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Purpose: The aim of this article was to determine the etiological factors of changes occurring in supply chains and to diagnose the reactions to these factors. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out for separated 19 categories grouping etiological factors. To structure the data in the process of building the categories, a systematic diagram and a code distribution analysis diagram were used. In the next part, when creating the ASPM method, some assumptions of the Scrum and DSDM method were used. Due to the subject matter of the conducted research, it was decided to apply a case study supplemented by a structured interview. The sample consisted of companies conducting business in international supply chains and cooperation with logistics operators, including 4PL. Findings: The results show that the development should be towards a flexible organization. The process of flexible adaptation of an organization that is compound, i.e., the supply chain, to changes of an exo- and endogenous nature requires the operationalization of the entire concept based on the experience in project management, especially due to the non-linearity of emerging interactions within the framework of the change taking place. Practical Implications: Etiology, by focusing on the background of a given phenomenon, fact or process, by isolating etiological factors that cause them, allows us to discover the causes of the existing state of affairs. This applies to virtually every discipline and area of life. Originality/Value: The study identified factors of changes occurring in supply chains and to diagnose the reactions to these factors., peer-reviewed

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this article is to define the level of education of the European Union citizens and to determine the gaps in this scope between men and women., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The analyzed indicators are percentage of the population with tertiary education (X1), percentage of early school leavers (X2), the participation rate in pre-school education (X3), and adult participation in learning (X4). What was also analyzed were such indicators as the percentage of employed graduates (Y1) and general employment level (Y2). The source of empirical data was the information collected by the European Statistical Office (Eurostat) about 28 member states of in the years 2005-2019., FINDINGS: In recent years, the EU's education (28) member states citizens have been growing steadily. However, according to ISCED, more women than men improve their knowledge and gain an education at the education level of 5-8, and the gap in this scope is getting wider, to the detriment of men. This diversification can be observed particularly in such countries as Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In recent years, one could observe that the EU member states that recent graduates' employment rate remained stable at a high level and that the total employment rate increased steadily. This applies both to men and women., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: For women, education and qualifications raising on the labor market should be important as the research indicated significant correlations between the indicators that characterize the differences in the level of education of women in the EU (28) countries and the differences in their employment, which was not observed in case of men., peer-reviewed

Purpose: The aim of the article was to identify factors that are linear combinations of the variables under scrutiny that affect the duration of court proceedings. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research was conducted on commercial cases, based on the Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The original variables were grouped into factors that are correlated with each other. The Kaiser Criterion (own value >1) was chosen as the main criterion determining the number of factors. The conducted research was subordinated to six phases, largely linked to the data mining scheme (CRISP-DM). Seven variables of a strict numerical nature marked as (vn) were distinguished from the features describing court proceedings. Findings: Based on the analysis, two main quantitative factors characterising the examined cases were identified. The first factor groups the variables:(v4) Number of hearings in the first instance/second instance, (v5) The number of days from the first hearing to the case being settled, (v6) The judgement in the first instance (number of pages), (v7) Volume of files (number of volumes),and the second one:(v1) The court fee paid, (v2) The value of the subject matter of the dispute, (v3) The number of days to the first hearing. Further research will be conducted into the development of relations between the variables in different areas of their variability, particularly with respect to the value of the matter in dispute. Practical Implications: The identified factors can be used at the micro level, in case management by a judge, at the meso level in case management in court, as well as at the macro level the entire justice system. Originality/Value: The study identified factors that affect the efficiency of court proceedings., peer-reviewed

