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1. Thermally Stimulated Currents in Nanocrystalline Titania

Author

Mara Bruzzi, Riccardo Mori, Andrea Baldi, Ennio Antonio Carnevale, Alessandro Cavallaro, and Monica Scaringella

Subjects
thermally stimulated currents, photocurrent, titanium dioxide, hopping, nanoporous film, desorption current, chemisorbed current, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

A thorough study on the distribution of defect-related active energy levels has been performed on nanocrystalline TiO2. Films have been deposited on thick-alumina printed circuit boards equipped with electrical contacts, heater and temperature sensors, to carry out a detailed thermally stimulated currents analysis on a wide temperature range (5–630 K), in view to evidence contributions from shallow to deep energy levels within the gap. Data have been processed by numerically modelling electrical transport. The model considers both free and hopping contribution to conduction, a density of states characterized by an exponential tail of localized states below the conduction band and the convolution of standard Thermally Stimulated Currents (TSC) emissions with gaussian distributions to take into account the variability in energy due to local perturbations in the highly disordered network. Results show that in the low temperature range, up to 200 K, hopping within the exponential band tail represents the main contribution to electrical conduction. Above room temperature, electrical conduction is dominated by free carriers contribution and by emissions from deep energy levels, with a defect density ranging within 1014–1018 cm−3, associated with physio- and chemi-sorbed water vapour, OH groups and to oxygen vacancies.

Published
2018
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3. Characterization of the INFN proton CT scanner for cross-calibration of x-ray CT

Author

Elena Fogazzi, Diego Trevisan, Paolo Farace, Roberto Righetto, Simon Rit, Monica Scaringella, Mara Bruzzi, Francesco Tommasino, and Carlo Civinini

Subjects
Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Abstract

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the imaging performances of the pCT system developed in the framework of INFN-funded (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics) research projects. The spatial resolution, noise power spectrum and RSP accuracy has been investigated, as a preliminary step to implement a new cross-calibration method for x-ray CT (xCT). Approach: The INFN pCT apparatus, made of four planes of silicon micro-strip detectors and a YAG:Ce scintillating calorimeter, reconstructs 3D RSP maps by a filtered-back projection algorithm. The imaging performances (i.e. spatial resolution, noise power spectrum and RSP accuracy) of the pCT system were assessed on a custom-made phantom, made of plastic materials with different densities ([0.66, 2.18] g/cm3). For comparison, the same phantom was acquired with a clinical xCT system. Main results: The spatial resolution analysis revealed the non-linearity of the imaging system, showing different imaging responses in air or water phantom background. Applying the Hann filter in the pCT reconstruction, it was possible to investigate the imaging potential of the system. Matching the spatial resolution value of the xCT (0.54 lp/mm) and acquiring both with the same dose level (11.6 mGy), the pCT appeared to be less noisy than xCT, with an RSP standard deviation of 0.0063. Concerning the RSP accuracy, the measured Mean Absolute Percentage Errors were (0.23+-0.09)% in air and (0.21+-0.07)% in water. Significance: The obtained performances confirm that the INFN pCT system provides a very accurate RSP estimation, appearing to be a feasible clinical tool for verification and correction of xCT calibration in proton treatment planning.

Published
2023

5. Status of the LHCf experiment

Author

Ken Ohashi, Oscar Adriani, Eugenio Berti, Pietro Betti, Lorenzo Bonechi, Massimo Bongi, Raffaello D’Alessandro, Sebastiano Detti, Maurice Haguenauer, Yoshitaka Itow, Katsuaki Kasahara, Yuga Kitagami, Moe Kondo, Yutaka Matsubara, Hiroaki Menjo, Yasushi Muraki, Paolo Papini, Giuseppe Piparo, Sergio Ricciarini, Takashi Sako, Nobuyuki Sakurai, Monica Scaringella, Yuki Shimizu, Tadashi Tamura, Alessio Tiberio, Shoji Torii, Alessia Tricomi, William C. Turner, and Kenji Yoshida

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

A precise understanding of hadronic interactions is essential to interpreting the mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays from the results of air shower experiments. The Large Hadron Collier forward (LHCf) experiment aims to measure forward neutral particles for validation of hadronic interaction models adopted in air shower simulations. We already published the production cross sections of forward photons and neutrons for proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV. Recently, we showed a preliminary result of the energy spectrum of forward η mesons for proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV. Moreover, in September 2022, we had another data-taking for proton-proton collisions at √s=13.6 TeV. In data taking, we planned to obtain a number of π0 and η candidates ten times larger for precise measurements and to perform the joint operation with ATLAS Roman pots and zero-degree calorimeters. Thanks to the joint operation with the ATLAS Roman pots, we can measure diffractive mass and neutral particles from diffractive dissociation simultaneously. Furthermore, energy resolution for neutrons is expected to be improved from 40% to 20% by combining the LHCf and the ATLAS zero-degree calorimeters. In this work, we report the status and prospects of the LHCf experiment.

Published
2023

6. Architecture of an Ultrasound System for Continuous Real-Time High Frame Rate Imaging

Author

Stefano Ricci, Monica Scaringella, Valentino Meacci, Alessandro Ramalli, Alessandro Dallai, Enrico Boni, Piero Tortoli, Luca Bassi, and Francesco Guidi

Subjects
Engineering, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, Ultrasound, Plane wave, Frame rate, 01 natural sciences, Imaging phantom, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Transmission (telecommunications), 0103 physical sciences, Radio frequency, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Field-programmable gate array, 010301 acoustics, Instrumentation, Digital signal processing
Abstract

High frame rate (HFR) imaging methods based on the transmission of defocused or plane waves rather than focused beams are increasingly popular. However, the production of HFR images poses severe requirements both in the transmission and the reception sections of ultrasound scanners. In particular, major technical difficulties arise if the images must be continuously produced in real-time, i.e., without any acquisition interruption nor loss of data. This paper presents the implementation of the real-time HFR-compounded imaging application in the ULA-OP 256 research platform. The beamformer sustains an average output sample rate of 470 MSPS. This allows continuously producing coherently compounded images, each of 64 lines by 1280 depths (here corresponding to 15.7 mm width and 45 mm depth, respectively), at frame rates up to 5.3 kHz. Imaging tests addressed to evaluate the achievable speed and quality performance were conducted on phantom. Results obtained by real-time compounding frames obtained with different numbers of steering angles between +7.5° and -7.5° are presented.

Published
2017

7. Latest Results on the Radiation Tolerance of Diamond Detectors

Author

Daniele Passeri, Jacopo Forneris, Federico Picollo, Monica Scaringella, Thomas Hofmann, Keida Kanxheri, J. Goldstein, M. Gastal, K. K. Gan, N. Wermes, Marco Truccato, Aidan Grummer, Denis Dauvergne, M. Bartosik, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Mara Bruzzi, Chris Hutton, John Perry Cumalat, M. Traeger, Wim De Boer, M. Dunser, Harris Kagan, R. Wallny, Andrej Gorišek, J. Moss, R. Mountain, Re Alessandro, A. Quadt, Fabian Hügging, Laurent Gallin-Martel, A. Scorzoni, Stefano Lagomarsino, Jean-Marie Brom, Ivan Lopez Paz, I. Mandic, Andreas Alexopoulos, M. Pomorski, B. Sopko, Bojan Hiti, M. Yamouni, C. Tuve, Stefan M Spanier, J. Grosse-Knetter, Christian Dorfer, S. Spagnolo, J. J. Velthuis, R. Kass, M. Goffe, M. Hoeferkamp, W. Trischuk, Moritz Guthoff, Vladimir Cindro, Arianna Morozzi, M. Menichelli, V. Sopko, Helge Christoph Beck, V. Bellini, J. Hosselet, V. Belyaev, D. Hits, Marko Mikuz, M.-L. Gallin-Martel, A. Golubev, Sally Seidel, V. Eremin, Christian Schmidt, D.S. Smith, S. Roe, Silvio Sciortino, Roberto Perrino, B. Stugu, B. Bentele, Jens Janssen, Paolo Olivero, Alessandro Lo Giudice, N. Venturi, Ana Lacoste, Justas Zalieckas, F. Rarbi, Marina Artuso, M. Zavrtanik, Lukas Baeni, C. M. Sutera, S. Kuleshov, C. Mathieu, J. Collot, Diego Alejandro Sanz Becerra, M. Kis, Michael Philipp Reichmann, Enrico Junior Schioppa, G. Chiodini, G. Forcolin, A. Bes, D. Chren, L. Servoli, S. Wagner, C. Maazouzi, Eric Lukosi, E. Grigoriev, Oh Alexander, Jing Wang, H. Pernegger, Robert Stone, A. Dabrowski, G. Eigen, F. Bachmair, Kevin Stenson, S. Schnetzer, G. Claus, R. Potenza, G. Kramberger, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Rd42, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Baeni, Luka, Alexopoulos, Andrea, Artuso, Marina, Bachmair, Felix, Bartosik, Marcin Ryszard, Beck, Helge Christoph, Bellini, Vincenzo, Belyaev, Vladimir, Bentele, Benjamin, Bes, Alexandre, Brom, Jean-Marie, Bruzzi, Mara, Chiodini, Gabriele, Chren, Dominik, Cindro, Vladimir, Claus, Gille, Collot, Johann, Cumalat, John, Dabrowski, Anne, D'Alessandro, Raffaello, Dauvergne, Deni, De Boer, Wim, Dorfer, Christian, Dunser, Marc, Eigen, Gerald, Eremin, Vladimir, Forcolin, Giulio Tiziano, Forneris, Jacopo, Gallin-Martel, Laurent, Gallin-Martel, Marie-Laure, Gan, K. K., Gastal, Martin, Goffe, Mathieu, Goldstein, Joel, Golubev, Alexander, Gorišek, Andrej, Grigoriev, Eugene, Grosse-Knetter, Jörn, Grummer, Aidan, Guthoff, Moritz, Hiti, Bojan, Hits, Dmitry, Hoeferkamp, Martin Robert, Hofmann, Thoma, Hosselet, Jérôme, Hügging, Fabian, Hutton, Chri, Janssen, Jen, Kagan, Harri, Kanxheri, Keida, Kass, Richard, Kis, Mladen, Kramberger, Gregor, Kuleshov, Sergey, Lacoste, Ana, Lagomarsino, Stefano, Lo Giudice, Alessandro, Lopez Paz, Ivan, Lukosi, Eric, Maazouzi, Chaker, Mandić, Igor, Mathieu, Cédric, Menichelli, Mauro, Mikuz, Marko, Morozzi, Arianna, Moss, Joshua, Mountain, Raymond, Oh, Alexander, Olivero, Paolo, Passeri, Daniele, Pernegger, Heinz, Perrino, Roberto, Picollo, Federico, Pomorski, Michal, Potenza, Renato, Quadt, Arnulf, Rarbi, Fatah Ellah, Re, Alessandro, Reichmann, Michael Philipp, Roe, Shaun, Sanz Becerra, Diego Alejandro, Scaringella, Monica, Schmidt, Christian, Schnetzer, Stephen, Schioppa, Enrico Junior, Sciortino, Silvio, Scorzoni, Andrea, Seidel, Sally, Servoli, Leonello, Smith, Dale Shane, Sopko, Bruno, Sopko, Vit, Spagnolo, Stefania, Spanier, Stefan, Stenson, Kevin, Stone, Robert, Stugu, Bjarne, Sutera, Concetta Maria, Traeger, Michael, Trischuk, William, Truccato, Marco, Tuve, Cristina, Velthuis, Jaap, Venturi, Nicola, Wagner, Stephen, Wallny, Rainer, Wang, J. C., Wermes, Norbert, Yamouni, Mahfoud, Zalieckas, Justa, Zavrtanik, Marko, Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
radiation tolerance, diamond detectors, Materials science, Nuclear Theory, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Radiation tolerance, n: irradiation, engineering, Radiation damage, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, solid-state counter: diamond, Diamond detector, performance, radiation: damage, p: irradiation
Abstract

