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In het derde nummer van het Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid is een artikel verschenen van Tops en De Vries over de toepassing van artikel 13b Opiumwet. In deze Trending topics worden kanttekeningen geplaatst bij de conclusies van beide auteurs.

In the EncroChat operation, French law enforcement authorities collected over 120 million messages from 60.000 EncroChat users. They cooperated with Dutch law enforcement authorities and Europol in a Joint Investigation Team. In the Netherlands, EncroChat data has already been used in over 200 criminal cases. This article examines what lessons can be learned from the Dutch experience with the EncroChat operation from a human rights perspective, in particular the right to a fair trial.

The perception of being treated fairly during decision-making processes is an important topic in the research literature on law and society. Many studies have indeed found that perceived procedural justice affects people’s reactions, for instance, by increasing their trust in legal authorities and lowering their intentions to protest against these authorities’ decisions. Here, we reveal support for this fair process effect and point to some of its potential boundary conditions. In our experimental study, 239 participants imagined being the defendant during a single-judge criminal court hearing that used either a fair or an unfair procedure. Following the experience of a fair as opposed to an unfair procedure, participants showed more trust in judges and were less inclined to protest against the judicial ruling. Interestingly, the effect of the procedure manipulation on trust in judges was moderated by the extent to which participants attributed their case outcomes to external causes. We found a fair process effect among participants with relatively low external attribution ratings, while this effect attenuated and was not statistically significant among participants whose external attribution ratings were relatively high. These findings point to the possibility that attributional processes can moderate people’s responses to procedural justice in legally relevant contexts.

This article engages with critiques of multilevel governance (MLG) perspectives on asylum governance andidentifies two additional points of concern. First, it highlights the importance of empirically groundingreflections on the limits of the MLG approach, beyond the activism of city actors, by examining localasylum dynamics from the vantage point of mayors inrural and small urbanmunicipalities. It examineshow Dutch mayors in rural and small urban municipalities in the Dutch province of Zeeland experiencedand framed asylum governance in a multilevel setting between 2015 and 2016. Second, this articlebrings into focus internal dynamics, interactions between mayors and municipal actors within themunicipality, alongside external interactions and pre-existing local and regional challenges, such as ruralcrisis. It argues that even in the context of cooperative modes of governance, mayors navigate variouschallenges. In terms of framing, this article shows how mayors in this multilevel context commonlyframed municipal involvement in asylum governance as a duty rather than as a burden or benefittotheir localities. It argues that this framing reflects a local‘politics of consensus’rather than‘localpragmatism’

De doctrine van de trias politica is een van de meest bekende en meest besproken concepten in de literatuur over staatsinrichting. Toch kan het sterk verschillen welke betekenis er in het wetenschappelijk discours aan de trias politica wordt gegeven en hoe macht en machtsuitoefening binnen deze kaders kunnen worden gekanaliseerd en gereguleerd. In een multidisciplinaire verkenning van dit concept worden drie betekenissen van ‘trias politica’ onderscheiden: (1) de trias als doctrine, (2) de trias als positiefrechtelijke praktijk en (3) de trias als een set regels van het politieke spel. Deze drie betekenissen weerspiegelen elk een eigen component in het onderzoek naar de trias, respectievelijk: normatief, beschrijvend en verklarend. In deze bijdrage wordt gekeken naar de mogelijkheden om in interdisciplinair onderzoek de drie betekenissen van de trias politica zorgvuldig te gebruiken en te combineren.

In 2021, the District Court of The Hague ruled that the use of ethnicity by the Dutch Royal Police (KMar) in the context of Mobile Security Surveillance (MTV) did not violate the right to non-discrimination as protected in Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Two months after the ruling, the KMar announced that it no longer would use ethnicity as a selection criterion. Although this decision is to be welcomed, existing questions about ethnic profiling in border and migration policies have not been resolved. This contribution examines whether the use of ethnicity as a selection criterion should not always be regarded as discriminatory. In addition, it will be examined what the KMar's announcement to stop ethnic profiling means in practice in view of the increasing use of automated risk assessments at the border. This contribution, which also addresses relevant case law from the European courts, offers non-lawyers an insight into the scope of the right to non-discrimination, especially with regard to the increasing use of border technologies in Europe.

