114 results on '"Montagnards"'
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2. Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Characterize Health and Lifestyle Behaviors of Montagnards, a Refugee-Origin Asian-American Subgroup.
- Author
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Morrison, Sharon D., Sudha, S., Denzongpa, Kunga, Adrong, H'Yua, Bernot, Kelsie, Malotky, Michele, and Nsonwu, Maura
- Subjects
- *
LIFESTYLES , *OBESITY , *HEALTH status indicators , *MEDICAL care research , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *SELF-efficacy , *HEALTH behavior , *REFUGEES , *MENTAL depression , *DECISION making , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *BODY mass index , *ETHNIC groups , *DATA analysis software - Abstract
Montagnards, an indigenous multitribal refugee-origin population concentrated in North Carolina, remain an invisible, medically underserved, and socioeconomically underrepresented Asian American sub-group. Yet this group is resilient, with language diversity, rich cultural traditions and family caregiving in multigenerational households. Using community-based participatory research methods, we developed and administered a two-part survey to 144 Montagnard adults, documenting socioeconomic characteristics, health indicators and lifestyle behaviors. Forty-one percent of participants had no formal education, 76% had little/no English proficiency and 28% described having a very hard time paying their bills. Seventy-seven percent were overweight per BMI category, 79% had elevated blood pressure and 100% scored high for significant depressive symptoms. Participants reported high levels of physical inactivity and daily dietary intake of MSG. However, Montagnards reported limited tobacco and alcohol use, a diet of fresh vegetables and rice, and regular church attendance. These represent protective lifestyle behaviors and targets for culturally responsive health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Representative Democracy versus Government by Opinion.
- Author
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Ghins, Arthur
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRACY , *PUBLIC opinion , *REPRESENTATIVE government , *SOVEREIGNTY , *FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 , *POLITICAL participation , *MONTAGNARDS - Abstract
Democratic theorists often associate public opinion with democracy and associate public opinion with popular sovereignty. They usually trace these two associations to the French Revolution. In this article, I reconsider them by returning to French Revolution–era debates on extraelectoral participation. For Condorcet, the Montagnards, and the liberal theorist Germaine de Staël, I argue, public opinion and popular sovereignty provide two distinct ways of conceptualizing political participation beyond election. Condorcet and the Montagnards defended the direct exercise of popular sovereignty beyond election as constitutive of democratic politics. Staël rejected that exercise and offered public opinion instead as the best and exclusive way of conceptualizing extraelectoral participation. This controversy reveals that public opinion has no timeless connection with democracy. Rather, government by opinion was conceived of in reaction to early advocacies of representative democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Notes & Comments: March 2023.
- Subjects
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POLITICAL movements , *FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 , *GIRONDISTS , *MONTAGNARDS , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
The article discusses how revolutionary movements tend to give rise to factions, with the more radical elements often gaining ascendancy over the more moderate ones. It lists few examples include the French Revolution, where the Girondins opposed monarchy but eschewed violence, and were ultimately executed by the more radical Montagnards who embarked on the Reign of Terror. Similarly, the Bolsheviks consolidated power in the Russian Revolution, purging the more moderate Mensheviks.
- Published
- 2023
5. Paine in the Convention
- Author
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Lounissi, Carine and Lounissi, Carine
- Published
- 2018
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6. Soothsayers and horoscopes: new modes of inquiring into the future in northern Laos.
- Subjects
MANTODEA ,URBANIZATION ,ECONOMIC development ,SOCIAL change ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. CÉCILE RENAULT ET « L'ATTENTAT » CONTRE ROBESPIERRE DU 4 PRAIRIAL AN II, ROYALISME POPULAIRE ET PEURS DU COMPLOT DANS LE PARIS RÉVOLUTIONNAIRE.
- Author
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BOULARD, Lucie
- Subjects
ROYALISTS ,CONSPIRACY ,MONTAGNARDS - Abstract
Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
8. Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Characterize Health and Lifestyle Behaviors of Montagnards, a Refugee-Origin Asian-American Subgroup
- Author
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Maura Nsonwu, Kelsie M. Bernot, Kunga Denzongpa, Sharon D. Morrison, S. Sudha, Michele Malotky, and H’Yua Adrong
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Community-Based Participatory Research ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Psychological intervention ,Community-based participatory research ,Overweight ,Refugee-origin ,Montagnards ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,education ,Socioeconomic status ,Exercise ,Life Style ,education.field_of_study ,Original Paper ,Refugees ,Church attendance ,Asian ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Lifestyle ,Health indicator ,Asian-American ,Health ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology - Abstract
Montagnards, an indigenous multitribal refugee-origin population concentrated in North Carolina, remain an invisible, medically underserved, and socioeconomically underrepresented Asian American sub-group. Yet this group is resilient, with language diversity, rich cultural traditions and family caregiving in multigenerational households. Using community-based participatory research methods, we developed and administered a two-part survey to 144 Montagnard adults, documenting socioeconomic characteristics, health indicators and lifestyle behaviors. Forty-one percent of participants had no formal education, 76% had little/no English proficiency and 28% described having a very hard time paying their bills. Seventy-seven percent were overweight per BMI category, 79% had elevated blood pressure and 100% scored high for significant depressive symptoms. Participants reported high levels of physical inactivity and daily dietary intake of MSG. However, Montagnards reported limited tobacco and alcohol use, a diet of fresh vegetables and rice, and regular church attendance. These represent protective lifestyle behaviors and targets for culturally responsive health interventions.
- Published
- 2021
9. When Community Calls, We Collaborate! Community-Based Participatory Research With the Multilanguage Montagnard Refugee Community.