International audience; We have measured the radiation tolerance of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond against protons and neutrons. The relative radiation damage constant of 24 GeV protons, 800 MeV protons, 70 MeV protons, and fast reactor neutrons is presented. The results are used to combine the measured data into a universal damage curve for diamond material.

Published
2019

8. Results on radiation tolerance of diamond detectors

Author

S. Wagner, C. Maazouzi, Jing Wang, M.-L. Gallin-Martel, Fabian Hügging, M. Gastal, Dominique Tromson, R. Kass, M. Bartosik, D.S. Smith, I. Haughton, Philippe Bergonzo, A. Dabrowski, H. Pernegger, E. Grigoriev, M. Traeger, Bin Gui, John Perry Cumalat, Andrej Gorišek, Michael Reichmann, Denis Dauvergne, F. Bachmair, C. Tuve, L. Gallin-Martel, D. Chren, Lukas Bäni, M. Dunser, R. Wallny, Kevin Stenson, Robert Stone, S. Spagnolo, Silvio Sciortino, L. Servoli, Roberto Perrino, V. Sopko, Arianna Morozzi, Grant Riley, Paolo Olivero, G. Chiodini, Marina Artuso, A. Lo Giudice, C.J. Schmidt, S. Roe, M. Hoeferkamp, Ana Lacoste, A. C. Taylor, J. Y. Hostachy, J. Goldstein, D. Sanz, C. Giroletti, V. Bellini, R. Mountain, R. Potenza, Eric Lukosi, M. Goffe, Miha Muskinja, K. K. Gan, A. Quadt, B. Bentele, G. Forcolin, Stefano Lagomarsino, Gregor Kasieczka, Douglas Schaefer, Stefan M Spanier, Monica Scaringella, C. M. Sutera, Sally Seidel, M. Kis, V. Eremin, J. Moss, N. Wermes, J. Hosslet, G. Kramberger, Jens Weingarten, C. Weiss, W. De Boer, J. J. Velthuis, A. Bes, Florian Kassel, Bojan Hiti, S. Schnetzer, C. Hutton, A. Golubev, G. Claus, Benjamin Bordy Tannenwald, T. Hofmann, Mara Bruzzi, M. Mikuž, M. Yamouni, W. Trischuk, M. Pomorski, Thorsten Wengler, Vladimir Cindro, M. Menichelli, James Beacham, B. Sopko, Jens Janssen, J. Grosse-Knetter, M. Zavrtanik, C. Mathieu, S. Kuleshov, J. Collot, N. Venturi, Christian Dorfer, I. Mandic, Daniele Passeri, Alexander Oh, Andreas Alexopoulos, Alessandra Re, D. Hits, Moritz Guthoff, Harris Kagan, V. Belyaev, J.-M. Brom, Jacopo Forneris, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Federico Picollo, A. Scorzoni, Helge Christoph Beck, Keida Kanxheri, Aidan Grummer, Ettore Vittone, S. Murphy, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Syracuse University, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics [Moscow] (ITEP), National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC KI), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (INFN, Sezione di Lecce), Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Karlsruhe (TH), CERN [Genève], A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Manchester [Manchester], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), University of Bristol [Bristol], The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], California State University [Sacramento], Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Tennessee State University, New Mexico State University, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (MBH), Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH, University of Toronto, Swiss National Science Foundation grant #20 FL20 _ 154216ETH grant 51 15-1 (Switzerland)Royal Society Grant UF120106 (United Kingdom)U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0010061, European Project: 654168,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,AIDA-2020(2015), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bonn, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Diamond detectors, Solid state detectors, Radiation hard detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Radiation hard detectors, Nuclear physics, Radiation damage, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Solid state detectors, Diamond detectors, Instrumentation, Physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, 010401 analytical chemistry, Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Semiconductor detector, Upgrade, engineering, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; In sight of the luminosity increase of the High Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC), most experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are planning upgrades for their innermost layers in the next 5–10 years. These upgrades will require more radiation tolerant technologies than exist today. Usage of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond as detector material is one of the potentially interesting technologies for the upgrade. CVD diamond has been used extensively in the beam condition monitors of BaBar, Belle, CDF and all LHC experiments. Measurements of the radiation tolerance of the highest quality polycrystalline CVD material for a range of proton energies, pions and neutrons obtained with this material are presented. In addition, new results on the evolution of various semiconductor parameters as a function of the dose rate are described.

Published
2019

9. Diamond detector technology, status and perspectives

Author

A. Quadt, M. Yamouni, H. Pernegger, G. Chiodini, W. Trischuk, Dominique Tromson, R. Wallny, Lukas Bäni, R. Potenza, K. K. Gan, G. Forcolin, Jing Wang, A. Bes, S. Dick, Michael Reichmann, M. Dunser, V. Sopko, Robert Stone, N. Wermes, Monica Scaringella, A. Golubev, Jens Weingarten, S. Wagner, S. Spagnolo, M. Hoeferkamp, R. D. Kass, Sally Seidel, V. Eremin, C. Maazouzi, Christian Schmidt, G. Kramberger, Benjamin Bordy Tannenwald, B. Sopko, D. Chren, M. Gastal, J. Y. Hostachy, Andrej Gorišek, C. Hutton, M. Bartosik, L. Servoli, Mara Bruzzi, I. Haughton, Philippe Bergonzo, A. Dabrowski, C. Weiss, J. Grosse-Knetter, Silvio Sciortino, Grant Riley, M. Traeger, T. Hofmann, V. Belyaev, John Perry Cumalat, Marko Mikuž, Stefano Lagomarsino, Alessandro Re, Roberto Perrino, V. Bellini, M.-L. Gallin-Martel, Florian Kassel, J. Moss, Stefan M Spanier, J. Hosslet, B. Bentele, S. Schnetzer, S. Roe, Denis Dauvergne, C. M. Sutera, M. Kis, C. Tuve, F. Bachmair, D. Sanz, G. Claus, E. Grigoriev, Bojan Hiti, C. Giroletti, R. Mountain, Arianna Morozzi, James Beacham, A. Lo Giudice, Paolo Olivero, W. De Boer, M. Goffe, J. J. Velthuis, B. Gui, J.-M. Brom, Ana Lacoste, D.S. Smith, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Eric Lukosi, L. Gallin-Martel, A. C. Taylor, Marina Artuso, Gregor Kasieczka, J. Goldstein, A. Scorzoni, Kevin Stenson, Douglas Schaefer, Andreas Alexopoulos, Thorsten Wengler, Vladimir Cindro, D. Hits, Christian Dorfer, Daniele Passeri, Jens Janssen, Ettore Vittone, S. Murphy, M. Muškinja, S. Kuleshov, M. Pomorski, J. Collot, M. Menichelli, Hans Peter Beck, N. Venturi, Fabian Hügging, Moritz Guthoff, I. Mandic, Alexander Oh, Harris Kagan, M. Zavrtanik, C. Mathieu, Jacopo Forneris, Federico Picollo, Keida Kanxheri, Aidan Grummer, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Syracuse University, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (INFN, Sezione di Lecce), Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Universität Karlsruhe (TH), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Manchester [Manchester], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), University of Bristol [Bristol], Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics [Moscow] (ITEP), National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC KI), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), University of Karlsruhe (TH), Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], California State University [Sacramento], Rutgers University [Camden], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques (LCAE), University of Toronto, RD42 collaboration, University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universität Goettingen (GZG), Universität Goettingen - Abteilung Allgemeine und Angewandte Geologie, Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Centre des recherches scientifiques de Russie « Institut Kourtchatov » (SIC 'Kurchatov Institute'), Goettingen University, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics [Moscow] (ITEP), and Rutgers University

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 3D diamond detectors, diamond, sensor, Chemical vapor deposition, pCVD diamond, Diamond detectors, 3D diamond detectors, Radiation tolerant detectors, 0103 physical sciences, Chemical vapor deposition, Diamond detectors, pCVD diamond, Radiation tolerant detectors, Instrumentation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Radiation hardening, 010302 applied physics, Physics, instrumentation, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Diamond, Engineering physics, Upgrade, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Data mining, Particle physics experiments, computer
Abstract

The planned upgrade of the LHC to the High-Luminosity-LHC will push the luminosity limits above the original design values. Since the current detectors will not be able to cope with this environment ATLAS and CMS are doing research to find more radiation tolerant technologies for their innermost tracking layers. Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond is an excellent candidate for this purpose. Detectors out of this material are already established in the highest irradiation regimes for the beam condition monitors at LHC. The RD42 collaboration is leading an effort to use CVD diamonds also as sensor material for the future tracking detectors. The signal behaviour of highly irradiated diamonds is presented as well as the recent study of the signal dependence on incident particle flux. There is also a recent development towards 3D detectors and especially 3D detectors with a pixel readout based on diamond sensors.