The current paper aims to provide insight into judges’ perceptions of how fairly they treat litigants and how important case outcomes are to litigants, and whether these perceptions relate to litigants' perceptions of procedural justice and outcome importance. Respondents were litigants involved in bankruptcy, landlord-tenant, and administrative law cases and judges handling these cases at the district court of the Mid-Netherlands. Both litigants and judges indicated outcome importance and procedural justice. Litigants also indicated their trust in judges. Multilevel analyses using hierarchical regression showed a positive association between judicial and litigant perceptions of outcome importance and no significant association between judges' and litigants’ perceptions of procedural justice. This indicates that whereas judges and litigants largely agreed on how important case outcomes were, their views about how fairly judges handled cases diverged. These insights enhance our understanding of linkages and discrepancies between judges' and litigants' views on important aspects of the legal system.

De stelling in deze aflevering van TvCR luidt: ‘In de zaak Gündoğan/Volt wreekte zich het ontbreken van een fatsoenlijke wettelijke regeling over het functioneren van Kamerfracties.’ Max Vetzo pleit tegen deze stelling. Volgens hem schuilt het probleem niet in het ontbreken van objectieve wettelijke normen, maar in institutionele onduidelijkheid over de vraag welke rol de rechter in geschillen over het fractielidmaatschap van Kamerleden toekomt.

This article examines digital tactics adopted by refugees and asylum-seekers in the Netherlands to cope with spatial and temporal dimensions of uncertainty during different stages of their arrival. It draws attention to how particular modes of Dutch asylum and refugee reception governance, such as dispersal and housing allocation policies, give rise to spatial and temporal uncertainties. Based on participant observations and 23 qualitative interviews with recognized refugees in the cities of Utrecht and Houten, the article offers insight into how refugees used digital tactics and mobile connectivity to ‘navigate in’ and ‘negotiate beyond uncertainty’. The article seeks to contribute to this conceptual differentiation between ‘navigating in’ and ‘negotiating beyond’ uncertainty, engaging with work on migrant agency that acknowledges their acts of resilience, reworking and resistance. Lastly, I discuss this understanding of digital tactics to cope with uncertainty in light of recent critiques in forced migration studies of essentialist understandings of uncertainty and utilitarian narratives of digitally connected migrants.

In dit artikel wordt de praktijk van datagedreven opsporing beschreven en worden de consequenties ervan voor het stelsel van strafvordering geduid. Om datagedreven opsporing uit normatief oogpunt in te bedden in het stelsel van strafvordering, zal moeten worden onderkend dat de toepassing van opsporingsbevoegdheden óók gericht kan zijn op andere doelstellingen (zoals het verstoren van criminele infrastructuren of het produceren van intelligence). Daarbij moeten worden gezocht naar een vorm van normering die ook passend is voor deze andere doelstellingen. Het is daarvoor noodzakelijk dat het Wetboek van Strafvordering en de Wet politiegegevens beter op elkaar aansluiten en het stelsel van toezicht en controle op datagedreven opsporing opnieuw wordt ingericht.

De sluitingsbevoegdheid van de burgemeester die is neergelegd in artikel 13b Opiumwet is bij uitstek een voorbeeld van een bepaling die zich bevindt op het snijvlak van het bestuursrecht en het strafrecht. In deze bijdrage wordt artikel 13b Opiumwet besproken in het perspectief van de burgemeester als misdaadbestrijder. Vanuit het gegeven dat artikel 13b Opiumwet als (extra) doel de drugsbestrijding heeft gekregen, wordt betoogd dat een burgemeester die deze bepaling toepast onder omstandigheden zeker als een misdaadbestrijder kan worden aangemerkt.

Increasingly, urban actors invoke human rights to address inequalities, combat privatisation, and underline common aspirations, or to protect vested (private) interests. The potential and the pitfalls of these processes are conditioned by the urban, and deeply political. These urban politics of human rights are at the heart of this book.An international line-up of contributors with long-term engagement in this field shed light on these politics in cities on four continents and eight cities, presenting a wealth of empirical detail and disciplinary theoreticalisation perspectives. They analyse the ‘city society’, the urban actors involved, and the mechanisms of human rights mobilisation. In doing so, they show the commonalities in rights engagement in today’s globalised and often deeply unequal cities characterised by urban law, private capital but also communities that rally around concepts as the ‘right to the city’. Most importantly, the chapters highlight the conditions under which this mobilisation truly contributes to social justice, be it concerning the simple right to presence, cultural rights, accessible housing or – in times of COVID – health care.Urban Politics of Human Rights provides indispensable reading for anyone with a practical or theoretical interest in the complex, deeply political, and at times also truly promising interrelationship between human rights and the urban.