- Author
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Morrison, Sharon D., Sudha, S., Young, Andrew, Dharod, Jigna, Nie, Y Bhim, Siu, H. Wier, Siu, Lek, Ksor, H Vung, Sayers, Janet, Bernot, Kelsie, Malotky, Michele, and Nsonwu, Maura
- Subjects
COMMUNITY-based participatory research ,VIETNAMESE refugees ,HEALTH of refugees ,CHRONIC diseases ,MONTAGNARDS ,HYPERTENSION - Abstract
Abstract Background: Montagnard refugees, an indigenous multilingual tribal people from Vietnam, experience lifestyle changes and post-resettlement challenges in the United States that contribute to chronic health conditions. Foundational research and health data are lacking. Objectives: We describe the Montagnard Hypertension Study, a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project documenting chronic disease risk. Methods: We developed a Montagnard dictionary of hypertension-specific terminology and conducted two focus group discussions (FGD), 131 biological assessments (blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, scalp hair and saliva sample collection), and 127 behavioral surveys. We implemented two health fairs that offered services to the community. Lessons Learned: This is the first study to examine chronic disease using a CBPR framework for Montagnard health. We highlight lessons learned specific to constituents and their capacities, historical and current conflicts, and the iterative processes in CBPR design. Conclusions: CBPR is a practically achievable approach to studying chronic disease risk within indigenous, tribal communities, with implications for future research with Asian American subgroups and other minority populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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10. L'invention d'un vir bonus dicendi peritus révolutionnaire ou la régénération de l'orateur romain
- Author
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Parent, Hélène
- Subjects
Montagnards ,Éloquence parlementaire ,Antiquité ,Mirabeau ,Chénier Marie-Joseph - Abstract
L’éloquence d’assemblée de la Révolution française a souvent été lue comme une prose rébarbative saturée d’images antiquisantes passées de mode. Pourtant, ces représentations, le plus souvent romaines, constituent une clef de compréhension de la manière dont les orateurs révolutionnaires se représentent eux-mêmes et construisent leur ethos. Ils fondent ainsi un nouvel idéal de l’orateur politique, un Cicéron moderne par rapport auquel les révolutionnaires du siècle suivant devront se situer.
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- 2022
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11. A Second Terror: The Purges of French Revolutionary Legislators after Thermidor.
- Author
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Harder, Mette
- Subjects
- *
FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 , *REPRESENTATIVE government , *POLITICAL violence , *CRIMES against legislators , *POLITICAL purges , *MONTAGNARDS , *HISTORY ,THERMIDORIAN Reaction, France, 1794 - Abstract
French revolutionary legislators faced assassins, violent insurrections, and the risk of being injured or killed while on mission. Statistically, however, the most dangerous place for them was their own legislative assembly. As full-scale parliamentary warfare erupted between different political "factions" in the founding year of the republic, the safeguards of parliamentary immunity were removed and hundreds of legislators were purged. Much research has been done on the famous parliamentary purges of the Terror. The practice continued, however, long after Robespierre's fall as the Thermidorian Reaction experienced a second Terror in the legislature. Little is known about these later purges, and few comparisons have been made to the higher-profile cases of Year II. This article investigates why the Thermidorians failed to halt the cycle of parliamentary violence in the post-Terror era, arguing that the purging of legislators had by then become a destructive, long-term political habit with dangerous consequences for French representative democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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12. 9 Thermidor: Cinderella among Revolutionary Journées.
- Author
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Jones, Colin
- Subjects
- *
FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 , *MONTAGNARDS , *WORKING class , *HISTORY , *HISTORIOGRAPHY ,THERMIDORIAN Reaction, France, 1794 ,REIGN of Terror, France, 1793-1794 - Abstract
Following the overthrow of Robespierre in the journée of 9 Thermidor II (July 27, 1794), the Convention set about establishing an official version of the events of the day. The principal protagonists had been Robespierre's fellow Montagnards and the Parisian sections, which responded positively to the Convention's call for armed support against Robespierre and the Paris Commune during the night of 9-10 Thermidor. Yet by the time the moderate deputy Edme-Bonaventure Courtois presented the official report to the assembly on 8 Thermidor Year III (July 26, 1795), a thorough reconceptualization of the day had occurred. The role of the Montagnards and of the people of Paris was simply erased. This rewriting of history was congruent with the general direction of Thermidorian policies toward popular involvement in the revolutionary process. It was also to prove influential in subsequent historiography of the events of 9 Thermidor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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13. CAMEROON.
- Author
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Bouba, Hawe Hamman and Abdoulaye, Hassoumi
- Subjects
INDIGENOUS peoples -- Government policy ,LEGAL status of minorities ,BORORO (African people) ,PYGMIES ,MONTAGNARDS ,HUNTER-gatherer societies ,PASTORAL societies - Abstract
The article discusses the position of indigenous peoples of Cameroon as stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon which uses the terminology of indigenous and minorities in its preamble however its lacks specific reference. The indigenous peoples include hunter and gatherers, Pygmies, the Mbororo pastoralists and the Montagnards or mountain communities and mentions the government's voting of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007.
- Published
- 2015
14. Mourir pour… ? Innocence et vérité dans les défenses des condamnés en l’an III
- Author
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Guilhaumou, Jacques, Brunel, Françoise, Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique (TRIANGLE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon (IEP Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (IHMC), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biard, Michel, Ducange, Jean-Numa, Frétigné, Jean-Yves, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon (IEP Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
- Subjects
Montagnards ,Isoard ,[SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics ,[SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,Révolution française ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2021
15. Managing the Revolution.
- Author
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Williams, David
- Abstract
1789: PRELIMINARIES Prior to the convocation of the Estates-General the principle of constitutional redress through revolutionary action was inferred in effect in Condorcet's political thinking in the form of a firm advocacy of the right of the governed to change constitutions, and to withdraw their consent to be ruled, should the terms of the contract of association be breached. His defence of this right co-existed with a deep fear of rapid upheaval, anarchy and mob violence that would never leave him, and in the months following the fall of the Bastille he would have much to say on the management of the raw forces of insurrection and their containment, once unleashed, within a monarchical system seamlessly transformed and endowed, unlike absolute autocracies, with the capacity to deflect demands for radical constitutional change. In the ebb and flow of revolutionary violence Condorcet never ceased to insist that progress was achievable only through reason, not force of arms, and that true victory over despotism came about when reason had marshalled its forces more effectively than those of the mob. Power, for Condorcet, would never emanate legitimately from the streets, or for that matter from the guillotine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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16. Profile of a political life.
