Isles and the surrounding continental shelf were covered by the British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). An earlier compilation from the existing literature (BRITICE version 1) assembled the relevant glacial geomorphological evidence into a freely available GIS geodatabase and map (Clark et al. 2004: Boreas 33, 359). New high-resolution digital elevation models, of the land and seabed, have become available casting the glacial landform record of the British Isles in a new light and highlighting the shortcomings of the V.1 BRITICE compilation. Here we present a wholesale revision of the evidence, onshore and offshore, to produce BRITICE version 2, which now also includes Ireland. All published geomorphological evidence pertinent to the behaviour of the ice sheet is included, up to the census date of December 2015. The revised GIS database contains over 170 000 geospatially referenced and attributed elements – an eightfold increase in information from the previous version. The compiled data include: drumlins, ribbed moraine, crag-and-tails, mega-scale glacial lineations, glacially streamlined bedrock (grooves, roches moutonnées, whalebacks), glacial erratics, eskers, meltwater channels (subglacial, lateral, proglacial and tunnel valleys), moraines, trimlines, cirques, trough-mouth fans and evidence defining ice-dammed lakes. The increased volume of features necessitates different map/database products with varying levels of data generalization, namely: (i) an unfiltered GIS database containing all mapping; (ii) a filtered GIS database, resolving data conflicts and with edits to improve geo-locational accuracy (available as GIS data and PDF maps); and (iii) a cartographically generalized map to provide an overview of the distribution and types of features at the ice-sheet scale that can be printed at A0 paper size at a 1:1 250 000 scale. All GIS data, the maps (as PDFs) and a bibliography of all published sources are available for download from: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/geography/staff/clark_chris/britice.

Recent publications have highlighted the over-consolidation of diamicts found in shallow sediment cores on ornear seabed ridges from the north east of the Porcupine Bank, a bathymetric high >150km west of central Irelandin the northeast Atlantic Ocean. These observations have led to the interpretation of ridges there as potential endor lateral moraines constraining a maximum advance of the British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) dated to between 24,720and 19,182 Cal. BP. Other cores further east on the western outer Irish shelf are dominated by muds interpretedas proglacial which would indicate a deglaciation from a potential maximum advance by 22,800 Cal. BP. Whilethese conclusions are not incompatible, they do suggest a very rapid advance of a westward tongue of ice of about150km length with little evidence for regressive moraines on the Porcupine Bank.This paper will present the results of analysis of a further 8 cores from the North and North East Porcupine Bankcorrelated with sub-bottom and sparker seismic data. Their sedimentology indicates two distinct diamicts thatare contained within some of the seabed ridges of the area. Hypothesis for the formation of these features willbe presented in light of new foraminiferal data and dates from these cores. Potential scenarios to account for thepresence of grounded ice in the region will then be discussed.

Lophelia pertusa is a colonial cold-water coral species with a wide spatial distribution in recent marine waters. Analysing the chemistry of its skeleton allows reconstruction of environmental parameter variations. While numerous studies have attempted to interpret such analyses, little information is available on the microstructures of Lophelia pertusa and their temporal constraints. This study introduces newly recognized microstructures in the coral wall following growth along the radial axis. The thicknesses of these ‘micro-layers’ are correlated with strontium concentrations and can be used to estimate seasonal growth rates of single polyps from the colony. We propose that each of these micro-layers represents a period of 1 month of mineralization and can locate two decreasing periods in growth rate during a year: one caused by limited food availability during winter months and one in autumn linked to gametogenesis. High-frequency study of strontium concentrations using this interpretation shows a lunar cycle. We demonstrate that while the micro-layers are present in all L. pertusa specimens from four locations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, growth patterns reveal a complex organization that limits their visibility. Strontium fluctuations, however, appear to be a promising mechanism by which to establish a temporal calibration., SI