In many regions around the world, the governance of migration increasingly involves local authorities and actors. This edited volume introduces theoretical contributions that, departing from the 'local turn' in migration studies, highlight the distinct role that legal processes, debates, and instruments play in driving this development. Drawing on historical and contemporary case studies, it demonstrates how paying closer analytical attention to legal questions reveals the inherent tensions and contradictions of migration governance. By investigating socio-legal phenomena such as sanctuary jurisdictions, it further explores how the law structures ongoing processes of (re)scaling in this domain. Beyond offering conceptual and empirical discussions of local migration governance, this volume also directly confronts the pressing normative questions that follow from the growing involvement of local authorities and actors. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

In deze bijdrage staan wij stil bij het snelrecht, een fenomeen dat al lang bekend is in de strafrechtspleging, maar waar tegelijk veel verschillende beelden bij bestaan. Enerzijds wordt snelrecht gezien als hét instrument in de ‘lik-op-stuk’-aanpak. Anderzijds is het een middel om snel en efficiënt strafzaken af te doen en achterstanden weg te werken. Het snelrecht voldoet echter lang niet altijd aan de verwachtingen en is onvoldoende met procedurele waarborgen omkleed. We proberen de (on)mogelijkheden op een rij te zetten.

This article analyses the procedural right to a remedy under human rights law when applied to armed groups controlling territory and exercising governance. Using the Al Hassan case before the International Criminal Court as a reference point and drawing on literature on rebel governance from other disciplines, the article conducts a critical review of the application of the right to a remedy to armed groups. Finding that the right to a procedural remedy applied to armed groups can be useful and realistic, the articles evaluates how the main tools of the right to a remedy (1) domestic law and (2) domestic courts, can and should be treated, when dealing with territory controlled by armed groups. Adopting a high-altitude perspective that identifies and discusses the dynamics within the discourse that resist recognition of armed groups’ law and courts under human rights law, the article highlights key tensions within the system of international law and reflects on what the legal framework, taken as a system, can expect and require from armed groups.

A plea for more research into the causes of and solutions for the challenges of the Dutch complaint procedure in prisons in the light of procedural justice theory.The aim of this article is to urge the need for (further) research into the experiences of prisoners with the Dutch complaint procedure in prisons. Legally and theoretically speaking, the Dutch complaint procedure is almost “picture-perfect”: it has been set as an example by the ECtHR and has repeatedly received a high approval rating by the CPT. Therefore, it could serve - and is already serving - as an example for other member states of the Council of Europe. However, the Dutch Life in Custody Study shows that prisoners are not satisfied with the way their complaint is dealt with and the procedure is overflowing with complaints. For the Dutch complaint procedure to keep serving as an example for other countries, and at the same time to be able to overcome the challenges it faces today, the causes of and solutions for these challenges should be investigated. We argue that (inter alia) the notion of procedural justice could provide excellent opportunities for further research in this field.

Met Operation Trojan Shield hebben de (Nederlandse) autoriteiten de populariteit van cryptophones perfect uitgebuit. In deze bijdrage wordt onderzocht welke wettelijke grondslag gebruikt zou kunnen zijn bij (1) de ontwikkeling van de hardware en de daarop geïnstalleerde software; (2) de verspreiding van de toestellen; (3) het verkrijgen van vertrouwelijke communicatie doordat de toestellen zijn gebruikt; en (4) de analyse van de inhoud van de verstuurde en ontvangen communicatie. De inzet van deze handelingen wordt ten slotte beoordeeld in het licht van het legaliteitsbeginsel zoals dat volgt uit artikel 8 lid 2 EVRM.

Het steeds verder uitbreiden van het spreekrecht doet vermoeden dat daaraan behoefte bestaat bij spreekgerechtigden. Of dit daadwerkelijk het geval is, is echter onduidelijk: sinds de invoering van het spreekrecht in 2005 is nauwelijks onderzocht wat de behoeften van slachtoffers en nabestaanden zijn ten aanzien van de uitoefening van hun spreekrecht. In deze bijdrage bespreek ik de opzet van mijn promotieonderzoek, waarin ik wil achterhalen wat deze behoeften van spreekgerechtigden zijn en in hoeverre het spreekrecht voldoet aan die behoeften.