Purpose: The objective of this article was therefore to review the concepts concerning the essence of process approach with regard to public organizations. The scope of the overview included initial analysis of the possibilities to use this approach in common courts. Design/methodology/approach: In the literature of the subject, the concept of process approach more and more often is presented in the context of public organizations. This is often caused by the necessity to implement pro-effectiveness activities, the lack of funds that the public organizations have at their disposal, as well as by the increasing number of public tasks.Therefore, there is a search for solutions that would allow for the increase of effectiveness and for the improvement of efficiency of functioning of public organization, just as it is the case of business organizations. Findings: The activity of public organizations is usually characterized by a sequence of complex activities that are subject to achieving goals being important for the proper functioning of the society. The dynamically developing economic practice forces changes towards focus on activities that create value for the citizen. Research limitations/implications: Currently, it is believed that the essence of management of public organizations results from the nature of goals implemented by these organizations as well as from the complex surroundings. However, the objectives implemented by these organizations are different than the commercial ones. Practical implications: The processes implemented in organizations should be perceived as separate wholes with organic features that can be observed, separated and shaped no matter the industry in which they function. The correctly identified processes would allow for standardization of activities of public organizations. Originality/value One of the most important orientations, when it comes to managing modern organizations, is the process approach; however, its use in terms of public organizations requires taking into account their specific nature.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the problem of sustainability of public-sector 12 organizational networks on the example of common courts and what it implies for further 13 research. Methodology: The study used qualitative research tools in the form of structured 14 interviews. Interviews were conducted with 36 presidents and directors of common courts. 15 After conducting and transcribing each interview, their content was analyzed to capture data 16 related to network durability. Based on the proposed methodology, 5 elements of network 17 sustainability were distinguished: goal continuity, reliability, communication, network 18 capability, fairness. 19 Findings: It was found that the judiciary has the potential to take advantage of network 20 cooperation mechanisms, which may involve different relationships and interactions. However, 21 after the pilot project, voluntary court networks formed during the implementation of the project 22 gradually dissolved, ceased to exist. The identification of the elements of network was 23 an additional outcome of the analysis of the results of a pilot study PWP Edukacja w dziedzinie 24 zarządzania czasem i kosztami postepowan – case management. 25 Originality/value: Research on the networking of public organizations, and in particular 26 common courts, is still a cognitive gap. The results of research carried out for the purposes of 27 the article are trying to fill this gap. within the study, the causes of failures in maintaining 28 network relationships in common orchards were identified.

PURPOSE: Functionally coherent metropolitan areas with a high degree of urbanization generate an occurrence of significant metropolitan functions, as well as functional and economic connections. A special part of the function of endogenous metropolis is the prison system. Prison system is a term used to describe all detention facilities and their organization or the system of imprisonment in a given country. Due to the nature of the article, the purpose was a general analysis of the state of the prison system in the Silesian-Zagłębie metropolis in terms of functions related to the physical flow of persons and information., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Flows in space implemented in metropolitan areas are primarily, convection, conduction, and radiation. The prison system in Poland is also an important element of the metropolitan structure. In the field of prison systems, the metropolis performs the functions of convection and radiation., FINDINGS: The most important problems related to the implementation of metropolitan functions in the field of prison, as part of the implemented convection and radiation functions, is overcrowding in prisons, difficulties in transporting prisoners and the lack of alternative solutions., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: A suggestion could be to include a prisoner transport system in the metropolitan transportation system, which would fulfill the functions of both convection and radiation. Information on the state of fullness of prisons should be provided on an ongoing basis as part of the radiation function, which, perhaps, would allow for the leveling of the burden in prisons within the metropolis., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The scope of the research concerned the analysis of the current state of prisoner transport and the quantity of prison places in the region. A suggestion about including of a prisoner transport system in the metropolitan transportation system has been recommended. The field of prison systems the metropolis was performed in the functions of convection and radiation., peer-reviewed

Sieci semantyczne (ang. Semantic Web) pozwalają w coraz wiekszym stopniu na przetwarzanie informacji za pośrednictwem Internetu zgodnie z ich zawartością i przeznaczeniem. Rozpowszechnienie standardow metadanych spowodowalo jednak problemy z interoperacyjnością miedzy roznymi systemami. Umozliwienie uzytkownikom przeszukiwania roznych jezykow wymaga zasobow tlumaczeniowych, aby przekroczyc bariere jezykową, moze stanowic powazne wyzwanie. Zaprezentowana tendencja do korzystania z sieci semantycznych jest szansą dla prawodawstwa, ulatwiającą procesy opracowania i udostepniania przepisow prawnych oraz zarządzania postepem prac legislacyjnych i realizacji procedur. Celem artykulu jest przegląd teorii sieci semantycznych w odniesieniu do pulapek związanych z definiowaniem i stosowaniem ontologii na potrzeby zrozumienia maszynowego treści przechowywanych w sieci. Zakres artykulu obejmuje wstepną analize aspektow wspolpracy grup interdyscyplinarnych na etapie tworzenia metadanych - indeksowane wedlug analiz koncepcyjnych (ontologii) danej dziedziny. Obszarem zainteresowan badawczych byly rowniez korzyści i pulapki zastosowania Open- source, XML i Legal Semantic Web w sądownictwie powszechnym.