Published
2019

10. A study of the radiation tolerance of poly-crystalline and single-crystalline CVD diamond to 800 MeV and 24 GeV protons

Author

Jacopo Forneris, Federico Picollo, Aidan Grummer, Harris Kagan, Dmitry Hits, D. Schaffner, Lukas Bäni, Fabian Hügging, V. Sopko, Robert Stone, M. Goffe, Arnulf Quadt, V. K. Eremin, Norbert Wermes, M. Gastal, V. Belyaev, Marina Artuso, R. Kass, R. Perrino, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Felix Bachmair, Denis Dauvergne, Sally Seidel, Gabriele Chiodini, S. Dick, K. K. Gan, W. Trischuk, Jing Wang, Stefano Lagomarsino, V. Bellini, Monica Scaringella, Bojan Hiti, Rainer Wallny, D. A. Sanz Becerra, Arianna Morozzi, M. Piccini, C. Weiss, D. Chren, J.-M. Brom, Raffaello D'Alessandro, A. Lo Giudice, A. Bes, Kevin Stenson, M. Zavrtanik, Cristina Tuve, I. Lopez Paz, Marc Dünser, Johann Collot, Giulio Tiziano Forcolin, Helge Christoph Beck, C.J. Schmidt, Nicola Venturi, Stephen Robert Wagner, Jens Janssen, Jens Weingarten, F. Rarbi, Stefania Spagnolo, Shaun Roe, W. De Boer, Michal Pomorski, Martin Hoeferkamp, J. J. Velthuis, L. Gallin-Martel, Renato Potenza, Gregor Kramberger, Andrea Scorzoni, A. A. Golubev, C. Hutton, Michael Reichmann, C. Giroletti, C. M. Sutera, Joel Goldstein, M. Kis, T. Hofmann, M. Traeger, Bin Gui, Marco Truccato, E. Grigoriev, Silvio Sciortino, J. Hosselet, C. Maazouzi, M. Bartosik, Igor Mandić, R. Mountain, S. M. Spanier, Ana Lacoste, L. Servoli, John Perry Cumalat, B. Sopko, D.S. Smith, Moritz Guthoff, Mauro Menichelli, B. Bentele, M. Yamouni, Gilles Claus, Paolo Olivero, Mara Bruzzi, Eric Lukosi, Josh Moss, C. Mathieu, Sergey Kuleshov, M.L. Gallin-Martel, K. Kanxheri, Anne Dabrowski, Andreas Alexopoulos, Gregor Kasieczka, Steve Schnetzer, M. Mikuž, Andrej Gorišek, Thorsten Wengler, Vladimir Cindro, J-Y. Hostachy, Heinz Pernegger, Alexander Oh, E. Schioppa, Christian Dorfer, Daniele Passeri, Alessandra Re, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Bäni, L., Alexopoulos, A., Artuso, M., Bachmair, F., Bartosik, M., Beck, H., Bellini, V., Belyaev, V., Bentele, B., Bes, A., Brom, J. -M., Bruzzi, M., Chiodini, G., Chren, D., Cindro, V., Claus, G., Collot, J., Cumalat, J., Dabrowski, A., D'Alessandro, R., Dauvergne, de Boer, W., Dick, S., Dorfer, C., Dünser, M., Eremin, V., Forcolin, G., Forneris, J., Gallin-Martel, L., Gallin-Martel, M. -L., Gan, K. K., Gastal, M., Giroletti, C., Goffe, M., Goldstein, J., Golubev, A., Gorišek, A., Grigoriev, E., Grosse-Knetter, J., Grummer, A., Gui, B., Guthoff, M., Hiti, B., Hits, D., Hoeferkamp, M., Hofmann, T., Hosselet, J., Hostachy, J. -Y., Hügging, F., Hutton, C., Janssen, J., Kagan, H., Kanxheri, K., Kasieczka, G., Kass, R., Kis, M., Kramberger, G., Kuleshov, S., Lacoste, A., Lagomarsino, S., Lo Giudice, A., Paz, I. Lopez, Lukosi, E., Maazouzi, C., Mandic, I., Mathieu, C., Menichelli, M., Mikuž, M., Morozzi, A., Moss, J., Mountain, R., Oh, A., Olivero, P., Passeri, D., Pernegger, H., Perrino, R., Piccini, M., Picollo, F., Pomorski, M., Potenza, R., Quadt, A., Rarbi, F., Re, A., Reichmann, M., Roe, S., Becerra, D. A. Sanz, Scaringella, M., Schaffner, D., Schmidt, C. J., Schnetzer, S., Schioppa, E., Sciortino, S., Scorzoni, A., Seidel, S., Servoli, L., Smith, D. S., Sopko, B., Sopko, V., Spagnolo, S., Spanier, S., Stenson, K., Stone, R., Sutera, C., Traeger, M., Trischuk, W., Truccato, M., Tuve, C., Velthuis, J., Venturi, N., Wagner, S., Wallny, R., Wang, J. C., Weingarten, J., Weiss, C., Wengler, T., Wermes, N., Yamouni, M., and Zavrtanik, M.

Subjects
charge collection distance, chemical vapor deposition, mean drift path, polycrystalline diamond, radiation damage constant, radiation tolerance, single crystal diamond, Technology, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Medical Physics, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, hemic and lymphatic diseases, 0103 physical sciences, parasitic diseases, ddc:530, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, eye diseases, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Full width at half maximum, engineering, sense organs, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, ddc:600, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Journal of physics / D Applied physics D 52(46), 465103 (2019). doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab37c6, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Published
2019

11. FPGA-Based Multi Cycle Parallel Architecture for Real-Time Processing in Ultrasound Applications

Author

Dario Russo, Valentino Meacci, Stefano Ricci, Monica Scaringella, Alessandro Dallai, Alessandro Ramalli, Enrico Boni, and Francesco Guidi

Subjects
Data processing, business.industry, Computer science, Real-time computing, Ultrasound, Plane wave, Process (computing), symbols.namesake, Transducer, symbols, Parallel architecture, business, Field-programmable gate array, Doppler effect
Abstract

A typical echograph transmits ultrasound signals and receives backscattered echoes through several tens of small transducers that compose the array of the probe. The system should process the acquired echoes in a very short time, typically few tens of ms, so that the medical doctor does not perceive any delay between the probe movements and the image update. This implies, especially when high-frame rate is required, the real-time processing of several GB of data per second: a huge constraint that is even emphasized in the new advanced ultrasound modalities investigated nowadays. In this paper, we present a Field Programmable Gate Array architecture which uses a combination of parallel and serial strategies capable to achieve a throughput rate of 3.5 GB/s in ultrasound data processing. The proposed architecture is implemented in the research ultrasound system ULA-OP 256. The performance of this approach is demonstrated by the real-time implementation of Plane Wave Vector Doppler, a novel investigation method that shows the blood velocity fields over a 2D section of an artery. Tests in a carotid artery of a volunteer are presented.

Published
2019

12. Relative stopping power measurements and prosthesis artifacts reduction in proton CT

Author

M. Rovituso, Francesco Tommasino, Mara Bruzzi, Monica Scaringella, Nunzio Randazzo, Matteo Intravaia, M. Brianzi, C. Civinini, Valeria Sipala, and Marco Schwarz

Subjects
Materials science, Proton, algebraic reconstruction techniques, hadron therapy, proton tomography, stopping power, metallic prosthesis, Stopping power, Imaging phantom, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Calibration, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Proton therapy, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Phantoms, Imaging, Prostheses and Implants, Bone prosthesis, Mockup, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Tomography, Protons, Artifacts, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Head, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

We present a set-up for proton computed tomography (pCT), composed of a microstrip silicon tracker and a YAG:Ce calorimeter, able to directly measure the relative stopping power (RSP) maps to be used in hadron therapy. The system, tested with an electron density phantom at the Trento proton Therapy Center, is able to correlate measured and expected RSP with discrepancies of the order of 1% or less. Furthermore, pCT tomographies of an anthropomorphous head phantom taken with our device, when compared with x-ray CT images of the same object, evidence a significant reduction of artifacts induced by titanium spinal bone prosthesis and tungsten dental filling.

Published
2020

13. A 120+ 120- Element Crisscross CMUT Probe's with Real-Time Switchable Electronic and Fresnel Focusing Capabilities

Author

Luca Fanni, Enrico Boni, Alessandro Stuart Savoia, Giosue Caliano, Piero Tortoli, Monica Scaringella, Paolo Mattesini, Barbara Mauti, IEEE Computer Society, Stuart Savoia, Alessandro, Mauti, Barbara, Fanni, Luca, Caliano, Giosue, Boni, Enrico, Mattesini, Paolo, Scaringella, Monica, and Tortoli, Piero

Subjects
Physics, Scanner, Optics, Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers, business.industry, Side lobe, Aperture, Amplifier, Capacitive sensing, Ultrasonic sensor, Orthogonal array, business
Abstract

Biplane modality is frequently used in medical ultrasound imaging applications. Crossed array configurations, in which two orthogonal 1-D arrays co-exist on the same area, are particularly suitable for biplane imaging. However, the imaging performance is limited by the absence of focusing capability in the arrays respective elevation directions. In this paper, we present a novel 120+120-element 7 MHz crisscross Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) probe in which the orthogonal arrays are both provided with Fresnel elevation focusing capability. The CMUT probe includes low-noise amplifiers and high-voltage switches, which allow fast switching (

Published
2018

14. 213. Pre-treatment verification of stereotactic plans using a bi-dimensional diamond detector

Author

Monica Scaringella, Cinzia Talamonti, Laura Masi, A. Bartoli, Stefania Pallotta, A. Baldi, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
Dosimeter, Pixel, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Computer science, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Diamond, General Medicine, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Matrix (mathematics), 0302 clinical medicine, Cyberknife, Filter (video), 0103 physical sciences, engineering, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, MATLAB, computer, Algorithm, Diamond detector, computer.programming_language
Abstract

Purpose The aim of this study is to test the performance of a new bi-dimensional diamond dosimeter, manufactured within the DIAPIX and IRTP Italian INFN projects, in pre-treatment verification of high conformal plans. Methods DIAPIX dosimeter consists of two pCVD diamond matrices (12 × 12 pixels, 2 mm pitch) coupled together covering a total area 2.5 × 4.8 cm2 with 1 mm dead space between matrices [1] . Dosimetric verifications of lung plans delivered with Cyberknife (CK) and 6 MV photon Elekta Synergy BM (EBM) were compared with the plans calculated with Multiplan Cyberknife and Monaco Elekta TPS. Since some pixels, mainly concentrated in a single matrix, were not fully operational, two measurements in gun-target and three in latero-lateral directions were necessary to cover the full EBM planning area. Bad pixels in both matrices were masked and they were assigned the average value of neighbour pixels and a global 3 × 3 pixel filter was applied. Dose distributions were registered with intensity-based algorithms and γ -index was evaluated with an in-house developed MATLAB routine and focused on the best performing matrix. The passing rate ( γ 1 ) was evaluated for 3%/3 mm criteria. Results CK passing rate over the whole dosimeter was 72% and for the EBM was 77%. These values increase to 84% and 85% for CK and EBM respectively just selecting the best performing matrix (Fig. 1). Moreover γ analysis showed that pixels corresponding to the edge of the matrix have a different behaviour and excluding them the passing rate increases to 93% for CK and 95% for EBM. Conclusions DIAPIX, a bi-dimensional pCVD diamond detector was tested with CK and EBM plans. Its intrinsic characteristics and performance make the DIAPIX pCVD diamond matrix a very innovative and promising technology to be used for pre-treatment verification of stereotactic plans. Future plans are focused on improving pixel contacts to get better device performance and uniformity. Download : Download high-res image (447KB) Download : Download full-size image