This dissertation explores the interplay between the politics of human rights and forced migration in several Dutch and German municipalities. It sought to answer the question of why and how municipal actors engage with human rights in the context of forced migration, and through which encounters and spaces human rights-based approaches to the reception and inclusion of forced migrants develop. To guide my inquiry into this twofold question, five sub-questions on themes running through the chapters of this dissertation were formulated. These five questions focus on municipal actors’ (1) motives for engaging with human rights, (2) their understandings of human rights, (3) their frames and strategies to legitimate municipal approaches in this area, (4) the spaces and encounters through which human-rights based responses develop (5) and the spaces through which their limits manifest. First of all, my PhD research shows that even in relatively hospitable environments, where international legal norms and principles are widely endorsed, municipal actors carefully weigh different strategies and navigate dilemmas when invoking human rights. They use human rights as a source of inspiration for local human-rights based approaches to the reception and inclusion of forced migrants and as a source of legitimation to justify local divergence from national policies. Secondly, I highlight how municipal actors have different understandings of the local relevance of human rights and responsibilities regarding forced migration. By focusing on institutional, rather than everyday settings, I tried to bring into focus how local engagements with human rights may centre on contesting understandings of human rights responsibilities and duty bearers, as opposed to rights holders and norm addressees (forced migrants). In the last two chapters of this thesis, I zoom in on how different (normative) understandings of arrival shape local efforts to develop rights-based approaches to the reception and inclusion of forced migrants. Third, this thesis points to different strategies to legitimate municipal involvement, and argues it is important to differentiate between discursive, discreet and discretionary strategies and to consider the implications of their application in different settings. Fourth, the thesis offers a spatially aware examination of the politics of human rights and forced migration, by examining how institutional settings and public spaces in cities, towns and rural municipalities, are more than simply a stage for encounters between forced migrants and municipal actors, because the functions, design and artefacts of these spaces also mould the local politics of human rights and forced migration. Fifth, this investigation brings into focus how municipal actors and other actors negotiate the limits of rights-based approaches to forced migration and zooms in on airports and asylum seeker centres as sites where the limits of municipal mandates and rights-based approaches are negotiated. To conclude, this thesis argues that exploring these five dimensions is essential to understanding the complexities of local human-rights based responses to forced migration and to developing a broad understanding of the local interplay between the politics of human rights and forced migration in these different German and Dutch localities.

Het voorstel Tijdelijke wet onderzoeken AIVD en MIVD naar landen met een offensief cyberprogramma is eind 2022 aanhangig gemaakt bij de Tweede Kamer. Het wetsvoorstel beoogt de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten meer slagkracht te geven in hun onderzoek naar landen met een offensief cyberprogramma. Dit artikel gaat in op de verwachte effectiviteit van deze ‘Cyberwet’, en met name die van de voorgestelde wijzigingen rondom de inzet van bijzondere bevoegdheden. Het gaat hierbij vooral om de hackbevoegdheid en de bevoegdheid tot kabelinterceptie. Het kabinet wil de inzet van deze bevoegdheden in de context van offensieve cyberprogramma’s dynamischer maken. Hiermee doet het kabinet een goede poging om het juridisch kader beter te laten aansluiten op de praktijk. Hoewel de Cyberwet sommige drempels voorafgaand aan de inzet van bevoegdheden verlaagt, kan het voorgestelde toezicht tijdens de inzet van bevoegdheden een goede balans opleveren tussen voldoende slagkracht en voldoende waarborgen.

Citizens and companies involved in a legal dispute can go to court. A civil law procedure ends in a verdict or a settlement. If parties see possibilities for an amicable agreement, the judge suspends the hearing so that they and their lawyers can negotiate one in the corridor. That almost always happens. In one out of three proceedings, the parties settle. We know from previous research which settlement interventions by judges help parties to settle amicably and which do not, but also that not every party is satisfied with achieved agreements. What actually happens in the corridor? That is what this study is all about. I observed 24 court cases in the courtroom and the hallways. Afterward, I interviewed litigants and their lawyers. That yielded relevant insights. First, there are remarkable differences in how (actively) lawyers and judges help parties settle. Often there is little negotiation in the corridor. People who go to a hearing do not expect a settlement. They are principled, often see their case as black and white, and hardly prepare settlement negotiations. Whenever the judge raises the possibility of settling the case, they don't know what to do with it. They do not tell what they need, and judges do not ask. Furthermore, settlement attempts sometimes miss the mark due to the idea that lawyers and judges have self-interests. All this regularly leads to litigants standing empty-handed in the corridor. Continued litigation is inevitable. In short, this study answers what actually happens in the corridors of the courthouses during suspensions of civil court hearings: sometimes very little, but at the same time always an awful lot. The process of finding solutions to litigants’ problems is an extraordinarily complex and multidisciplinary one, and I greatly respect lawyers and judges for taking it on. Conflict resolution is not assembly-line work, but custom work. There is no single settlement intervention that always works. What is effective varies from case to case and from party to party. This, however, does not change the fact that we now know what generally works. Settling is custom work done by people, with all the problematic human and legal interactions that entails. I hope that this research will lead to more focus on the human aspect – how litigants, lawyers, and judges behave, interact, and communicate, as well as their morality. I hope that it will remind us that lawsuits are ultimately about people. People who are not able to solve their problems independently and who seek help from legal representatives and the judiciary. People who are not looking for a settlement factory or a charade in the courthouse corridor, but are simply seeking a solution to their legal problems.