- Author
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Williams, David
- Abstract
PRELUDE: 1743–1774 Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet, nicknamed ‘the condor’ by his friends, was born on 17 September 1743 in the garrison town of Ribemont in Picardy. His father, Antoine, was a cavalry captain of modest means whose noble lineage can be traced back to early medieval times. He was killed on manoeuvres at Neuf-Brisach a few weeks after Condorcet's birth, and Condorcet spent his childhood until the age of eleven in rural Picardy more or less tied to the apron-strings of his mother, Marie-Magdeleine Gaudry, whom he adored. Fiercely protected by his mother, who by all accounts was as superstitious and emotional as she was pious and possessive, the young boy remained exclusively under her influence for the first nine years of his life. The uneventful blandness of these well-cossetted, formative years, during which Condorcet received little in the way of formal education, but on which he would look back with great affection later on, is relieved only by the graphic account that survives in the biographies of a young boy decked out in the white dress of a girl devoted to the cult of the Virgin that his mother insisted that he should wear, no doubt to the great amusement of other boys in the town. The idyll ended, and dresses were replaced by breeches, when Condorcet's uncle, the Bishop of Lisieux, arranged for his nephew to enter the Jesuit College in Reims in 1756. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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17. Aftermath: Liberal Opposition and the July Revolution.
- Author
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Alexander, Robert
- Abstract
The July Revolution has been given less attention than those of 1789 and 1848, partly because it did not yield striking democratic progress, and partly because it did not bring a major transformation in the social system. The Revolution was, however, effective in establishing its limited objectives. Until recently, it has been treated largely as a Parisian rather than French affair, but such an interpretation has ignored the point that Parisian revolt required provincial approval to become revolution. Two crucial elements allowed the July Revolution to proceed. The first consisted of public opinion generally, and in this regard the Liberal Opposition played a vital role by providing an elite leadership that possessed mass support. A second factor lay in the army's response to revolt. One can perhaps argue that the army had become so professional that it was incapable of acting in partisan fashion in a civil conflict, but such ‘neutrality’ was in fact tantamount to sealing the fate of the regime. Save for the King's Guard, by 2 August forces concentrated near Saint-Cloud had been reduced by desertion to roughly 1,350 men, and virtually all garrisons in a fifty-mile radius had declared for the Revolution, rendering royalist plans to continue the fight south of the Loire unfeasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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18. False starts and uncertain beginnings: from the First Restoration (May 1814) to the elections of September 1816.
- Author
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Alexander, Robert
- Abstract
TUMULTUOUS POLITICS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL Uncertainty shrouded the First Restoration. Most historians have concluded that the First Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, was relatively lenient: France was reduced to her 1792 frontiers and lost colonies in the West Indies and the Indian Ocean, but would not have to pay reparations. The French, however, had grown accustomed to victory under Napoleon and what was lost was at least as apparent to them as what had been salvaged. Talleyrand would represent France at the Vienna Congress, but it was by no means clear that la grande nation would have much say in the post-war settlement. Wounded patriotism, thus, posed unsettling questions for a regime installed by the Allied powers. Perhaps the prospect of peace might have enabled the Bourbon monarchy to entrench itself, had the government not exacerbated tensions by committing a series of errors. There was little immediate administrative purge at the start of the First Restoration; 76 per cent of the Imperial corps was maintained. By February 1815, however, the Minister of the Interior, the abbé François-Xavier de Montesquiou, was asking prefects for lists with comments on the worthiness of fonctionnaires, and change was accelerating. More potentially explosive were alterations in the army. Reduction by about three-fifths was perhaps not a great danger where common soldiers were concerned; many of the latter had simply melted away in the face of defeat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Civilizing Latex
- Author
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Aso, Michitake, author
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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20. Conclusion
- Author
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Schechter, Ronald, author
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Terror before 'the Terror': June 1789–August 1793
- Author
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Schechter, Ronald, author
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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22. Terror Speech in the Year II
- Author
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Schechter, Ronald, author
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Rivet's Mission in Colonial Indochina (1931–1932) or the Failure to Create an Ethnographic Museum.
- Author
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Dias, Nélia
- Subjects
- *
MONTAGNARDS , *MUSEUMS , *ETHNOLOGY , *HISTORY ,FRENCH colonies - Abstract
By focusing on a transfer of a museological model from the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro to colonial Indochina, the paper examines the failure to create an ethnographic museum. The paper analyses, on the one hand, the collecting practices in the field and the circulation of knowledge, people, and objects from metropole to colony and vice versa. On the other hand, it seeks to highlight why Rivet and the École Française d'Extrême-Orient focused their research programme on the Montagnards from 1932 onwards at a time when French administration attempted to control the Highlands due to its strategic importance in terms of controlling Indochina. The concern with establishing ethnographic collections in Indochina extending from 1920s to 1938 attests the ways in which museums could be evolved in the governance of colonial populations. However, this concern underestimated the very fact that ethnographic museums differed for metropolitan populations and for colonizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Recherches sur l’histoire des paysages du Vietnam central. Le marché des sources (nguồn) et les routes de montagne du plateau d’An Khê
- Author
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Quan g Ngọc Nguyễn, Anh Minh Nguyễn Đặng, Frederico Barocco, Đình Hưng Nguyễn, Tiến Đông Nguyễn, Béatrice Wisniewski, and Andrew Hardy
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,temple ,Vietnam ,Champa ,history ,geography ,toponym ,road ,trade ,Tây Sơn ,highlander ,mountain ,inscription ,histoire ,géographie ,toponyme ,route ,commerce ,montagnards ,montagne ,Materials Chemistry ,Media Technology ,Forestry - Abstract
Hardy Andrew, Barocco Frederico, Nguyễn Đặng Anh Minh, Nguyễn Đình Hưng, Nguyễn Quan g Ngọc, Nguyễn Tiến Đông, Wisniewski Béatrice. Recherches sur l’histoire des paysages du Vietnam central. Le marché des sources (nguồn) et les routes de montagne du plateau d’An Khê. In: Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 106, 2020. pp. 323-362.