Published
2018

15. First dose-map measured with a polycrystalline diamond 2D dosimeter under an intensity modulated radiotherapy beam

Author

Monica Scaringella, Cinzia Talamonti, Margherita Zani, Emanuele Pace, A. De Sio, Marta Bucciolini, A. Baldi, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Dosimeter, Pixel, business.industry, Diamond, engineering.material, Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, Polycrystalline diamond, Optics, engineering, Intensity modulated radiotherapy, business, Radiation treatment planning, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A prototype of bidimensional dosimeter made on a 2.5×2.5 cm 2 active area polycrystalline Chemical Vapour Deposited (pCVD) diamond film, equipped with a matrix of 12×12 contacts connected to the read-out electronics, has been used to evaluate a map of dose under Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) fields for a possible application in pre-treatment verifications of cancer treatments. Tests have been performed under a 6–10 MVRX beams with IMRT fields for prostate and breast cancer. Measurements have been taken by measuring the 144 pixels in different positions, obtained by shifting the device along the x / y axes to span a total map of 14.4×10 cm 2 . Results show that absorbed doses measured by our pCVD diamond device are consistent with those calculated by the Treatment Planning System (TPS).

Published
2015

16. Development of silicon monolithic arrays for dosimetry in external beam radiotherapy

Author

Mara Bruzzi, Monica Scaringella, Margherita Zani, David Menichelli, Marta Bucciolini, Francesca Bisello, and Cinzia Talamonti

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Detector, Dot pitch, Linear particle accelerator, Pencil (optics), Optics, medicine, Dosimetry, Medical physics, business, Instrumentation, Proton therapy, Radiation hardening, Diode
Abstract

New tools for dosimetry in external beam radiotherapy have been developed during last years in the framework of the collaboration among the University of Florence, INFN Florence and IBA Dosimetry. The first step (in 2007) was the introduction in dosimetry of detector solutions adopted from high energy physics, namely epitaxial silicon as the base detector material and a guard ring in diode design. This allowed obtaining state of the art radiation hardness, in terms of sensitivity dependence on accumulated dose, with sensor geometry particularly suitable for the production of monolithic arrays with modular design. Following this study, a 2D monolithic array has been developed, based on 6.3×6.3 cm 2 modules with 3 mm pixel pitch. This prototype has been widely investigated and turned out to be a promising tool to measure dose distributions of small and IMRT fields. A further linear array prototype has been recently design with improve spatial resolution (1 mm pitch) and radiation hardness. This 24 cm long device is constituted by 4×64 mm long modules. It features low sensitivity changes with dose (0.2%/kGy) and dose per pulse (±1% in the range 0.1–2.3 mGy/pulse, covering applications with flattened and unflattened photon fields). The detector has been tested with very satisfactory results as a tool for quality assurance of linear accelerators, with special regards to small fields, and proton pencil beams. In this contribution, the characterization of the linear array with unflattened MV X-rays, 60 Co radiation and 226 MeV protons is reported.

Published
2015

17. Thermally Stimulated Currents in Nanocrystalline Titania

Author

A. Baldi, Ennio Antonio Carnevale, Monica Scaringella, R. Mori, Alessandro Cavallaro, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, desorption current, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, photocurrent, 01 natural sciences, Article, lcsh:Chemistry, chemisorbed current, thermally stimulated currents, titanium dioxide, hopping, nanoporous film, General Materials Science, Photocurrent, Condensed matter physics, nanotechnology, Atmospheric temperature range, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Thermal conduction, Nanocrystalline material, Electrical contacts, 0104 chemical sciences, Exponential function, lcsh:QD1-999, Density of states, 0210 nano-technology, Water vapor
Abstract

A thorough study on the distribution of defect-related active energy levels has been performed on nanocrystalline TiO₂. Films have been deposited on thick-alumina printed circuit boards equipped with electrical contacts, heater and temperature sensors, to carry out a detailed thermally stimulated currents analysis on a wide temperature range (5-630 K), in view to evidence contributions from shallow to deep energy levels within the gap. Data have been processed by numerically modelling electrical transport. The model considers both free and hopping contribution to conduction, a density of states characterized by an exponential tail of localized states below the conduction band and the convolution of standard Thermally Stimulated Currents (TSC) emissions with gaussian distributions to take into account the variability in energy due to local perturbations in the highly disordered network. Results show that in the low temperature range, up to 200 K, hopping within the exponential band tail represents the main contribution to electrical conduction. Above room temperature, electrical conduction is dominated by free carriers contribution and by emissions from deep energy levels, with a defect density ranging within 1014-1018 cm-3, associated with physio- and chemi-sorbed water vapour, OH groups and to oxygen vacancies.

Published
2017

18. Diamond detectors for high energy physics experiments

Author

Felix Bachmair, L. Uplegger, V. Bellini, Eric Lukosi, M. Traeger, Bin Gui, Ettore Vittone, Arianna Morozzi, A. Lo Giudice, Stefania Spagnolo, Igor Mandić, N. Venturi, Gregor Kramberger, K. K. Gan, S. M. Spanier, Andrea Scorzoni, Jing Wang, Joel Goldstein, Moritz Guthoff, Ana Lacoste, Michal Pomorski, V. Belyaev, Martin Hoeferkamp, D. Sanz, Marko Mikuž, D. Chren, Andreas Alexopoulos, R. Perrino, C. Hutton, R. Mountain, Florian Kassel, C. Giroletti, Steve Schnetzer, Denis Dauvergne, T. Hofmann, K. Kanxheri, Matevz Cerv, James Beacham, Jens Weingarten, Michael Reichmann, E. Berdermann, Fabian Hügging, Renato Potenza, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Jacopo Forneris, C. Maazouzi, Federico Picollo, J.-M. Brom, Giulio Tiziano Forcolin, Anne Dabrowski, W. Trischuk, Gilles Claus, Sally Seidel, Christian Dorfer, Daniele Passeri, Raffaello D'Alessandro, M. Zavrtanik, Dominique Tromson, R. Kass, Stefano Lagomarsino, C. Weiss, Kevin Stenson, Gabriele Chiodini, A. C. Taylor, Lukas Bäni, A. Bes, Mauro Menichelli, Thorsten Wengler, Miha Muskinja, Rainer Wallny, I. Haughton, J. Collot, Aidan Grummer, Silvio Sciortino, Benjamin Bordy Tannenwald, Mara Bruzzi, Helge Christoph Beck, H. Frais-Kölbl, Vladimir Cindro, J-Y. Hostachy, M. Yamouni, Harris Kagan, Robert Stone, S. Smith, Shaun Roe, Dmitry Hits, Marc Dünser, M.-L. Gallin-Martel, V. K. Eremin, C. M. Sutera, M. Kis, V. Sopko, Ricardo Eusebi, Grant Riley, Heinz Pernegger, Alexander Oh, Philippe Bergonzo, J. Hosslet, M. Goffe, Arnulf Quadt, C.J. Schmidt, Jens Janssen, Bojan Hiti, Norbert Wermes, A. A. Golubev, Sergey Kuleshov, P. Oliviero, Douglas Schaefer, H. Jansen, Stephen Robert Wagner, Marina Artuso, Alessandra Re, B. Bentele, Josh Moss, C. Mathieu, L. Servoli, Cristina Tuve, V. Konovalov, Andrej Gorišek, Gregor Kasieczka, B. Sopko, L. Gallin-Martel, M. Bartosik, E. Grigoriev, John Perry Cumalat, S. Murphy, W. De Boer, J. J. Velthuis, M. Gastal, Monica Scaringella, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departement Physik [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), CERN [Genève], Syracuse University, Departement Erdwissenschaften [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), University of Colorado [Boulder], GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (INFN, Sezione di Lecce), Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Universität Karlsruhe (TH), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Texas A&M University System, University of Manchester [Manchester], Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Fachhochschule Wiener Neustadt (FWT), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Toronto, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics [Moscow] (ITEP), National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC KI), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques (LCAE), and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)

Subjects
Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Diamond Detectors, sensor, Particle tracking detectors, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Solid state detectors, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, instrumentation, Range (particle radiation), Luminosity (scattering theory), detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Diamond, engineering, Optoelectronics, Particle, poly-crystalline diamond, business, Beam (structure), Radiation-hard detectors, Instrumentation, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Abstract

11th International Conference on Position Sensitive Detectors (PSD11),3–8 sept. 2017, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.; International audience; Beam test results of the radiation tolerance study of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond against different particle species and energies is presented. We also present beam test results on the independence of signal size on incident particle rate in charged particle detectors based on un-irradiated and irradiated poly-crystalline CVD diamond over a range of particle fluxes from 2 kHz/cm2 to 10 MHz/cm2. The pulse height of the sensors was measured with readout electronics with a peaking time of 6 ns. In addition functionality of poly-crystalline CVD diamond 3D devices was demonstrated in beam tests and 3D diamond detectors are shown to be a promising technology for applications in future high luminosity experiments.

Published
2017

19. High dynamic range ultrasound imaging with real-time filtered-delay multiply and sum beamforming

Author

Gabriel Emile Hine, Enrico Boni, Monica Scaringella, Luca Bassi, Alessandro Ramalli, Alessandro Stuart Savoia, Alessandro Dallai, Piero Tortoli, Giulia Matrone, Ramalli, A., Scaringella, M., Matrone, G., Dallai, A., Boni, E., Savoia, A.S., Bassi, L., Hine, G.E., Tortoli, P., Ramalli, Alessandro, Scaringella, Monica, Matrone, Giulia, Dallai, Alessandro, Boni, Enrico, Savoia, Alessandro Stuart, Bassi, Luca, Hine, Gabriel Emile, and Tortoli, Piero

Subjects
Beamforming, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Computational complexity theory, business.industry, Image quality, Dynamic range, 01 natural sciences, Imaging phantom, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Square root, 0103 physical sciences, Filtered Delay Multiply and Sum, Telecommunications, business, Real-time, 010301 acoustics, Image resolution, Algorithm, High dynamic range
Abstract

Most commercially available ultrasound imaging systems currently implement the delay and sum (DAS) beamforming. Alternative beamformers have been presented, offering higher performance at the expense of computational complexity, which has so far limited their practical real-time implementation. In particular, the Filtered-Delay Multiply and Sum (F-DMAS) beamformer, which adds the computation of signed square roots, absolute values and multiplications to DAS, was recently shown to be effective in improving resolution, dynamic range and overall image quality. In this work, we present the real-time implementation of the F-DMAS beamformer on the ULA-OP 256 research system. This is obtained through a reformulation of the F-DMAS algorithm that allows reducing its computational cost. Compared to DAS, F-DMAS images of a commercial phantom captured in real-time showed higher CR (up to +7 dB), better spatial resolution (up to 30%), but lower CNR (-40%).