Constitutionele toetsing staat volop in de belangstelling. Getuige de ‘Hoofdlijnenbrief constitutionele toetsing’ wil het kabinet-Rutte IV nu ook echt werk gaan maken van wijziging van het toetsingsverbod. Het kabinet balanceert daarbij tussen meer rechterlijke rechtsbescherming enerzijds en het voorkomen van vergaande wijzigingen in de verhouding rechter-wetgever anderzijds. Voor het verdere debat over constitutionele toetsing anno 2022 is het behulpzaam als enkele van de (oudere) dichotomieën waarvan het kabinet zich bij die evenwichtsoefening bedient, worden ingeruild voor hedendaags, verfijnder rechtsdenken.

∞ This article addresses what the increased role of strategic litigation and universal jurisdiction for serious international crimes in domestic courts means for international criminal justice by exploring the opportunities and risks as well as implications for the field. A number of key overlapping and countervailing trends stand out: (i) a growing landscape where domestic legal systems are playing larger roles; (ii) a constantly proliferating and complex transnational network of actors – formal and informal – involved in the pursuit of accountability; and (iii) a risk of further entrenching Eurocentrism of international criminal justice resulting from the dominance of European domestic courts for the prosecution of international crimes under universal jurisdiction. The article concludes by stressing the importance of strategic litigation and universal jurisdiction and the role played by civil society in pursuing accountability for serious international crimes, and puts forward some modest recommendations for mitigating some of the identified risks.

Onlangs werd Nederland als narcostaat gecategoriseerd, op basis van een nieuwe definitie. In Nederland zou sprake zijn van grootschalige productie en doorvoer van verdovende middelen, zou door drugscriminelen nietsontziend geweld worden gebruikt en veel door drugshandel verkregen geld worden witgewassen. In deze bijdrage worden zowel de definitie van narcostaat als de toepassing ervan kritisch besproken.

This study approaches the flow of constitutional ideas from a new angle. It focuses on scholarly public law communities from a comparative and historical perspective. As case in point, it examines French, German and Italian scholarly use of foreign law in the canonical debate on the position of national constitutional courts in the EU. This investigation reveals the contours of a convergence guided by a judicial influencer. In both Italian and French public law scholarship, the history of scholarly use of foreign law is to a considerable extent the history of referring to the Karlsruhe-based German Constitutional Court. In contrast, German public law scholarship appears to be rather inward-looking. This book explains why, and what consequences this holds for our understanding of the world of European constitutional law and its courts. In a nutshell: the influencer position of the German Constitutional Court reminds us that the Europeanisation of legal systems does not necessarily go in a single unifying direction. At least two knowledge communities exist. Alongside EU lawyers and legal scholars supporting the idea that the European Court of Justice forms the ultimate judicial authority, this study suggests the existence of a transnational ‘Karlsruhe Counter-Culture’. A culture based around the idea that national constitutional courts and national constitutions do not stand hierarchically below the European Court of Justice and EU law.

In deze bijdrage gaan wij in op het begrip technisch hulpmiddel en twee daaraan gekoppelde discussiepunten, te weten de definitie van technisch hulpmiddel en de voorafgaande keuring van software. Op basis daarvan beantwoorden wij in deze bijdrage de vraag wat het toekomstige recht moet regelen met betrekking tot de keuring van technische hulpmiddelen.

This chapter analyses the international humanitarian rules on veterinary personnel. It distinguishes between international armed conflicts and non-international armed conflicts and examines the legal consequences of violations. The chapter also reflects on the anthropocentric nature of international humanitarian law and discusses how this body of law might take better account of the interdependency of the fate of the human race with the fate of the other animal and plant species with which it shares the planet. It finally recommends lines of investigations on the legal protection of veterinary personnel.