- Published
- 2020
25. The Jacobin Republic Under Fire
- Author
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Hanson, Paul R. and Hanson, Paul R.
- Subjects
- Girondists, Montagnards
- Published
- 2003
26. Radicalism, revolution and political culture: an Anglo-French comparison.
- Abstract
‘Radicalism’ has become an established term with regard to the late eighteenth-century movement for political reform in England, whereas the term radicalisme is not normally used to designate a particular political group during the French Revolution. We are wont to speak of a radicalisation of the Revolution. But the radicals themselves we call Jacobins, sans-culottes or some other contemporaneous name. Any attempt to compare English and French radicalism in the period of the French Revolution should therefore make clear to which political currents it refers. The term ‘radicalism’ enters the political language(s) of Europe during the opening decades of the nineteenth century. It seems to have been first used in Britain, from where it migrated to France during the 1820s and via France to Germany during the 1830s. Just like the term ‘conservative’ which appeared at about the same time, it was used to describe a particular way of dealing with the political heritage of the eighteenth-century revolution in government. Whereas the adjective ‘radical’ came eventually to be used in a politically neutral sense, the noun never lost the original semantic link with the later eighteenth-century demand to enforce the principle of government by consent without any social reservation. Uncompromising conservatives were never called radicals but found themselves, equally tellingly, labelled die-hards or ultras. A radical was someone who adhered unflinchingly to the leading principles of what Robert Palmer has named the ‘democratic revolution’ of the later eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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27. Voting the Constitution: The referenda of 1793 and 1795.
- Author
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Crook, Malcolm
- Abstract
The National Convention was first and foremost a constituent assembly and, during the three turbulent years of its existence, two Constitutions were drafted. The first, that of 1793 (or Year I of the republican era), was set aside ‘until circumstances permitted’. It was never implemented because when stability of a sort did return, after Thermidor (July 1794), less radical ideas prevailed. A more conservative Constitution, that of 1795 (or the Year III), was devised to replace it. This time the document was put into immediate effect and the Convention finally separated. Between its creation in the summer of 1792 and its dissolution in the autumn of 1795 no legislative elections had taken place in France; only at the local level were a few assemblies convened for municipal and judicial purposes. The electorate was instead given an unprecedented opportunity to participate in two constitutional referenda, the first of which was held in the summer of 1793. On 21 September 1792, the day after it assembled, the Convention boldly declared: ‘Before it can be put into effect any constitution must be endorsed by the people.’ The idea of a popular consultation had been mooted in the Constituent Assembly by Pétion as early as September 1789. He suggested that the people should be called upon to arbitrate in the case of deadlock between king and assembly, by simply voting in favour of one side or the other. His colleagues were unimpressed and subsequently refused to submit the Constitution of 1791 to the electorate for ratification. Demands for a ‘referendum’ of this sort were supported by conservative deputies like Malouet, but rejected on the grounds that the National Assembly already incarnated the will of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Conclusion.
- Author
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Alexander, R. S.
- Abstract
As formal organisations, the federations of 1815 were short in duration, existing for little more than two months in most places and a good deal less in many. Federative assemblies were seldom held more than twice a week, though central committee members doubtless met on a more frequent basis. The associations did not act as social centres; they did not provide reading rooms or subscribe to journals, nor did fédérés concern themselves with economic problems such as provisioning the poor and the unemployed. Federations could not, therefore, have been indoctrination centres comparable to the Jacobin and popular societies of the Revolution. The fiery speeches to which fédérés listened were designed to bolster courage and enthusiasm, but the speakers were addressing audiences already convinced of the Tightness of their cause. Fédérés were, of course, actively involved in spreading ‘enlightenment’ (propaganda), but the essence of the movement was to unite men with a common interest, not to educate them as to the nature of their interests. When a man signed a federation register, he publicly avowed his choice between the two leading alternatives for French government. Moreover, he was stating his willingness to confront the opposition (foreign or domestic) with force. To become a fédéré required significant commitment. Fédérés united for a specific purpose – to prevent the Allied Powers and French royalists from reimposing Bourbon government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The federative movement in general: social and political characteristics.
- Author
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Alexander, R. S.
- Abstract
After seeing what fédérés did in an official capacity, we can now turn to what they did and said of their own account. First, fédéré writings will be considered to determine what fédérés wanted. Then, the political tendencies of the federations will be discussed, paying particular attention to whether individual associations were Jacobin, Bonapartist, or a mixture of both. Finally, the extent of the movement and the social basis of the associations will be assessed. Fédéré writings Fédéré writings give us the common denominator of fédéré aspirations. Any movement which wished to emphasise unity had to be built on certain common principles and objectives. Significantly, most of these were closely associated with the early years of the Revolution. Historians have recently placed great stress on how, through the passage of time, more and more Frenchmen were alienated by the evolution of the Revolution, and how opposition to it slowly mounted and gained force. Internecine battles between groups of men who initially had supported the Revolution eventually fragmented the movement and weakened it to the point that Napoleon was able to impose dictatorship. Observers in 1815 repeatedly pointed out that the federative movement had drawn on men from all epochs of the Revolution. This amalgamation was brought about by the experience of 1814. Invasion, occupation, return of intransigent émigrés and Bourbon government had combined to remind patriots of what they had fought to achieve during the early years of the Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The fédérés of Rennes during the Hundred Days.