Published
2017

20. Proof-of-principle results of proton Computed Tomography

Author

Domenico Lo Presti, Francesco Romano, M. Brianzi, E. Vanzi, Giorgia Maccioni, Mara Bruzzi, G. A. Pablo Cirrone, M. Rovituso, Cinzia Talamonti, Danilo Bonanno, Giacomo Cuttone, Francesco Tommasino, Nunzio Randazzo, Carlo Civinini, Valeria Sipala, Monica Scaringella, Stefania Pallotta, M. Carpinelli, Civinini, C, Scaringella, M, Bonanno, D, Brianzi, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cuttone, G, Lo Presti, D, Maccioni, G, Pallotta, S, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rovituso, M, Sipala, V, Talamonti, C, Tommasino, F, Vanzi, E, and Bruzzi, M

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Computation, Physics::Medical Physics, Iterative reconstruction, 01 natural sciences, Imaging phantom, The Svedberg Laboratory, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear Experiment, Proton therapy, Instrumentation, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Physics, Human head, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Beamline, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Tomography, business, Radiology
Abstract

A proof of principle proton Computed Tomography (pCT) apparatus, based on a silicon microstrip tracker and a YAG:Ce calorimeter, has been manufactured. Tests with a 175 MeV proton beam at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL, Uppsala, Sweden) aiming at collecting data for reconstructing a tomographic image have been carried out. Algebraic iterative reconstruction methods, together with the most likely path formalism, have been used to obtain non-homogeneous phantom images to eventually extract density and spatial resolutions. The heavy computation load required by the algebraic algorithms has been approached fully exploiting the high calculation parallelism of Graphics Processing Units. The dose delivered to the phantom during the tomographic data-taking has been estimated as well as spatial and density resolutions dependence on dose. An upgraded pCT apparatus with an extended field-of-view able to reconstruct objects of the size of a human head, thus suitable to be used in pre-clinical tests, is now at an advanced construction stage. Using this new apparatus radiographies of an anthropomorphic phantom have been taken at the proton experimental beam line of the 'Trento Proton Therapy Center' (Trento, Italy).

Published
2017

21. Proton Computed Tomography: Iterative image reconstruction and dose evaluation

Author

E. Vanzi, M. Carpinelli, M. Brianzi, G.A.P. Cirrone, N. Randazzo, Danilo Bonanno, C. Civinini, Mara Bruzzi, G. Maccioni, Fabrizio Romano, D. Lo Presti, Valeria Sipala, Cinzia Talamonti, Stefania Pallotta, Monica Scaringella, Giacomo Cuttone, Civinini, C, Bonanno, D, Brianzi, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cuttone, G, Presti, D, Maccioni, G, Pallotta, S, Randazzo, N, Scaringella, M, Romano, F, Sipala, V, Talamonti, C, Vanzi, E, and Bruzzi, M

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Image quality, Image processing, Iterative reconstruction, 01 natural sciences, Imaging phantom, The Svedberg Laboratory, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, 0103 physical sciences, Medical imaging, medicine, Computer vision, Medical physics, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Mathematical Physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Artificial intelligence, Tomography, Medical-image reconstruction methods and algorithms, computer-aided software, Instrumentation for particle-beam therapy, business
Abstract

Proton Computed Tomography (pCT) is a medical imaging method with a potential for increasing accuracy of treatment planning and patient positioning in hadron therapy. A pCT system based on a Silicon microstrip tracker and a YAG:Ce crystal calorimeter has been developed within the INFN Prima-RDH collaboration. The prototype has been tested with a 175 MeV proton beam at The Svedberg Laboratory (Uppsala, Sweden) with the aim to reconstruct and characterize a tomographic image. Algebraic iterative reconstruction methods (ART), together with the most likely path formalism, have been used to obtain tomographies of an inhomogeneous phantom to eventually extract density and spatial resolutions. These results will be presented and discussed together with an estimation of the average dose delivered to the phantom and the dependence of the image quality on the dose. Due to the heavy computation load required by the algebraic algorithms the reconstruction programs have been implemented to fully exploit the high calculation parallelism of Graphics Processing Units. An extended field of view pCT system is in an advanced construction stage. This apparatus will be able to reconstruct objects of the size of a human head making possible to characterize this pCT approach in a pre-clinical environment.

Published
2017

22. Low temperature thermally stimulated current characterization of nanoporous TiO2 films

Author

Franco Bogani, Monica Scaringella, R. Mori, Mara Bruzzi, and Ennio Antonio Carnevale

Subjects
Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Nanoporous, Surfaces and Interfaces, Substrate (electronics), Atmospheric temperature range, Conductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal conduction, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Materials Chemistry, Density of states, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, Deposition (law)
Abstract

Nanoporous films of TiO2 have been obtained by deposition on an alumina substrate of a commercial colloid and Au contacts have been put on surface for in-plane conductivity measurements. Samples have been characterized by means of a series of sequential thermally stimulated currents scans, from nearly liquid He temperature up to 200 K, in order to get information on: conduction mechanisms, distribution of intragap density of states and recombination times of free an localized carriers. A model for hopping conductivity has been considered to properly take into account of localized states filling; it has been used to fit the experimental data, without a-priori assumptions on the nature of the conduction mechanisms. It is found that hopping conductivity prevails over free-carrier, in quasi-equilibrium regime, in the investigated temperature range.

Published
2014

23. High-quality polycristalline CVD diamond dosimeter: Low bias operation with intensity modulated photons and 62MeV protons

Author

Mara Bruzzi, Cinzia Talamonti, Marta Bucciolini, L. Tozzetti, Margherita Zani, Emanuele Pace, Antonio De Sio, Monica Scaringella, and R. Mori

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Dosimeter, Proton, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Electrical contacts, Optics, engineering, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A polycrystalline Chemical Vapour Deposited (pCVD) diamond film has been processed to implement a bidimensional dosimeter for applications in clinical radiotherapy. The detector, with an area of 2.5×2.5 cm 2 and a thickness of 300 μ m , has been equipped with a matrix of electrical contacts (12×12 pixels) on the upper surface. The matrix of pixels has been electrically characterized in dark showing uniformity and very low leakage current. This study demonstrates that when applied bias is in the range 0–5 V, the pCVD diamond film provides very accurate measurement of dose and dose-rates under clinical 62 MeV proton beam, conventional 6–10 MeV photon beams, and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) beams.

Published
2013

24. The PRIMA (PRoton IMAging) collaboration: Development of a proton Computed Tomography apparatus

Author

C. Civinini, M. Carpinelli, D. Lo Presti, M. Tesi, Monica Scaringella, N. Randazzo, Cinzia Talamonti, M. Brianzi, Stefania Pallotta, Giacomo Cuttone, Fabrizio Romano, Mara Bruzzi, C. Stancampiano, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, Margherita Zani, G.A.P. Cirrone, C. Pugliatti, Valeria Sipala, Scaringella, M, Brianzi, M, Bruzzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Pugliatti, C, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Sipala, V, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, Tesi, M, Vanzi, E, and Zani, M

Subjects
Physics, Proton computed tomography, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, pCT (proton Computed Tomography), Calorimetry, Stopping power, Silicon microstrip, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, Trajectory, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Upstream (networking), Development (differential geometry), Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Proton therapy
Abstract

This paper describes the development of a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) apparatus able to reconstruct a map of stopping power useful for accurate proton therapy treatment planning and patient positioning. This system is based on two main components: a silicon microstrip tracker and a YAG:Ce crystal calorimeter. Each proton trajectory is sampled by the tracker in four points: two upstream and two downstream the object under test; the particle residual energy is measured by the calorimeter. The apparatus is described in details together with a discussion on the characterization of the hardware under proton beams with energies up to 175 MeV.

Published
2013

25. Ultra-fast silicon detectors

Author

Abraham Seiden, B. Petersen, Vitaliy Fadeyev, Anna Vinattieri, J. Ngo, S. Ely, Hartmut Sadrozinski, Mara Bruzzi, R. Mori, Nicolo Cartiglia, A. Zatserklyaniy, Monica Scaringella, C. Parker, Z. Galloway, and F. Marchetto

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Detector, Measure (physics), chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking (particle physics), Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Measuring instrument, Electronic engineering, Ultra fast, Instrumentation
Abstract

We propose to develop a fast, thin silicon sensor with gain capable to concurrently measure with high precision the space (∼10 μm) and time (∼10 ps) coordinates of a particle. This will open up new application of silicon detector systems in many fields. Our analysis of detector properties indicates that it is possible to improve the timing characteristics of silicon-based tracking sensors, which already have sufficient position resolution, to achieve four-dimensional high-precision measurements. The basic sensor characteristics and the expected performance are listed, the wide field of applications are mentioned and the required R&D topics are discussed.

Published
2013

26. A real-time beamformer for high frame rate ultrasound imaging

Author

Stefano Ricci, Monica Scaringella, Alessandro Ramalli, Valentino Meacci, Enrico Boni, Francesco Guidi, Alessandro Dallai, Luca Bassi, and Piero Tortoli

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, Acoustics, Ultrasound, Iterative reconstruction, Frame rate, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sampling (signal processing), Transmission (telecommunications), 0103 physical sciences, Ultrasound imaging, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Field-programmable gate array, business, 010301 acoustics, Massively parallel, Digital signal processing
Abstract

High frame rate (HFR) imaging methods based on the transmission of defocused or plane-waves rather than focused beams are increasingly popular. In this work, we present the FPGA-based implementation of a massively parallel beamformer, available on the 256-channel ULtrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP 256), capable of producing compounded HFR B-Mode images in real-time. The implemented beamformer sustains an average output sample rate of 400 MSPS. This corresponds, for example, to raw radiofrequency images, each of 64 lines by 2048 depths, continuously produced in real-time at a maximum frame rate of 3 kHz. The related beamformed and demodulated data are available for acquisition and/or further real-time processing.