Following a corporate disaster such as bankruptcy, people in general and damaged parties, in particular, want to know what happened and whether the company's directors are to blame. The accurate assessment of directors’ liability can be jeopardized by having to judge in hindsight with full knowledge of the adverse outcome. The present study investigates whether professional legal investigators such as judges and lawyers are affected by hindsight bias and outcome bias when evaluating directors’ conduct in a bankruptcy case. Additionally, to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these biases, we also examine whether free will beliefs can predict susceptibility to hindsight bias and outcome bias in this context. In two studies (total N = 1,729), we demonstrate that legal professionals tend to judge a director's actions more negatively and perceive bankruptcy as more foreseeable in hindsight than in foresight and that these effects are significantly stronger for those who endorse the notion that humans have free will. This contribution is particularly timely considering the many companies that are currently going bankrupt or are facing bankruptcy amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Climate change is already being felt around the world, impacting a range of human rights including ultimately the right to life. While a healthy environment is a pre-condition for the enjoyment of rights, the environment is not mentioned in the foundational human rights document – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – nor is it specifically protected in subsequent international human rights treaties. This artificial division is partially a function of the separate development of international human rights and environmental law in the last century, which today needs urgently to be bridged. Progress is slowly being made, such as the 2021 Resolution recognising the right to a healthy environment by the UN Human Rights Council and the various petitions being lodged before human rights bodies. This column discusses the (long overdue) recognition of the human rights/environment nexus and the subsequent human rights turn in climate change litigation. In light of the challenges still faced when addressing the impacts of climate change under human rights law, we engage in (self-)reflection on the professional responsibilities of judges/decision-makers, lawyers, and scholars as active participants in the development of the law as well as the struggle for climate justice. We urge these legal professionals to be aware of the power they have in shaping these developments, and discuss how their role can be performed responsibly.

Recently, two books have appeared that venture to re-investigate modern legal theory's ancient Greek underpinnings. In both books, the notion of nomos plays a central role. Firstly, Thanos Zartaloudis has published a remarkable study in which he delves into the manifold meanings of that ancient Greek word. Zartaloudis offers us an extraordinarily rich analysis of the polyvalent forms and uses of nomos from the age of Homer up to the days of Socrates – the classical period in which nomos would finally come to acquire its sense of an enacted legal norm (‘law’) or binding social convention (‘custom’). Secondly, nomos is of central importance in Johan van der Walt’s recent book on the intertwined modern notions of liberal democracy and the rule of law – referred to by Van der Walt as the concept of liberal democratic law. For Van der Walt, the analysis of ancient Greek nomos and its long and tortuous reception history in western thought is crucial for a proper understanding of what the modern concept of liberal democratic law entails and how it could be saved for the future.

During the last decade the potential of insects for human nutritional protein is increasingly recognised. Direct consumption of insects contributes to a reduction of the ecological footprint of human food production and is claimed to have health benefits. An alternative is feeding poultry (broilers and layers) with insect-derived protein. This offers several additional advantages, e.g. a more extensive use of (new sources) of organic by-products of food industry for insect production. Implementation of a People-Planet-Profit (PPP) sustainable way of utilising these opportunities requires the development of sustainable business models. Such business models need to be based on the opportunities of insect-derived protein in feeding poultry but should also include the risks associated with insect-derived protein for feeding poultry. This article explores the insect-fed poultry production value chain through an interdisciplinary approach. First, the essential features of this value chain are described. Then, an inventory and classification is made of the main opportunities and risks of this value chain. Finally, the opportunity-risk trade-offs are discussed, as well as their implications for developing sustainable business models. We conclude that for PPP-sustainable business models, management of the asymmetric trade-offs between opportunities and risks related to possible contamination of organic by-products used as substrate for insect production should receive prime attention. Implications for organising the value chain are discussed.

Contains fulltext : 247473.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 14 p.

In this article we reflect on our experiences as supervisors in a field methods course in order to explore how ethnographic research practices can be used as tools in the supervision of students that conduct field research for the first time and as such to provide insights about what constitutes “good supervision.” Our reflections follow the three main stages of fieldwork: preparing and designing research, doing fieldwork, and reporting on research, as the role of the supervisor and their relationship with students transforms accordingly. We describe how we use the parallels between “doing research” and “teaching how to do research” as tools for teaching field methods through learning by doing. We pay specific attention to three central elements of ethnographic practice: building rapport, social interaction (the “supervisor effect”), and reflexivity that we use in our supervision.