- Author
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Alexander, R. S.
- Abstract
When they founded the Breton federation, the jeunes gens of Rennes were deliberately following important historical precedents. R. Dupuy, in his study of the Breton National Guard during the first three years of the Revolution, has drawn attention to the ‘rôle déterminant d'une minorite d'étudiants et de jeunes gens’, and has termed this group a ‘force paramilitaire’. Indeed, when aristocratic members of the Bastion sought to influence the Breton parlement of 1789 in favour of vote by Estate rather than head, jeunes gens led by the future General Moreau confronted the nobility with force. During the ensuing battles in the streets of Rennes, the jeunes gens called on young men of the other Breton towns and cities to come to their aid. The appeal was heard by large numbers of these men (as many as 600 from Nantes alone), and the aristocratic faction was forced to retire from the city. In order to take advantage of the resultant élan, and assure future defence, the jeunes gens drew up a pact and formed a federation. In 1790 the pact was renewed at Pontivy. As Dupuy has shown, more moderate proponents of the Revolution in Rennes soon took measures to consolidate the gains made by the jeunes gens and to bring the latter under control by incorporating them, in a subordinate role, into the National Guard. This is particularly noteworthy because similar tactics were employed by government authorities whenever the jeunes gens showed signs of taking law enforcement into their own hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Introduction.
- Author
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Alexander, R. S.
- Abstract
There has been nothing more dramatic in the history of France than the vol d'aigle. On 1 March 1815, having slipped free of captivity on the island of Elba, Napoleon landed on the shore of the Gulf of Juan and invaded France with a token force of some 1,200 men. When confronted at Laffrey by ostensibly hostile troops, Bonaparte stepped forward to offer himself as a target, forcing the soldiers to choose between himself and Louis XVIII. Past loyalties proved decisive; the troops refused to fire. Marshal Ney, having vowed to his Bourbon master to bring the Eagle back to Paris in an iron cage, proved no different. What had begun as a perilous forced march soon became a triumphal procession as peasants and workers flocked to the Emperor's side. First Grenoble and then Lyons gave Napoleon a rapturous reception. By 20 March he had flown from ‘belfry to belfry’, finally alighting in a Paris free of the hastily departed Bourbon king Louis XVIII. Although middle-class Parisians greeted Bonaparte with an indifference born of fear for the future, there could be no mistaking the satisfaction of lower-class Parisians with this extraordinary turn of events. The vol d'aigle was, however, more than simply the return of a beloved leader to his adoring public, for along the route the Emperor had donned new clothing – he now appeared in the curious guise of arch-defender of the Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Biological and Cultural Contradictions? A Reply to MacEachern.
- Author
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Spedini, Gabriella, Mondovi, Stefano, Paoli, Giorgio, and Destro-Bisol, Giovanni
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN genetic variation , *MONTAGNARDS - Abstract
Presents a reply to Scott MacEachern on his comments questioning some conclusions in the authors' survey of genetic variation in Cameroon. Explanation of the isolation of Podokwo and Uldeme Montagnard; Endogamy rates in Northern Cameroon; Alternative hypothesis for genetic differentiation among Montagnards; Bridging the divide between cultural and physical anthropologists.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Progression des plantations dans les paysages du Centre-Viêt Nam : une dynamique exogène aux implications identitaires pour les montagnards
- Author
-
Robert, Amélie, Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés (CITERES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT), Equipe du projet ANR AQAPA et UMR CITERES, Robert, Amélie, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours
- Subjects
Viêt Nam ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,paysages ,Etat ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,plantations ,montagnards - Abstract
International audience; En un siècle, les paysages des montagnards du Centre-Viêt Nam ont connu de profondes mutations et ceci n’a pas été sans incidence sur le mode de vie de ces populations, appartenant aux ethnies minoritaires (Robert, 2017). Les forêts spontanées, qui dominaient au début du XXe siècle, ont reculé, s’éloignant de plus en plus des villages. Or, elles offraient « mille ressources » (Gourou, 1940) aux montagnards qui vivaient en osmose avec elles, pratiquant l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis. Guerre, sédentarisation sont en cause dans cette évolution des paysages et le changement des pratiques qu’elle a induit (Robert, 2011). Depuis les années 1990-2000, une nouvelle dynamique est à l’œuvre : les arbres réapparaissent dans les paysages mais ce sont désormais des arbres plantés, formant des plantations agricoles et forestières. Les montagnards sont-ils à l’origine de cette nouvelle évolution qui affecte leurs paysages, leur lieu de vie mais, par là même, leur mode de vie, leurs pratiques agricoles et forestières ?Conduite dans le cadre de recherches doctorales, l’étude se fonde sur une analyse de rapports et de textes législatifs et sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de montagnards. Entre trois et cinq villageois ont été interrogés dans sept villages répartis dans l’ensemble de la région montagneuse de la province de Thua Thiên-Huê ; ils appartiennent aux ethnies minoritaires Pahy, Pakô, Tà Ôi et Katu – les quatre principales ethnies minoritaires de cette province. En complément des relevés de terrain ont été menés, afin de connaître la réalité des plantations.Les plantations sont visibles aux abords des villages. Agricoles, elles sont surtout peuplées d’hévéas, plus rarement de caféiers. Forestières, elles sont formées de pins, pour les plus anciennes ; d’acacias, pour les plus récentes. Les unes remplacent surtout des cultures annuelles ; les autres, des savanes. Il va sans dire que ces évolutions engendrent des modifications dans les pratiques agricoles, d’autant qu’elles visent désormais un objectif commercial. Les pratiques forestières sont aussi impactées : les montagnards commencent à collecter le bois de chauffe dans les plantations forestières et ils peuvent aussi espérer tirer des revenus de ces dernières, par la vente du bois d’œuvre ou pour la fabrication de la pâte à papier (Amat et al., 2010), s’ils sont propriétaires. En effet, les premières plantations appartiennent aux autorités forestières et non aux montagnards. Derrière cela, on perçoit que la progression des plantations forestières est une dynamique impulsée par l’Etat. De fait, cela entre dans le cadre de sa nouvelle politique, « de protection et développement des forêts » (selon l’intitulé des lois de 1991 et 2004) ; les forêts plantées d’espèces à croissance rapide en sont un volet majeur (Amat et al., 2010), ce qui n’est pas sans susciter des critiques émanant de chercheurs occidentaux qui voient, dans cette politique, une priorité plus financière qu’environnementale (Mellac, 1997 ; Roche et De Koninck, 2001). Mais l’Etat n’est pas le seul acteur ; des organisations internationales ont aussi été impliquées dans l’impulsion de cette dynamique. En finançant les plantations, elles ont aussi joué un rôle dans la production des paysages des montagnes du Centre-Viêt Nam. Certes, il s’agit là de programmes « d’aide au développement » et les montagnards s’y engagent volontiers mais ne risquent-ils pas de perdre plus encore leur identité, déjà mise à mal par la sédentarisation et le recul des forêts ?