Published
2016

27. Diamond Particle Detectors for High Energy Physics

Author

Florian Kassel, M. Goffe, Lars Graber, Gregor Kasieczka, Norbert Wermes, Paolo Olivero, Fabian Hügging, Renato Potenza, Ana Lacoste, V. Sopko, N. C. McFadden, Marina Artuso, K. Kanxheri, M. Gastal, Daniele Passeri, Kevin Stenson, Heinz Pernegger, Alexander Oh, E. Grigoriev, T. Schreiner, R. Mountain, P. Weilhammer, R. Perrino, Anne Dabrowski, W. Trischuk, Sally Seidel, Thorsten Wengler, Gregor Kramberger, Harris Kagan, K. K. Gan, Nicola Venturi, G. McGoldrick, Ettore Vittone, Martin Hoeferkamp, Vladimir Cindro, S. Murphy, V. Eremin, T. Hofmann, Steve Schnetzer, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Salvatore Costa, William Trischuk, Arnulf Quadt, Dean Hidas, L. Servoli, Monica Scaringella, G. Parrini, C. Weiss, Robert Stone, M. Zavrtanik, V. Belyaev, Jaap Velthuis, Stefano Lagomarsino, Jens Weingarten, Gabriele Chiodini, Dominique Tromson, R. Kass, Anna Sfyrla, W. De Boer, A. C. Taylor, Andrej Gorišek, Alessandra Re, Rainer Wallny, D. Chren, Daniel Dobos, Andrea Scorzoni, Stefan M Spanier, Mauro Menichelli, Jacopo Forneris, Shaun Roe, Bernd Dehning, M. Bartosik, H. Frais-Kölbl, Grant Riley, S. Kuleshov, Federico Picollo, John Perry Cumalat, C. Maazouzi, J. Collot, G. Shimchuk, J.-M. Brom, Lorenzo Uplegger, C. Manfredotti, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Dmitry Hits, Mariusz Sapinski, Felix Bachmair, V. Bellini, Arianna Morozzi, Josh Moss, E. Berdermann, C. M. Sutera, C. Mathieu, Lukas Bäni, A. Lo Giudice, G. Forcolin, M. Kis, A. Bes, Ricardo Eusebi, Stefania Spagnolo, Laura Gonella, Michal Pomorski, Matevz Cerv, Cristina Tuve, Jens Janssen, Wojciech Dulinski, J. Y. Hostachy, I. Haughton, Philippe Bergonzo, A. A. Golubev, Joel Goldstein, Mara Bruzzi, J. Hosslet, Jing Wang, M. Yamouni, H. Jansen, Stephen Robert Wagner, Gilles Claus, M. Traeger, B. Bentele, Igor Mandić, Chav Chhiv Chau, Moritz Guthoff, B. Sopko, Silvio Sciortino, S. Smith, M. Pauluzzi, Marko Mikuž, University of Toronto, Syracuse University, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), University of Catania [Italy], The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], University of Colorado [Boulder], Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (INFN, Sezione di Lecce), Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], University of Karlsruhe (TH), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Texas A&M University [College Station], University of Manchester [Manchester], Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of Bristol [Bristol], Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics [Moscow] (ITEP), National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC KI), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), and Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

Subjects
Particle physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle detectors, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, High energy physics, Precision tracking, Radiation tolerance, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Pixel, business.industry, System of measurement, Detector, ATLAS experiment, Electrical engineering, Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Proceedings of the 37 International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP 2014), 2-9 July 2014, Valencia, Spain. Editors M. Aguilar-Benítez, J. Fuster, S. Martí-García, A. Santamaría.; International audience; Diamond devices have now become ubiquitous in the LHC experiments, finding applications in beam background monitoring and luminosity measuring systems. This sensor material is now maturing to the point that the large pads in existing diamond detectors are being replaced by highly granular tracking devices, in both pixel and strip configurations, for detector systems that will be used in Run II at the LHC and beyond. The RD42 collaboration has continued to seek out additional diamond manufacturers and quantify the limits of the radiation tolerance of this material. The ATLAS experiment has recently installed, and is now commissioning a fully-fledged pixel tracking detector system based on diamond sensors. Finally, RD42 has recently demonstrated the viability of 3D biased diamond sensors that can be operated at very low voltages with full charge collection. These proceedings describe all of these advances.

Published
2016

28. PRIMA: An apparatus for medical application

Author

Valeria Sipala, C. Civinini, G.A.P. Cirrone, Fabrizio Romano, Marta Bucciolini, D. Lo Presti, M. Tesi, Stefania Pallotta, M. Brianzi, Giacomo Cuttone, Monica Scaringella, Cinzia Talamonti, C. Stancampiano, Mara Bruzzi, and N. Randazzo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), business.industry, Field of view, Tracking (particle physics), medicine, Proton imaging, Medical physics, Tomography, Computed radiography, business, Instrumentation, Proton therapy, Computer hardware
Abstract

In this paper a proton Computed Radiography (pCR) apparatus for medical applications, realized by PRIMA (PRoton IMAging) Italian Collaboration, is described. The system is oriented to acquire tomography images and meets clinical demands for the use of protons in radiotherapy treatments. The approach proposed here is based on ‘single proton tracking’ method with Most Likely Path (MLP) reconstruction of the single particle. A pCR prototype, with a field of view of about 5×5 cm 2 and an acquisition time of the order of 10 s (10 kHz, 10 5 events), has been developed and tested with a 62 MeV proton beam at the INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS). The apparatus architecture will be described and first proton radiographies will be shown.

Published
2011

29. YAG(Ce) crystal characterization with proton beams

Author

Reinhard W. Schulte, D. Lo Presti, Emanuele Leonora, M. Russo, Giacomo Cuttone, Francesco Romano, Vladimir Bashkirov, Nunzio Randazzo, Monica Scaringella, C. Civinini, G.A.P. Cirrone, Valeria Sipala, Sebastiano Aiello, and C. Stancampiano

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Silicon, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), business.industry, Nuclear Theory, Resolution (electron density), Detector, Physics::Optics, chemistry.chemical_element, Crystal, Optics, chemistry, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A YAG(Ce) crystal has been characterized with a proton beam up to 100 MeV. Tests were performed to investigate the possibility of using this detector as a proton calorimeter. A crystal size has been chosen that is able to stop up to 200 MeV. Energy resolution and light response have been measured at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud with a proton beam up to 60 MeV and a spatial homogeneity study of the crystal has been performed at Loma Linda University Medical Center with a 100 MeV proton beam. The YAG(Ce) crystal showed a good energy resolution equal to 3.7% at 60 MeV and measurements, performed in the 30–60 MeV proton energy range, were fitted by Birks' equation. Using a silicon tracker to determine the particle entry point in the crystal, a spatial homogeneity value of 1.7% in the light response has been measured.

Published
2011

30. Zero-bias thermally stimulated currents (ZB-TSC) spectroscopy of deep traps in irradiated silicon particle detectors

Author

David Menichelli, Monica Scaringella, Mara Bruzzi, and R. Mori

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Band gap, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Fluence, chemistry, Electric field, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Neutron, Irradiation, Atomic physics, business, Instrumentation, Diode
Abstract

A zero-bias thermally stimulated currents (ZB-TSC) study has been carried out on n-type magnetic Czochralski silicon diodes irradiated with neutrons in the (1 MeV equivalent neutron) fluence range of Φ =10 13 –10 15 n eq /cm 2 . In standard TSC, deep-level emissions can be analyzed as long as they are clearly distinguishable from the background current, which increases exponentially during the heating scan. On the contrary, in ZB-TSC this problem is overcome because background current is negligible. As an example, at Φ =10 15 n eq /cm 2 , we found a maximal temperature of investigation with standard TSC close to ∼150 K, while with ZB-TSC this value is higher than 250 K. Moreover, ZB-TSC can be used to evidence the complex structured electric field profile due to charged defects in the irradiated material. Therefore, ZB-TSC results in a very useful tool to characterize radiation damage in heavily irradiated silicon detectors, permitting both to explore the whole band gap and to obtain information about the residual electric field profile. Our ZB-TSC measurements showed the presence of radiation-induced deep levels in the range 0.37–0.51 eV, while no deeper levels were found.

Published
2010

31. Diamond-based off-line dosimeters for environmental control in space flights

Author

A. Giannini, Marta Bucciolini, Alessandro Donati, E. Woerner, Valfredo Zolesi, Antonio De Sio, S. Miglio, Monica Scaringella, Mara Bruzzi, Christoph Wild, Emanuele Pace, and Vittorio Cotronei

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Dosimeter, Synthetic diamond, business.industry, Diamond, Radiation, engineering.material, Space exploration, law.invention, Optics, law, Absorbed dose, engineering, Radiation monitoring, Dosimetry, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Biological experiments in space and ongoing human space missions devoted to the solar system exploration require significant advancements in the radiation environment monitoring systems. Radiation hazard has to be continuously monitored and the evaluation of the biological damage suffered should be calculated within short time. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of using polycrystalline diamond films as dosimeters for space applications. The charge trapped into deep intra-gap defect levels during radiation exposure, and released during a high-temperature thermal scan to give thermally stimulated current (TSC), has been integrated as a function of time to evaluate the absorbed dose. The capability of diamond films to detect low doses has been demonstrated down to the mGys range. First application of these dosimeters in a real twelve-day, low Earth orbit, space mission has been carried out. TSC results have been proved to give correct evaluation of the dose absorbed during the space mission, assessing the capabilities of synthetic diamond and TSC read-out system as a proper dosimetry technique for space applications.

Published
2010

32. The Italian project for a proton imaging device

Author

Stefania Pallotta, G.A.P. Cirrone, Marta Bucciolini, G. Candiano, David Menichelli, Monica Scaringella, S. Miglio, M. Russo, Valeria Sipala, S. Aiello, Cinzia Talamonti, N. Randazzo, S. Lo Nigro, D. Lo Presti, Giacomo Cuttone, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Dose calculation, business.industry, Monte Carlo method, Patient positioning, Software, Proton imaging, medicine, Medical physics, Imaging technique, business, Radiation treatment planning, Instrumentation, Proton therapy, Simulation
Abstract

Proton Computed Tomography (or pCT) is a new imaging technique based on the use of high energy proton beams (200–250 MeV) replacing of the commonly adopted X-rays CT. pCT that was firstly proposed in the 1960s but only nowadays, with the continued establishing of new proton therapy centers around the world, the interest in it is growing. The use of protons for tomographic images can represent, in fact, a big enhancement in the quality of a proton therapy treatment either in the patient positioning as well as in the accuracy of the dose calculation for the treatment planning phase. In this paper, after a brief introduction on pCT principles, the main hardware and software characteristics of a first pCT prototype in development by our group (the Italian PRIMA collaboration) will be presented. The role of Monte Carlo simulation in developing will be also emphasized, using the GEANT4 simulation toolkit.

