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We have previously reported that primary hippocampal neurons exposed to synaptotoxic amyloid beta oligomers (A beta Os), which are likely causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibit abnormal Ca2+ signals, mitochondrial dysfunction and defective structural plasticity. Additionally, A beta Os-exposed neurons exhibit a decrease in the protein content of type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+ channels, which exert critical roles in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial memory processes. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevents these deleterious effects of A beta Os in vitro. The main contribution of the present work is to show that A beta Os injections directly into the hippocampus, by engaging oxidation-mediated reversible pathways significantly decreased RyR2 protein content but increased single RyR2 channel activation by Ca2+ and caused considerable spatial memory deficits. A beta Os injections into the CA3 hippocampal region impaired rat performance in the Oasis maze spatial memory task, decreased hippocampal glutathione levels and overall content of plasticity-related proteins (c-Fos, Arc, and RyR2) and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, in hippocampus-derived mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) A beta Os injections increased RyR2 levels. Rats fed with NAC for 3-weeks prior to A beta Os injections displayed comparable redox potential, RyR2 and Arc protein contents, similar ERK1/2 phosphorylation and RyR2 single channel activation by Ca2+ as saline-injected (control) rats. NAC-fed rats subsequently injected with A beta Os displayed the same behavior in the spatial memory task as control rats. Based on the present in vivo results, we propose that redox-sensitive neuronal RyR2 channels partake in the mechanism underlying A beta Os-induced memory disruption in rodents.

Collective cell migration is fundamental for life and a hallmark of cancer. Neural crest (NC) cells migrate collectively, but the mechanisms governing this process remain controversial. Previous analyses in Xenopus indicate that cranial NC (CNC) cells are a homogeneous population relying on cell-cell interactions for directional migration, while chick embryo analyses suggest a heterogeneous population with leader cells instructing directionality. Our data in chick and zebrafish embryos show that CNC cells do not require leader cells for migration and all cells present similar migratory capacities. In contrast, laser ablation of trunk NC (TNC) cells shows that leader cells direct movement and cell-cell contacts are required for migration. Moreover, leader and follower identities are acquired before the initiation of migration and remain fixed thereafter. Thus, two distinct mechanisms establish the directionality of CNC cells and TNC cells. This implies the existence of multiple molecular mechanisms for collective cell migration.

For effects of tidal rhythms, intertidal bivalves are exposed to prolonged daily emersion periods during low tide. As a response to air exposure, the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) closes its valves and shifts its metabolism to anaerobic pathways by the interruption of the oxygen flux. Consequently, body fluids low their pH causing the CaCO3 disolution of the shell, which would act as a pH buffer. In this study, the role of shell CaCO3 in the regulation of internal homeostasis at different periods of aerial exposure was evaluated. We measured the variation of pH, Ca2+ and HCO3 - concentrations in the extrapallial cavity and Ca2+ concentration at the shell of P. purpuratus individuals from the low and high intertidal zones. The results show that pH increases in the extrapallial cavity fluids during the emersion period in the laboratory, followed by a decrease of the shell Ca2+. Ca2+ and HCO3 - concentrations did not show a significant variation in extrapallial fluids during the aerial exposure periods. Moreover, significant differences were found in the Ca2+ and HCO3 - concentrations at the extrapallial fluids between individuals from low and high tidal levels. However, in the majority of measured variables, in spite of acclimation period, the basal levels were different between individuals from the low and high intertidal zones, suggesting physiological differences due to genetic differences among organisms inhabiting both zones, Por efecto de los ritmos de marea, los bivalvos intermareales quedan expuestos a prolongados periodos de emersión diarios durante las mareas bajas. Bajo estas condiciones, el mitílido Perumytilus purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) cierra sus valvas y entra en anaerobiosis por la interrupción del flujo de oxígeno. En esta situación baja el pH de los fluidos corporales provocando la disolución del CaCO3 de las valvas y que actuaría como amortiguador de pH. En este estudio se evaluaron las fluctuaciones de pH, Ca2+ y HCO3 - en los fluidos de la cavidad extrapaleal y de Ca2+ en las valvas de individuos de P. purpuratus provenientes del intermareal bajo y alto, expuestos a periodos progresivos de emersión. Los resultados indican que el pH en los fluidos de la cavidad extrapaleal aumentó durante el periodo de emersión en laboratorio, lo cual fue seguido por una disminución de la concentración de Ca2+ de las valvas. Las concentraciones de Ca2+ y HCO3 - en los fluidos extrapaleales no mostraron variación significativa durante el tiempo de exposición aérea. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de Ca2+ y HCO3 - de los fluidos extrapaleales entre individuos del intermareal rocoso alto y bajo. No obstante lo anterior y a pesar del periodo de aclimatación, los niveles de la mayor parte de las variables medidas presentaron un valor basal diferente entre individuos del intermareal bajo y alto, lo cual sugiere diferencias fisiológicas, debido a diferencias genéticas, entre individuos de ambas zonas.