- Published
- 2019
34. PERSPECTIVES ON PANETHNOGENESIS: THE CASE OF THE MONTAGNARDS.
- Author
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Tefft, Stanton K.
- Subjects
- *
MONTAGNARDS , *ETHNIC groups , *PRACTICAL politics , *CAMPAIGN funds - Abstract
A study of Montagnard ethnogenesis in the highlands of Vietnam suggests that panethnicity emerges under certain historic conditions in which separate ethnies , in opposition to a common enemy which is usually another dominant ethnic group , must create a higher level of political organization to preserve both their separate as well as collective identities . Under these conditions panethnic affiliations come to have increasing emotional significance . But in spite of common panethnic sentiments , collective panethnic agencies often develop conflicting internal interests . Moreover , a common panethnic ideology can persist even in the absence of supportive political structures . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A JACOBIN DEBACLE: THE LOSING OF LYON IN SPRING 1793.
- Author
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Edmonds, Bill
- Subjects
MASSACRES ,FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 ,REVOLUTIONS ,MONTAGNARDS ,FRENCH monarchy - Abstract
Not much has escaped the massacre of orthodoxies begun by intellectual Alfred Cobban's attack on the myth of the French Revolution. But the neo-Jacobin version of the period from the fall of the monarchy to the fall of the Girondins has survived relatively unscathed. General accounts of the Revolution still have Jacobins, Montagnards and sans-culottes playing the same roles. And in accounts of the period with which this paper is concerned, from winter 1792 to summer 1793, the Montagnards and Jacobins still emerge as competent chief engineers of the successful republican counter-attack against the Revolution's external and internal enemies.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The Question of Girondin Motives: A Response to Sydenham.
- Author
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Di Padova, Theodore A.
- Subjects
FRENCH politics & government, 1789-1799 ,GIRONDISTS ,MONTAGNARDS - Abstract
Focuses on the political alignments in the French National Convention in 1792-93. Establishment of Girondin party derived from the proscription lists drawn up by the victorious Montagnards; Girondins' distinctness from the majority of the Convention; Acceptance of the idea of a revolutionary government.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Girondins and the question of Revolutionary Government: A New Approach to the Problem of Political Divisions in the National Convention.
- Author
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Syndenham, Michael J.
- Subjects
FRENCH politics & government, 1789-1799 ,GIRONDISTS ,MONTAGNARDS - Abstract
Focuses on the political alignments in the French National Convention in 1792-93. Establishment of the Girondin party derived from the proscription lists drawn up by the victorious Montagnards; Techniques used by historians to ascertain such alignments; Emergence of the Revolutionary Government.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Chapitre 1. Les populations autochtones, le fait colonial et les guerres
- Author
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Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
Les années qui ont suivi la fin de la colonisation française en Indochine ont ouvert une page agitée de l’histoire de la péninsule Indochinoise : combats entre les armées de la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (Nord) et les forces de la République du Viêt Nam (Sud), intervention militaire américaine, coup d’Etat contre le prince Sihanouk au Cambodge, prise de pouvoir par les Khmers rouges, artisans du génocide cambodgien. Il fallut attendre 1975 et l’entrée des soldats nord-vietnamiens dan...
- Published
- 2018
39. Chapitre 2. Les migrants, l’État et les hautes terres
- Author
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Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
Les politiques des gouvernements cambodgiens et vietnamiens vis-à-vis des populations indigènes se matérialisent par des migrations d’envergure des peuples des plaines. L’intégration nationale passe ainsi par l’occupation démographique des terres hautes. Dans les deux pays, le retour à une paix relative après les victoires de l’armée vietnamienne sur les Khmers rouges s’est accompagné d’une accélération de ces migrations qui a répondu à des impératifs de diverses natures. 2.1. LA PRESSION DEM...
- Published
- 2018
40. Chapitre 5. Sociétés et politiques : dilemmes et contradictions de la patrie multiculturelle
- Author
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Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
5.1. COMPATRIOTES ET MULTICULTURALISME Lorsqu’il s’agit d’intégrer des peuples de diverses origines au sein d’un ensemble politique unique, les Etats se voient proposer deux options a priori bien distinctes : postuler que les différences doivent s’effacer au profit d’une identité nationale unique ou reconnaître la diversité et le caractère multiculturel de la nation. Dans le premier cas, on s’efforce de niveler les différences et on supprime les spécificités, postulant que l’on constr...