Published
2007

33. ULA-OP 256: A portable high-performance research scanner

Author

Enrico Boni, Gabriele Giannini, Monica Scaringella, Alessandro Dallai, Valentino Meacci, Stefano Ricci, Luca Bassi, Riccardo Matera, Francesco Guidi, Jacopo Viti, Alessandro Ramalli, and Piero Tortoli

Subjects
Flexibility (engineering), Scanner, Digital signal processor, Open platform, Speedup, business.industry, Computer science, Electrical engineering, Waveform, business, Computer hardware, Power (physics)
Abstract

In the past few years, open scanners have rapidly advanced to offer a variety of solutions to ultrasound researchers. Each system presents specific performance in terms of number of channels, flexibility, processing power and raw data storage capability. This paper describes the 256-channel ULtrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP 256), designed to provide high performance in a small size. The high-speed interconnection of multiple front-end boards allows the direct and complete control of all transmit (TX) and receive (RX) waveforms. Up to 80 GB of RX data can be stored in the on-board DDR3 memory, while high real-time computational power (equivalent to 2500 GFLOP) is guaranteed by the available digital signal processors. The system implements a massive parallel multi-line beamformer in order to speed up the acquisition in high frame rate imaging techniques. This will enable imaging rates up to 4000 fps, depending on the image frame size.

Published
2015

34. Design and characterisation of a YAG(Ce) calorimeter for proton Computed Tomography application

Author

E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, D. Lo Presti, Cinzia Talamonti, N. Randazzo, M. Carpinelli, Sebastiano Aiello, Stefania Pallotta, C. Pugliatti, Mara Bruzzi, Valeria Sipala, Emanuele Leonora, G.A.P. Cirrone, C. Civinini, C. Stancampiano, Monica Scaringella, Giacomo Cuttone, Sipala, V, Randazzo, N, Aiello, S, Bruzzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Leonora, E, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Pugliatti, C, Scaringella, M, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, and Vanzi, E

Subjects
Physics, Calorimeter, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Instrumentation, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Scintillator, Particle detector, Charged particle, Photodiode, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, law, Measuring instrument, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The design and the characterization of a calorimeter system, aimed at measuring the residual energy in a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) apparatus, is described. The calorimeter has a 6 × 6 cm2 active area to fully cover the tracker area of the pCT system, being 10 cm thick it is able to stop up to 200 MeV protons and sustain 1 MHz particle rate (average rate on the whole area). The YAG(Ce) scintillator is promising for charged particle detection applications where high-count rate, good energy resolution and compact photodiode readout, not influenced by magnetic fields, are of importance. The aim of this work is to show data acquired with proton beam energy up to 175 MeV and to discuss the performances of this calorimeter.

Published
2015

35. Characterization of standard and oxygenated float zone Si diodes under radiotherapy beams

Author

Marta Bucciolini, Eckhart Fretwurst, David Menichelli, Mara Bruzzi, Claudio Piemonte, Marta Casati, and Monica Scaringella

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Dosimeter, Silicon, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Radiation, Characterization (materials science), Float zone, Optics, chemistry, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Diffusion (business), business, Instrumentation, Diode
Abstract

The dosimetric response of silicon diodes made from high resistivity float zone (FZ) and diffusion oxygenated FZ (DOFZ) silicon has been studied with a 60 Co clinical radiotherapy gamma source. To investigate the changes in sensitivity with the accumulated dose, the diodes have been exposed to doses of 137 Cs gamma-rays up to 6 kGy. As expected, Si diodes showed a degradation in the signal response with the accumulated dose due to the formation of radiation-induced defects acting as lifetime killers. Nonetheless, the DOFZ Si diode appeared to be moderately radiation harder than the standard FZ sample, with a decay of sensitivity less pronounced.

Published
2005

36. Characterization of a bidimensional polycrystalline CVD diamond dosimeter with photon beams

Author

Emanuele Pace, A. Pasquini, Margherita Zani, Monica Scaringella, Stefania Pallotta, Cinzia Talamonti, Mara Bruzzi, Lorenzo Livi, and A. Baldi

Subjects
Dosimeter, Materials science, Dose calculation, business.industry, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, General Medicine, Chemical vapor deposition, Characterization (materials science), Optics, Photon beams, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Crystallite, business
Published
2016

37. Defect analysis of a diamond particle detector by means of photoconductivity and thermal spectroscopy characterization

Author

S. Miglio, Monica Scaringella, Silvio Sciortino, Stefano Lagomarsino, David Menichelli, S. Mersi, Fred Hartjes, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
Materials science, Passivation, business.industry, Band gap, Photoconductivity, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, Particle detector, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Optics, engineering, Optoelectronics, Particle, business, Spectroscopy
Abstract

This paper deals with an investigation of the trapping mechanisms and the pumping process on a device based on polycrystalline Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) diamond, recently tested as particle tracker. Photoconductivity measurements have been carried out during monochromatic illumination from near IR to above bandgap, while thermally stimulated current measurements have been used to detect a main defect level near band-edge. The results have been compared with charge collection distance measurements, highlighting the passivation effects of some trap levels due to irradiation. Based on these data we suggest a band-gap and trap-state model for CVD diamond presently used in particle physics experiments.

Published
2003

38. Dosimetric characterization of a 2D polycrystalline CVD diamond detector

Author

A. Baldi, Cinzia Talamonti, Mara Bruzzi, Monica Scaringella, I. Cupparo, A. Bartoli, Stefania Pallotta, and A. Pasquini

Subjects
Materials science, Dosimeter, business.industry, Detector, Linearity, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Linear particle accelerator, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Surface coating, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Measuring instrument, engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

A bidimensional pixelated dosimeter composed of two polycrystalline Chemical Vapour Deposited diamond films, 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 each placed aside, has been manufactured so as to obtain a detector with a 2 mm pitch over a total active area of 5.0 × 2.5 cm2. We performed the dosimetric characterization of the detector with an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator using a 6 MV photon beam. Uniformity maps, rise and fall times, signal repeatability, dependence on dose rate, linearity with dose and sensitivity show that the device is suitable for dosimetric evaluations in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) treatments. Then, a first quantitative evaluation of the dose distribution in a lung VMAT treatment plan has been carried out, by comparing data from our device with Treatment Planning Sistem values by means of a Γ test, with promising results.

Published
2017

39. A binary readout chip for silicon microstrip detector in proton imaging application

Author

E. Vanzi, M. Tesi, Mara Bruzzi, G.A.P. Cirrone, Danilo Bonanno, C. Civinini, A. Lai, M. Bondì, S. Cadeddu, G. Maccioni, Giacomo Cuttone, Cinzia Talamonti, D. Lo Presti, Valeria Sipala, Emanuele Leonora, M. Carpinelli, Monica Scaringella, Stefania Pallotta, N. Randazzo, Sipala, V, Bruzzi, M, Bondì, M, Bonanno, D, Cadeddu, S, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Lai, A, Leonora, E, Presti, D, Maccioni, G, Pallotta, S, Randazzo, N, Scaringella, M, Talamonti, C, Tesi, M, and Vanzi, E

Subjects
Comparator, Preamplifier, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, VLSI circuits, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, Front-end electronics for detector readout, Particle tracking detectors, 0103 physical sciences, VLSI circuit, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Front-end electronics for detector readout, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, Particle tracking detectors, VLSI circuits, Signal processing, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Amplifier, Detector, Electrical engineering, Chip, Particle tracking detector, Semiconductor detector, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

The mixed-signal PRIMA-chip has been developed for sensitive-position silicon detector in proton imaging application. The chip is based upon the binary readout architecture which, providing fully parallel signal processing, is a good solution for high intensity radiation application. It includes 32-front-end channels with a charge preamplifier, a shaper and a comparator. In order to adjust the comparator thresholds, each channel contains a 8-bit DAC, programmed using an I2C like interface. The PRIMA-chip has been fabricated using the AMS 0.35 μm standard CMOS process and its performances have been tested coupling it to the detectors used in the tracker assembled for the pCT (proton Computed Tomography) apparatus.

Published
2017

40. Design of a multiple-rail high-voltage power supply for ultrasound scanners

Author

Luca Bassi, Enrico Boni, Alessandro Ramalli, Piero Tortoli, and Monica Scaringella

Subjects
Power supply rejection ratio, Switched-mode power supply, business.industry, Computer science, Electrical engineering, High voltage, Power supply unit, Switched-mode power supply applications, business, Electromagnetic interference, Electronic circuit, Power (physics), Voltage
Abstract

Standard ultrasound modes, as implemented in commercial equipment, require to transmit high voltage (HV) burst signals, whose amplitude may be up to 150Vpp. HV power supplies typically use switching circuits that may generate undesired electromagnetic interferences. Further challenging requirements on the power supply circuits are imposed by the novel experimental methods that may entail programmable amplitudes over consecutive pulse repetition intervals (PRIs). This paper presents a 4-rail 200Vpp power supply board, designed for ultrasound systems, which is able to switch the voltage supply in consecutive PRIs according to a programmable sequence. Multiple control strategies identified to reduce the switching noise contributions are discussed.

Published
2014

41. Low temperature thermally stimulated current characterization of nanoporous TiO2films (Phys. Status Solidi A 8∕2014)

Author

Ennio Antonio Carnevale, R. Mori, Franco Bogani, Mara Bruzzi, and Monica Scaringella

Subjects
Materials science, Nanoporous, Materials Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Characterization (materials science)
Published
2014

42. Characterization of optical ageing effects on Ruthenium based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Author

Mara Bruzzi, Lorenzo Ciani, Lorenzo Donati, Monica Scaringella, Enzo Perrotta, and Marcantonio Catelani

Subjects
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector, Dye-sensitized solar cell, business.industry, Photovoltaics, Photovoltaic system, Optoelectronics, Medicine, Context (language use), Solar simulator, business, Short circuit, Engineering physics, Renewable energy
Abstract

The renewable energy industry has been growing remarkably over the last years and, in this context, solar radiation represents one of the most accessible energy resources. The involved industry has seen rapid expansion in the past decade with an ever-increasing share of the electricity-generating capacity for the world. To this aim, for the photovoltaic (PV) manufactures, the assessment of the reliability and electrical performances of their prototypes is becoming more and more important, especially for third generation solutions such as Ruthenium based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). In particular, this paper aims to analyze ageing effects on DSSCs under optical stress. The study is divided in two parts: in the first part we use accelerated optical stress to understand mechanisms degradation of DSSC parameters as efficiency, open circuit voltage and short circuit current. In the second part we submit the DSSCs to Sun exposition in order to study cells in realistic operative conditions.