Over the last three decades, networks - as a field of research - have acquired a significant place among management sciences. Unfortunately, in the judiciary they have become a subject of more careful analyses only recently, which resulted in a large discrepancy of knowledge - both in theory and in its practical adaptation for the needs of the courts. In order to fill this cognitive gap, an attempt was made to identify levels of organizational maturity of common courts in applying a network form of coordination to auxiliary activity. The basis material for the research was provided in 72 interviews with presidents and court heads, and observations of a non-standardized process of information exchange and knowledge sharing within the voluntary court network established during the implementation of the project hosted by the National School of Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office (Krajowa Szkola Sądownictwa i Prokuratury) "Education in time management and court proceedings costs - case management" ("Edukacja w dziedzinie zarządzania czasem i kosztami postepowan sądowych - case management"). 60 regional, district and appeal courts from different appeals cooperated horizontally within the scope of this network. During the project, organizational and management solutions were implemented, such as: improvement of case flow management and efficiency of proceedings, development of effective information policy of courts and management of internal and external communication. As part of the exchange of information and knowledge sharing, the courts used the network form of coordination. The procedure proposed in this article designates five levels of organizational maturity of courts in the implementation of the network form of coordination. The developed procedure can be used to track the progress in the common courts' networking and to inspire the courts to use this form of coordination in practice.

Courts, like other public organizations, are economic actors, but knowledge of network systems from the perspective of the level of organization in the common judiciary is fragmentary and insufficient, including issues of network effect. The aim of this article was to try to fill the cognitive gap concerning the phenomenon of networks functioning in common courts from the perspective of organizational level in the context of heterarchical relations. Key research questions discuss the possibility of judicial cooperation within heterarchical voluntary networks. This article reviews the existing acquis on network cooperation in the judiciary and outlines the desired directions for future research in this area. Such analysis required diversified research methods. Literary studies and empirical research from secondary sources were used. Research also include interviews with presidents and directors of pilot courts.

W artykule przeanalizowano zagadnienia dotyczące gospodarki magazynowej, wykorzystania infrastruktur magazynowej i manipulacyjnej oraz zagospodarowania przestrzeni magazynowej w zakresie realizowanych procesow w magazynie wybranego marketu budowlanego DIY (ang. Do-It-Yourself). Z wykorzystaniem takich narzedzi, jak mapa procesu oraz karta przebiegu czynności przeprowadzono analize procesu kompletacji towarow dla wybranego zamowienia klienta. W wyniku przeprowadzonej symulacji zaproponowano rozwiązania, mające na celu zwiekszenie efektywności procesu kompletacji zamowien przez skrocenie czasu jego realizacji.

The aim of the publication is to present the idea of the project "The effective transfer of knowledge from science to industry in Opole Province." The presented material is an attempt to analyze process and organizational innovation introduced in travel companies and the general goals of transportation and its importance in the national economy. The goals of application of the system GPS - Global Positioning System - were also discussed. To verify this objective, theoretical research tools were used, such as: analysis, synthesis, generalizations, comparisons.

The aim of the research and analysis is to group and organize the EU countries because of the level of development of the knowledge-based economy using the latest statistical data. Ranking the EU countries based on a measure of development Z. Hellwig, will check whether the states surveyed over nine years have improved or worsened their position in terms of the level of development of the knowledge economy. The use of cluster analysis allowing the isolation of groups of European countries with a similar level of economic development based on knowledge. To visualize multidimensional data Chernoff faces were used. The sample period was the years 2003 and 2013. The statistical data came from the Eurostat website and the calculations were made with Statictica and Excel computer programs.

Click The reasons for seeking alternative solutions to the currently used ways of transport include the following: congestion in transport systems; roads, stations, transport nodes, which were built years ago, unable to handle the current workload; increased number of motor vehicles; emergence of congestion in road networks and interferences reducing the smoothness of traffic flows. This phenomenon results in traffic congestion in urban road systems. This article describes the possibility of changing this state of affairs through using an alternative way of transport – namely, underground pipeline transport of solids and powders.

The aim of this publication is to present the effects of one of the projects conducted in Opole Province, titled “The effective transfer of knowledge from science to industry in Opole Province” and its impact on the practical aspects of the local development of entrepreneurship and innovation in travel companies. The presented material constitutes an attempt to answer the research problems associated with the introduced innovations. These problems have been formulated as the following questions: Is the GPS functional enough to significantly improve transportation services? Does the cost of implementing the system not exceed the profits it generates? Does the use of GPS in performing transportation services cost-effective also for small businesses? Is a company that uses the GPS able to meet the increasing customer expectations? How can a business benefit as a result of implementing the system? To verify this objective, theoretical research tools were used, such as: analysis, synthesis, generalizations, and comparisons. In terms of practical methods, the following found application: observation method (gathering information on companies, interviews with employees, analysis of documents) and analytical method.