- Published
- 2018
41. Chapitre 4. Terres, forêts et productions : le défi d’une population toujours croissante
- Author
-
Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
Depuis la fin des guerres, les hautes terres du Cambodge et du Viêt Nam vivent une métamorphose de grande envergure en terme d’occupation humaine, de structures socio-économiques et politiques qui se répercute sur le vécu des habitants, autochtones et migrants. Elle entraîne également une profonde réaffectation des ressources existantes. 4.1. LE CHANGEMENT DE PAYSAGE HUMAIN : UNE NOUVELLE PRESSION SUR LA TERRE Les hauts plateaux sont perçus par les dirigeants vietnamiens et cambodgiens comme ...
- Published
- 2018
42. Introduction
- Author
-
Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
Au sortir d’une histoire récente bouleversée par bien des conflits, la république socialiste du Viêt Nam et le royaume du Cambodge cherchent à s’affirmer en tant qu’Etats-nations. Ces deux pays rassemblent des dizaines de groupes ethnolinguistiques à l’histoire et aux traditions hétérogènes. L’intégration, au sein de l’ensemble national, des minorités par le groupe majoritaire et dominant, ancré dans les plaines – les Việt au Viêt Nam et les Khmers au Cambodge –, s’avère donc délicate. Pour H...
- Published
- 2018
43. Conclusion
- Author
-
Guérin, Mathieu, Hardy, Andrew, Văn Chính, Nguyễn, and Tan Boon Hwee, Stan
- Subjects
History ,Asie du Sud-Est ,Viêt Nam ,Ethnic Studies ,borders ,HBJF ,frontières ,pauvreté ,intégration ,Poverty ,minorités ,économie ,centralisation ,État ,HIS048000 ,marginalization ,economics ,minorities ,Southeast Asia ,montagnards ,politique ,État-nation ,Vietnam ,mountain people ,rights ,nation building ,Cambodge ,politics ,Cambodia ,State - Abstract
La bulle entre Siam, Viêt Nam et Cambodge, formée par les territoires des nombreux peuples aborigènes des hautes terres de la péninsule Indochinoise, fut partagée entre le Laos, le Viêt Nam et le Cambodge à la fin de l’époque coloniale. Les Etats indépendants qui ont émergé à partir de 1953-1954 ont donc dû définir des politiques visant à intégrer ces populations dans leur jeune nation, mais aussi à tirer profit de leurs nouveaux espaces. Pierre Cupet, qui parcourut les hauts plateaux pour le...
- Published
- 2018
44. From Faction to Revolt
- Author
-
Hanson, Paul and Andress, David, book editor
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Paramilitary Forces in Paris
- Author
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House, Jonathan M., author
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Rights for the Mountain Men.
- Subjects
MONTAGNARDS (Vietnamese people) ,LAND titles ,EQUALITY - Abstract
The article focuses on the life condition of Montagnard tribes in Vietnam and the establishment of Fulro, a Montagnard nationalist underground movement. It states that the demand of Montagnards for equal treatment have annoyed the government of Saigon since 1954. It says that tribal schools and courts were closed and Montagnards were denied by President Ngo Dinh Diem of their land titles. It adds that Fulro was established which means the United Front for the Liberation of the Oppressed Races.
- Published
- 1966
47. L’arbre dans le paysage des montagnards du Centre-Viêt Nam. Evolution de la biodiversité et des services rendus depuis le début du XXe siècle
- Author
-
Robert, Amélie, Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés (CITERES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT), Ecole de la Nature et du Paysage de l’INSA Centre Val de Loire, UMR CITERES, Zone Atelier Loire, Robert, Amélie, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours
- Subjects
Viêt Nam ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,montagnards ,biodiversité ,services écosystémiques - Abstract
International audience; RÉSUMÉ :Depuis le XIXe siècle, plusieurs périodes se sont succédées au Viêt Nam : colonisation, guerre, collectivisation, « Renouveau » (depuis 1986). Les paysages, notamment leurs composantes arborées, n’ont pas été épargnés. Guerre, exploitation forestière, progression de l’agriculture ont transformé l’environnement des ethnies minoritaires, bouleversé les paysages des montagnes du Centre-Viêt Nam. Quelle place occupe l’arbre dans ces paysages ? Quelles en sont les évolutions, en termes de biodiversité – diversité des espèces végétales –, en termes aussi d’usages, de services rendus aux montagnards ? Résultat de recherches doctorales, la présente contribution se focalise sur la région montagneuse de la province de Thua Thiên Huê, à travers quelques exemples de villages peuplés d’ethnies minoritaires. Elle se fonde sur une connaissance endogène et exogène des paysages. Les entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de villageois ont été complétés par l’analyse :- de la littérature et de données d’archives,- de cartes d’occupation des sols, dressées à partir de données iconographiques et de relevés de terrain.De ces recherches, il ressort une évolution majeure, entre l’avant-guerre et l’après-guerre – sans que cette guerre en soit la seule cause (Robert, 2011).Avant-guerre, l’arbre spontané est l’élément majeur des paysages des montagnards. Il peuple les proches savanes arbustives et les forêts. Situées dans le domaine tropical humide, celles-ci sont denses, à biodiversité élevée, tant en sous-bois que dans les étages supérieurs, avec des espèces ombrophiles, sciaphiles, certaines précieuses. Les savanes, elles, renferment des espèces héliophiles. Pour les montagnards, ces sylvosystèmes sont indistinctement perçus comme des forêts. Ils sont complémentaires dans la réponse à leurs besoins en bois de chauffe, bois d’œuvre et produits forestiers non ligneux – services d’approvisionnement. L’arbre spontané fait aussi partie intégrante du paysage agricole. Les montagnards pratiquent en effet l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis où sylvosystèmes et agrosystèmes