Published
2014

43. Characterization of a YAG:Ce calorimeter with high-energy proton beam

Author

Mara Bruzzi, Valeria Sipala, Monica Scaringella, D. Lo Presti, N. Randazzo, Giacomo Cuttone, G.A.P. Cirrone, Stefania Pallotta, C. Civinini, Sebastiano Aiello, C. Stancampiano, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, M. Carpinelli, Emanuele Leonora, Cinzia Talamonti, Sipala, V, Randazzo, N, Aiello, S, Bruzzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Leonora, E, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Scaringella, M, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, and Vanzi, E

Subjects
Materials science, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Optics, Scintillator, The Svedberg Laboratory, law.invention, Calorimeters, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Calorimeter (particle physics), business.industry, Charged particles, Charged particle, Photodiode, Proton beams, Calorimeters, Charged particles, Proton beams, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, Particle, business, Radiology, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A YAG:Ce calorimeter with a 6×6 cm2 active area, long 10 cm has been manufactured in order to stop up to 200 MeV protons and to sustain 1MHz particle rate. It consists of four optically separated crystals assembled in the same housing. The YAG:Ce scintillator is promising for charged particle detection applications where high-count rate, good energy resolution and compact photodiode readout, not influenced by magnetic fields, are of importance. The YAG:Ce calorimeter has been characterized with proton beams up to 175MeV a The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL), Uppsala Sweden. Results obtained are shown and discussed.

Published
2014

44. A proton Computed Tomography based medical imaging system

Author

C. Pugliatti, Margherita Zani, C. Civinini, G.A.P. Cirrone, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, Cinzia Talamonti, Valeria Sipala, C. Stancampiano, Giacomo Cuttone, D. Lo Presti, Monica Scaringella, N. Randazzo, Stefania Pallotta, Fabrizio Romano, M. Carpinelli, Mara Bruzzi, Scaringella, M, Bruzzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Pugliatti, C, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Sipala, V, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, Vanzi, E, and Zani, M

Subjects
Physics, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), Si microstrip and pad detectors, Particle detector, The Svedberg Laboratory, Semiconductor detector, Nuclear physics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, Mockup, Measuring instrument, Tomography, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

This paper reports on the activity of the INFN PRIMA/RDH collaboration in the development of proton Computed Tomography (pCT) systems based on single proton tracking and residual energy measurement. The systems are made of a silicon microstrip tracker and a YAG:Ce crystal calorimeter to measure single protons trajectory and residual energy, respectively. A first prototype of pCT scanner, with an active area of about 5 × 5 cm2 and a data rate capability of 10 kHz, has been constructed and characterized with 62 MeV protons at INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud in Catania (Italy) and with 180 MeV protons at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) in Uppsala (Sweden). Results of these measurements, including tomographic reconstructions of test phantoms, will be shown and discussed. An upgraded system with an extended field of view (up to ~ 5 × 20 cm2) and an increased event rate capability up to one MHz, presently under development, will be also described.

Published
2014

45. Polycrystalline CVD diamond dosimeters for Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)

Author

Emanuele Pace, Marta Bucciolini, Monica Scaringella, Cinzia Talamonti, A. De Sio, Margherita Zani, and Mara Bruzzi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Dosimeter, Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, engineering.material, chemistry, engineering, medicine, Optoelectronics, Dosimetry, Wafer, Medical physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Diamond has a potential for Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) applications, being a solid-state nearly tissue equivalent material, with the possibility to be grown in large diameter wafers by Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD). We present a monolithic polycrystalline CVD diamond dosimeter and first results in an IMRT beam. Our device shows to be able to cope with the complex temporal/spatial structure of the IMRT field.

Published
2013

46. The PRIMA (Proton Imaging) collaboration: Status of the development of a proton Computed Tomography Scanner

Author

C. Civinini, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, Stefania Pallotta, M. Tesi, M. Brianzi, Fabrizio Romano, Monica Scaringella, N. Randazzo, Giacomo Cuttone, Margherita Zani, G.A.P. Cirrone, Mara Bruzzi, Valeria Sipala, C. Pugliatti, M. Carpinelli, D. Lo Presti, C. Stancampiano, and Cinzia Talamonti

Subjects
Physics, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), Hadron therapy, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Radiography, Nuclear Theory, Physics::Medical Physics, Tracking (particle physics), Imaging phantom, Nuclear physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Tomography, business, Nuclear Experiment, Image resolution, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The PRIMA (Proton IMAging) experiment is aimed at developing a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) prototype based on tracking single protons. Approaches to the pCT consist in the use of silicon microstrip detectors to measure the position and direction of individual protons before and after they traverse the phantom, in view to reconstruct the trajectory of each proton, and a calorimeter for measuring particle residual energy. A small prototype was tested, under 62 MeV proton beam at Laboratory Nazionali del Sud, (Catania Italy) and under 180 MeV proton beam at Svedberg Laboratories, Uppsala Universitet, (Uppsala Sweden). Several experiments concerning proton imaging, tomography and radiography, were carried out during these beam tests. Radiographies have been reconstructed with different methods: results show the good performances of the device, with spatial resolution fulfilling the stringent requirements of a pCT device.

Published
2013

47. Recent results on the development of a proton computed tomography system

Author

N. Randazzo, Mara Bruzzi, C. Pugliatti, Giacomo Cuttone, Fabrizio Romano, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, M. Carpinelli, Stefania Pallotta, D. Lo Presti, Monica Scaringella, C. Stancampiano, Margherita Zani, Valeria Sipala, Cinzia Talamonti, C. Civinini, G.A.P. Cirrone, Civinini, C, Bruzzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cuttone, G, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Pugliatti, C, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Scaringella, M, Sipala, V, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, Vanzi, E, and Zani, M

Subjects
Proton computed tomography, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scanner, Proton, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Silicon microstrip tracker, Physics::Medical Physics, Measure (physics), Stopping power, Calorimetry, Optics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Medical imaging, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Development (differential geometry), Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Proton Computed Tomography (pCT) is a medical imaging technique based on the use of proton beams with energies above 200 MeV to directly measure stopping power distributions inside the tissue volume. Prima (PRoton IMAging) is an Italian collaboration working on the development of a pCT scanner based on a tracker and a calorimeter to measure single protons trajectory and residual energy. The tracker is composed of four planes of silicon microstrip detectors to measure proton entry and exit positions and angles. Residual energy is measured by a calorimeter composed of YAG:Ce scintillating crystals. A first prototype of pCT scanner, with an active area of about 5×5 cm2, has been constructed and characterized with 60 MeV protons at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania (Italy) and with 180 MeV protons at Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala (Sweden). A new pre-clinical prototype with an extended active area up to 20×5 cm2, real time data acquisition and a data rate up to 1 MHz is under development. A description of the two prototypes will be presented together with first results concerning tomographic image reconstruction.

Published
2013

48. Towards a large area apparatus for Proton Computed Tomography

Author

N. Randazzo, Giacomo Cuttone, D. Lo Presti, E. Vanzi, Marta Bucciolini, C. Civinini, Stefania Pallotta, Margherita Zani, Monica Scaringella, M. Carpinelli, Mara Bruzzi, Fabrizio Romano, M. Tesi, M. Brianzi, Cinzia Talamonti, Valeria Sipala, C. Pugliatti, C. Stancampiano, Bruzzi, M, Brianzi, M, Bucciolini, M, Carpinelli, M, Civinini, C, Cuttone, G, Lo Presti, D, Pallotta, S, Pugliatti, C, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Scaringella, M, Sipala, V, Stancampiano, C, Talamonti, C, Tesi, M, Vanzi, E, and Zani, M

Subjects
Physics, Proton computed tomography, medicine.medical_specialty, Radiation, medicine.diagnostic_test, Medical treatment, business.industry, Radiography, Patient positioning, Computed tomography, Hadron therapy, Optics, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, medicine, Medical physics, Radiation treatment planning, business, Radiology, Image-guided radiation therapy, Nuclear and High Energy Physic
Abstract

Proton Computed Tomography (pCT) is a new imaging method with a potential for increasing accuracy of treatment planning and patient positioning in hadron therapy. A pCT system with small active area (5cm×5cm) has been already manufactured by authors. Tested under proton beams gave first promising results on radiography and tomographic reconstructions. Recent developments of a second prototype with large area (5×20cm2) in the perspective of a pre-clinical acquisition system is now being designed, details are given in this paper.

Published
2013

49. Development and characterization under large area intensity modulated radiotherapy beam of a bidimensional dosimeter made with p-type epitaxial silicon

Author

Marta Casati, Cinzia Talamonti, Marta Bucciolini, Mara Bruzzi, David Menichelli, Monica Scaringella, and Margherita Zani

Subjects
Materials science, Dosimeter, Silicon, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Radiation, Coping (joinery), Optics, chemistry, Dosimetry, Optoelectronics, business, Image resolution, Beam (structure), Diode
Abstract

Intensity modulated radiotherapy poses specific constraints in dosimetry due to the occurrence of: small radiation fields with high dose gradients; variation in space and time of the dose rate; variation in space and time of the beam energy spectrum. Our goal is to develop a silicon device adequate for coping these strict conditions. To this purpose we have studied various Si materials in terms of their thickness, resistivity and conductivity type, to determine the best radiation tolerant material. Independence on accumulated dose, ensuring radiation tolerance and thus needing no recalibration, was achieved both with thin and epitaxial Si diodes. A monolithical device designed and manufactured by us on epitaxial p-type silicon has been characterized under an IMRT field for prostate treatment. Our device is characterized by much larger spatial resolution than conventional ones and ability to directly measure temporal variations in dose modulation during plan verification.

Published
2012

50. Cryogenic thermal storage system for discontinuous industrial vacuum processes

Author

A. Baldi, Ennio Antonio Carnevale, R. Mori, F. Tarani, Monica Scaringella, Mara Bruzzi, and Andrea Chesi

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Mechanical engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Cryopump, Vapour deposition, Thermal energy storage, Nitrogen, Line (electrical engineering), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Time windows, Operating time, Methylcyclopentane
Abstract

Phase Change Materials are proposed for refrigerating systems in discontinuous industrial vacuum processes where temperatures as low as -140 ÷ -100°C are necessary within time-frames representing 10÷20% of total operating time. An application is proposed for cooling systems used in a Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) apparatus. A prototype has been manufactured which couples a cryopump with a reservoir filled with MethylCycloPentane (MCP-C6H12) and a distribution line where nitrogen in the gaseous state is flowing. Preliminary tests show that temperatures of about -120°C are actually achieved within time windows compatible with PVD applications.

Published
2012

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