sont intimement liés. Croyant en l’esprit de la forêt, ils accordent le statut de forêts sacrées à certaines, de sorte que les sylvosystèmes offrent aussi des services culturels. L’arbre, les écosystèmes qu’il forme, sont ainsi partie intégrante du paysage des ethnies minoritaires, occupant une place majeure dans l’occupation des sols autant que dans les pratiques, les usages, les croyances. Avec la guerre, ils revêtent aussi un caractère protecteur, de refuge, dissimulant les montagnards de la vue des soldats américains. Ces derniers dirigent alors leurs attaques (bombardements, épandages d’herbicides) contre cette composante arborée des paysages.Après-guerre, les paysages changent progressivement. Les montagnards sont sédentarisés dans les vallées, où les ligneux ont été affectés par les attaques américaines. Les jachères sont réduites et la place de l’arbre dans les systèmes culturaux s’amenuise. Progression de l’agriculture et exploitation forestière entraînent l’accélération du recul de la forêt. Les sylvosystèmes denses, à forte biodiversité, sont repoussés à des distances croissantes. L’arbre dans le paysage se raréfie, se transforme aussi. Sa diversité est moindre, limitée aux espèces héliophiles près des villages. Apparaissent aussi de nouveaux sujets, à partir des années 1990 : hévéas, eucalyptus, canneliers et désormais surtout acacias forment des plantations monospécifiques. Les paysages des années 2000 sont ainsi bien différents de ceux d’avant-guerre. Les montagnards doivent s’adapter à ce nouveau contexte, modifier leurs pratiques ancestrales pour lesquelles l’arbre était centrale. L’agriculture perd son caractère itinérant et se sédentarise même, à la demande des autorités, non sans difficultés. Bois de chauffe et d’œuvre sont collectés à des distances croissantes, à moins qu’ils le soient dans les forêts plantées. Ces dernières, bien que monospécifiques, offrent des services non négligeables à ces populations, avec des retombées positives aussi pour le milieu (Amat et al., 2008). Le caractère sacré des forêts est parfois transféré à des arbres reliques, sinon à des savanes arbustives, mais non à ces forêts plantées, plutôt considérées comme des « forêts économiques ».En un peu plus d’un siècle, la place de l’arbre dans le paysage a évolué dans les montagnes de Thua Thiên Huê. Elle s’est réduite en nombre, en diversité spécifique et s’est aussi transformée avec l’apparition d’espèces, plantées. Les ethnies minoritaires, dont le mode de vie, les pratiques, les croyances étaient intimement liés aux sylvosystèmes, sont contraintes de s’adapter, d’autant plus qu’elles ont été sédentarisées. Le recul de la forêt spontanée, sous le poids des facteurs anthropiques (guerre, exploitation forestière, progression de l’agriculture), a ainsi des incidences sur la biodiversité, sur les usages et services rendus aux montagnards aussi. Pour enrayer ce recul, la solution adoptée est la plantation de forêts. Ces nouveaux sylvosystèmes offrent eux aussi des services écosystémiques. Monospécifiques, ils contredisent le lien entre arbre et biodiversité, d’autant plus qu’il existe un risque d’invasion par les acacias.Amat J.-P., B. Phùng Tửu, A. Robert, N. Trần Hữu, 2010, Can fast-growing species form high-quality forests in Vietnam, examples in Thừa Thiên Huế province, Bois et forêts des tropiques, n° 305 (3), p. 67-76.Robert, A., 2011, Dynamiques paysagères et guerre dans la province de Thừa Thiên Huế (Việt Nam central), 1954-2007 - Entre défoliation, déforestation et reconquêtes végétales, Thèse de doctorat présentée et soutenue publiquement le 3 décembre, sous la direction du Professeur J.-P. AMAT, Université Paris-Sorbonne, 1 172 p. + Atlas (159 p.)
- Published
- 2016
48. Danton, le chef d’un groupe indulgent
- Author
-
de Mathan, Anne, Centre de recherche bretonne et celtique (CRBC Brest), Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IBSHS), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre de recherche bretonne et celtique (CRBC), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Michel Biard, Hervé Leuwers, and Le Gall, Véronique
- Subjects
Montagnards ,[SHS.HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,Révolution Française ,[SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History - Abstract
International audience; Cet article vise à réinterroger le statut de chef d’un parti indulgent souvent prêté à Danton qui justifierait sa condamnation. Si Danton demeure longtemps conciliant avec les Girondins jusqu’à ce que ces derniers, par la voix de Lasource, le mettent en danger par l’évocation de ses liens tissés lors de sa mission en Belgique avec le général félon Dumouriez en avril 1793, celui-ci suit ensuite une route au vrai assez oblique, entre loyauté et rivalité à l’égard de Robespierre, qui le conduit à tenter une critique du gouvernement révolutionnaire. L’échec qui se dessine rapidement de cette stratégie politique alternative prônant une modération de la terreur, lui fait relâcher ses amitiés, à telle enseigne que la réception au premier degré de la catégorie de chef de l’indulgence en dit plus du rapport des historiens au discours jacobin que de la conduite de Danton en l’an II.
- Published
- 2016
49. 'I Wish to Be Necessary to You'
- Author
-
Cayton, Andrew, author
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Making Counseling Culturally Appropriate: Intervention With a Montagnard Refugee.
- Author
-
Rosser-Hogan, Rhonda
- Subjects
- *
COUNSELING , *HELPING behavior , *APPLIED psychology , *MONTAGNARDS , *REFUGEES , *ETHNOLOGY , *SOUTHEAST Asians - Abstract
This article describes an intervention with a distressed Montagnard refugee in a context sensitive to Southeast Asian Culture. Relevant interventions are discussed inrelation to the current available literature on counseling with Southeast Asian refugess in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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